Nature Vs Nurture And Nurture

Nature Vs Nurture And Nurture
Some believe that morality is an evolutionary anomaly, while some believe that morality is formed
by the environment around you. Since the beginning of time, psychologists have argued over
whether morality is formed and cultivated through nature or nurture. This psychological anomaly is
why I am writing this paper. Ever since I have enrolled in, and taken, a psychology class during my
junior year, I have questioned whether every little emotion and action is because of nature or
nurture. No topic is more widely explored and researched than morality. It cannot be scientifically or
psychologically proven or tested, making any claim highly controversial. This idea, of nature vs
nurture, that I had previously researched my senior year of high ... Show more content on
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That's when I had realized a person like this would be right before my eyes on from 12:45 until 2, on
Tuesdays and Thursdays. Yes, that's right. I had from that point on become set on interviewing my
psychology professor, Jason Whetten. I had finally gotten the nerve to ask him, in person obviously,
after class. As terrifying as it seemed, I quickly realized that I had nothing to worry about. To my
relief, he said he would be very willing to do an interview regarding my essay topic. I then let out a
mental sigh of relief. As I walked into his office to talk to him, I instantly became nervous. Thoughts
rushed through my head: "What Do I Say?", "Do I Record This?", "What Do I Ask?". I eventually
walked in, sat in the chair, and everything seemed to fly by. He also wasn't scary at all, surprisingly.
I trusted his viewpoint and opinion upon the subject because of his vast knowledge and experience
within the field. His comments and statements had helped with my assurance upon the topic. He had
stated that there's a "major theory for morality which comes from Kolberg. In this theory he talks
about how a person's morality changes as we get older. When were younger it 's all about what 's
right and wrong and focused on the rewards and punishments. When we are teenagers, it 's all about
social status and what makes us look the best in front of our friends, or even what the social rules
are. When we become older, our morality is based upon the world around us"(Whetten, J.).
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Elder abuse Essay
Elders in the United States should not have to go through situations of abuse like the one Mildred
Mortenson suffered. However, this type of situations happen more often than they should and sadly,
there is not enough being done to prevent it. Elder abuse should be recognized as an increasing and
very serious problem in our society. As elders grow more physically frail and begin to depend on
others to meet their basic needs, they tend to become vulnerable to intentional abuse and neglect
within their own home as well as assisted living facilities such as nursing homes. Unfortunately, it is
not possible to know exactly how many elders are being abused across the Nation. Due to under–
reporting, variations in the definition of elder abuse, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, elder abuse is also common among the millions of elder Americans who reside in nursing
homes. A study where 2,000 nursing home residents were interviewed, reported that 44% of the
residents had been abused and 95% said they had been neglected or seen another resident neglected.
They also state that 91% of nursing homes lack adequate staff to properly care for patients and 36%
are known to have been in violation of elderly abuse laws (National Center on Elder Abuse). This
information is extremely alarming. If these facts have already been uncovered, why is it that no one
is doing anything to prevent this from happening to others? To better understand the scope of the
problem, it is crucial that society knows what is considered as elder abuse and why it is important to
resolve this issue. Elder abuse refers to any intentional or negligent act by a caregiver or any other
person that causes harm or a risk of harm to a vulnerable adult. There are many forms in which an
elder can be abused, "Elder Abuse and Neglect" Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health
Services distinguishes between the five most common types of elder abuse as well as their effects
and/or common signs and symptoms for each. These types of abuse include physical abuse,

Manipulation in William Shakespeare's The Taming of the...
Manipulation in William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew
In The Taming of the Shrew, the concept of love is a means of emotional manipulation, and
manipulation is nothing more than a means of control between men and women. William
Shakespeare critiques the patriarchal social structure by ironically employing the manipulative
stance Petruchio takes towards winning Katherine as his wife by charming her with words and
manipulating her psychologically, and then taming her after their marriage through legal, physical,
financial, and psychological control and manipulation. Though Petruchio may think he yields power
over his wife, Katherine uses obedience as a tool of manipulation and has the control of the
household, as can be seen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If he can control the meaning of the words, he can also control the people who use those words.
Petruchio also manipulates Kate psychologically by pivoting her thoughts in the direction of them
being suited to each other for marriage. When he says "I am too young for you" (Act 2 Scene 1,
250), he starts making her feel old and unwanted. This comment makes her mad, and causes her to
feel the need to prove that he is old, which she accomplishes in the next line by saying "Yet you are
withered" (II, 1; 251). Thus she unconsciously admits that he is at least suited to her in age for
marriage, if nothing else. By complimenting her, Petruchio is also able to play with her
psychologically. He begins by saying she is beautiful, nice, and modest. Even though he may not
mean it, and Kate probably suspects he is lying, it still has a positive effect on her. Complements
boost her confidence and make her feel wanted, which is a new experience for her. Such
complements eventually lead her to believe that he may actually love her, or that there is a
possibility of love between them in the future. This method of manipulation does have its effects,
because she only opposes their marriage once in front of her father, and after Petruchio announces
that they have decided that she should "still be curst [to him] in company" (II, 1; 324), but they
really love each other, she offers no counterarguments.
After the

The Psychological Characteristics Of Breast Cancer
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic
inheritance. Color of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain diseases (such
as Huntingdon's chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical characteristics, if
not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make–up of our biological
parents.
Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability to specific illnesses (e.g. breast
cancer in women) are positively correlated between genetically related individuals. These facts have
led many to speculate as to whether psychological characteristics such as behavioral tendencies,
personality attributes and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy,
language acquisition and even cognitive development as a whole.
At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be
confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth the
human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually "filled" as a result of experience
(e.g. behaviorism).
From this point of view psychological characteristics and behavioral differences that emerge
through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is how you are brought up (nurture) that
governs the psychologically significant aspects of child development and the concept of maturation
applies only to the biological.
For example, when an infant forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has
received, language comes from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends
on the degree of stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilization within which
the child is reared.
Examples of an extreme nature positions in psychology include Bowlby 's (1969) theory of
attachment, which views the bond between mother and child as being an innate process that ensures
survival. Likewise, Chomsky (1965) proposed language is gained through the use of

Parents May Not Be Licensed Essay
In the essay Licensing Parents, LaFollette argues that the state should require all parents to be
licensed (182). Though LaFollette considers some theoretical and practical objections to his claim,
he gives no particular attention to how an activity could be precisely defined as potentially harmful
to others, what specific competence would be required for an activity to be done safely, and how
reliably such competence could be determined. In this paper, I will argue that the difficulty of
clearly defining the three criteria for an activity to be licensed undermines LaFollette's assertion that
parenting ought to be licensed. After describing LaFollette's basic rationale for licensing parents, I
will indicate that parenting may not meet the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, because "parenting is an activity potentially very harmful to children" (184) and "a
parent must be competent if he is to avoid harming his children" (185), LaFollette concludes that the
general criteria for regulatory licensing can be applied to parents. However, there are several
theoretical and practical objections to LaFollette's proposal, but he argues that they all fail to
undermine the proposal. In the beginning of his argument, LaFollette claims that parenting is an
activity potentially very harmful to children (184). However, LaFollette does not explicitly justify
how parenting could be precisely defined as potentially harmful to children. In other words,
LaFollette does not explicitly establish what comprises exactly the minimum amount of harm that
makes the activity potentially harmful or very harmful. Instead, LaFollette only offers two scenarios
in which children are harmed–abused or neglected–by their parents (184). In this paragraph, I shall
argue that, without a precise

Journal Article Review Essay
Journal Article Review I Lauren Pedersen Liberty University Journal Article Review Summary
Spousal emotional abuse is ongoing, significant problem, impacting nearly 35% of women.
Emotional abuse by a spouse or romantic partner can often lead to negative psychological outcomes,
including depression, anxiety, low self–esteem, posttraumatic stress disorder, learned helplessness,
and resentment of the abuser that persists even when the abuse ends. There have not been designated
therapies designed to help these women. Gayle L. Reed and Robert D. Enright (2006) examine the
roles forgiveness therapy has on emotionally abused women in the article The Effects of
Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress for Women ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The women completed an array of measures, including self–reports and tests. The scores based on
these pretests were compared to the posttests after the study was completed. Once they were paired
and randomly placed into either the forgiveness therapy group or the alternate group, the women
underwent weekly counseling sessions. The researchers conducted a matched–pair t tests and
compared the gain scores from the pretest and posttest for each group. They also compared the
pretest to the follow up appointment. The results of the study demonstrated that the participants in
the FT treatment group showed a significant difference in self–esteem, everyday decisions, moral
decisions, and in survivor status. This group also showed a significantly greater reduction in
depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (Gayle & Enright, 2006). The Effects
of Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress for Women After Spousal
Emotional Abuse demonstrates the importance finding a specific therapy that is designed to help the
women suffering from this abuse. The results from this study, conducted by Gayle & Enright
(2006) illustrates that forgiveness therapy can help improve a women's self–esteem and ameliorate
the negative effects of this abuse, including depression and anxiety. This study provides a concrete

First Language Acquisition In Children
Introduction:
First language acquisition is the first words that the child speaks or says and it's the process by
which the child learn, speaks and write, and it is the initial stages of language development in
humans infants, children begin learning their language since they're babies with uncorrected
grammar until many years they will be able to learn the language with a perfect grammar after going
to school and have some support with their family, on the psychology side, Many of psychologist
have a different point of view in the first language acquisition and every psychologist have a
different theory about the language acquisition. And some of the theorists says that the language is
acquired while the other theorists said that the language is learnt, so every psychologist have a
theory about the language acquisition, and in my essay I will be talking about the first language
acquisition for the child, and if the language is learnt or acquired and more of things I will be talking
about.
To sum up the introduction,

Catastrophes and Stress
Ailen Fernandez PSY 102 April 21, 2013 Jones, Jennifer Catastrophes and Stress American Leader
Martin Luther King Jr. once said, "An individual has not started living until he can rise above the
narrow confines of his individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity" (Martin).
Luther King believed that in order for us humans to have a meaningful live we must put aside our
personal problems and care about the problems of humanity as a whole. The earthquake of Oakland,
California in 1989 is a true example of this quote. As the sirens of ambulances roared through the
abolished city thousands of civilians gathered together, taking risks, to help those that were in the
borderline of life and death. Learned helplessness, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the Kelly's admit to survivors guilt based on their own footage it seems like they could
have done more to prevent the tragedy that happen when the other car dumped into the whole. The
only thing that Debbie and Thomas Kelly did to warn upcoming light was to put on their flashing
light. Debbie took out her recording camera and started to record the gap between the highway,
meantime a car was coming and didn't see the gap crashed in it. Instead of recording Debbie and
Thomas should have tried to grab the attention of the drivers so that they wouldn't have fallen
through the road gap. They now experience survivors' guilt because they survived not crashing into
the road gap when the others did (Amaldo, 2004). Survivors' guilt has been studied in many
situations because it is a psychological disorder that affects individuals that have survived a scarring
catastrophe. The Holocaust is one of these catastrophes that have left survivors with a sense of guilt.
A study done by Gertrude Schneider upon 50 Holocaust survivors demonstrated that some but not
all had a sense of survivors' guilt (Schneider, 1975). Fourteen of the interviewed victims admitted
that they felt bad for "being passive victims" and that they would have "preferred to have died
honorably" (Schneider, 1975). Others said that there was no way that they could have fought back
and prevent them from going through that horrible experience of being in the camps (Schneider,
1975).

Difference Between Nature And Nurture In Language
Nature and nurture both play significant roles in a child's development of language. Many scholars
(such as Coulmas 1989 as cited in Christie, 2005) agree that the human brain is designed for
language, yet they also state that it is learned because of relationships and interactions with those
around them for example a child's parents (Christie, 2005). There are four major aspects of language
development: phonology – the sound structure of speech, syntax – grammatical rules, semantics –
meaning of words and phrases – and pragmatics – using language to communicate. Theorists and
scholars alike have debated nature versus nurture for many years, however it's not nature or nurture
but rather an interplay of the two creating a unique development of language for children (Caton,
Brisbane, Australia).
Phonological development is the ability to be able to identify individual sounds and combine them
into spoken words. From three months, babies will start to recognise their parent's voices, and by
four to seven months' babies will be able to recognise change in tone as well as respond to sounds
such as music. As babies start to develop language they will start to form phonemes together e.g.
mama, dada. The environment plays a big role in the early language development of a child, as the
behaviourist perspective states children start to learn language through operant conditioning –
repetition and imitation followed by positive reinforcement – and classical conditioning – children

The Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The...
One of these oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones
environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature
and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one's development. Nature is what we
think of as pre–wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture
is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure,
experience and learning on an individual. Throughout this paper the effects of environmental and
genetics factors on a person will be discussed, and one will learn how they aid in the development of
a person. It has long been established that certain physical characteristics are biologically
determined by genetic inheritance. Color of eyes, the texture and color of one's hair, pigmentation of
the skin and certain diseases are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical characteristics,
if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make–up of our biological
parents. Characteristics such as height, weight, hair loss, life expectancy and vulnerability to
specific illnesses are positively correlated between genetically related individuals. These facts have
led many to speculate as to whether psychological characteristics such as behavioral tendencies,
personality attributes and mental abilities are also established in an individual before he is even

The Emigration Of The United States
While the United States were determined to expand across the North American continent by
exercising Manifest Destiny, there were a huge number of immigrants arriving into the nation. The
sudden increase of immigrants entering the country led to disputes over who was American and who
was a foreigner. Native–born Americans, specifically the nativist group strongly opposed the
massive influx of immigrants coming from all different countries because the nativists were anti–
foreign and anti–Catholic. These people were trying to form a distinction and limitation on who was
an American citizen with rights. In the 1850s, the Know–Nothing Party emerged as a reaction to the
migration of European immigrants. The Know–Nothing Party was a secret organization amongst
members but slowly became known to the public as another political party. This political party
resolved to limit foreigners and Catholics from participating in politics or holding any form of
power in society. Thus, the Irish immigrants were mainly targeted because of their religion.
Discrimination of the Irish based on religion demonstrates that British prejudices about the Irish and
Catholics carried over into the New Republic.
In the United States, like most immigrants, the Irish were doing all the low pay, manual, and
unprofessional jobs. The nativists were worried that the Irish immigrants were tarnishing the image
of urbanized country America was establishing at the time. The social status of the Irish was

Zeitoun Essay example
Zeitoun
Have you even judged someone on who he or she is or what they looked like? And have you ever
had a bad experience or traumatic experience happens and you looked for someone or something to
blame, but in reality there was nothing to blame? Well, a natural disaster can be blamed on no one,
but in times like that emotions run wild and blame can be put on someone who fits a certain profile.
Racism and Hurricane Katrina were two forces that clashed together to create an even bigger
problem for the victims. This is caused by an insecurity of the situation at hand. In the book Zeitoun
by Dave Eggers, racism and racial profiling is the underlying themes in the story. These themes are
also the underlying themes of people who are subjected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Hurricane was coming his family left for a safer area, but Zeitoun wanted to stay with his
house because he worked hard to get where he was. Zeitoun wanted to try to protect his house in
anyway possible. After all the damage was done and New Orleans was submerged in water and
nearly completely destroyed, Abdulrahman Zeitoun was asked by his wife to leave the area and go
to a safer place. But Zeitoun being the person he is, decided to stay and to help out anyway possible.
He canoed around helping those who needed it.
When Zietoun was at his house after the hurricane and after he had helped all the people that he
could help in the town, he decided that is was time for him to also leave the city. Zeitoun was
confronted by National guardsmen and taken to a make shift military base. The entire ride he was
treaded poorly, handcuffed, and pushed around. When he arrived at the Union passenger station used
as a jail, he was told that he was Al–Qaeda and that's why he was taken. The national guardsmen
saw that Zeitoun was of a Middle Eastern culture and took him. There, Zeitoun was experiencing
racism without even knowing it. Zeitoun was stripped searched and rectum searched, called racial
slurs and treated poorly, but Zeitoun tried to look at the situation as mandatory protocol and not a
racial discrimination. The place he was at was given the name "Camp Greyhound". At this camp
there wasn't just racist

Similarities And Differences Between The Yellow Wallpaper...
In this essay I will be comparing the two short stories "The Story of an Hour" and "The Yellow
Wallpaper". "The Story of an Hour", written by Kate Chopin, is centered around a woman by the
name Louise Mallard and her reaction after being informed of her husbands "death", On the other
hand "The Yellow Wallpaper" Written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is about Jane, A young, newly
married mother who at the time is undergoing care because of her depression. Although both essays
have their similarities and differences I will be focusing mainly on the themes of Freedom, Isolation
and Oppression. I will also be focusing on how the themes appear within both short stories and do a
compare and contrast about the way the themes appear in the two short stories. ... Show more
The Freudian Regression theory states that Psychological repression, "is the psychological attempt
made by an individual to repel one's own desires and impulses toward pleasurable instincts by
excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious".
Sigmund Freud believed that In order to face problems in life, the ego employs defense
mechanisms. These mechanisms function unconsciously to keep away unpleasant feelings.
Repression was the first defense mechanism that Freud discovered and is thought to be the most
important. Repression is one of the unconscious mechanisms employed by the ego to avoid a
disturbing thought from being conscious. Normally the thoughts that are repressed are those of guilt.
Freud believed that repression could sometimes have two stages which had to do with the aspects of
personality "ego" and "super ego" and the individual's sense of "good" and "bad". The first stage of
Repression which is called "Primary Repression" is realizing and determining what is good and
what is bad The Second stage of repression starts to take place when a person notices that acting on
some desires could cause anxiety. Repression is seen in "The Story of an Hour" and in "The Yellow
Wallpaper" in different ways. We can see that in "The Yellow Wallpaper" Jane is a depressed woman
who can't handle to be alone

Epidemiology, Assessment, and Presentation of an Elderly...
As technology advances and medical aid becomes readily available it is no wonder that the elderly
within our communities are living longer. Unfortunately this poses a serious issue for health
professionals as elderly are becoming more prevalently injured, presenting with complications of
higher severity than their younger counterparts (Ng et al., 2002). This essay will discuss the
epidemiology, assessment and presentation of an elderly patient suffering from a traumatic injury. It
will also examine the considerations specific to the elderly in terms of management, and ethical and
cultural differences. As we grow older our susceptibility to a traumatic incident increases
dramatically (Chan, Moran, Clarke, Martin, & Solomon, 2009). Elderly ... Show more content on
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Also their ability to compensate is short lived, with each year increase in age from 65 years resulting
is a 6% increase in likelihood of death from injury (O'Neill, Brady, Kerssens, & Parks, 2012). When
it comes to the elderly patient there are three particular challenges that all health professionals
should take into consideration; co–morbidities, polypharmacy and blunted compensatory
mechanisms (PHTLS, 2011). Co–morbidities are important to consider as an existing medical
condition may alter the vital signs you measure. Polypharmacy is particularly important especially if
the medications the patient is on could render them unable to compensate appropriately or if you
need to administer other medication/fluids. Lastly and possibly most important in trauma is blunted
compensatory mechanisms. The elderly are unable to compensate in the way adults are able to
which makes them vulnerable when injured (PHTLS, 2011). They do not react the way in which you
would expect, meaning you should take extra care when dealing the elderly as their condition can be
extremely unpredictable. Any trauma incident begins with an assessment of the scene and
determination of the degree of severity of the situation at hand. In RTC this is of great importance as
the higher the speed the vehicles were travelling at, the worse condition the patient could be in.
Upon greeting the patient it is important to put them at ease and explain your assessment as you go.
It is common

Taking a Look at Domestic Violence Essays
Domestic violence is when an intimate partner, such as a spouse or a person you cohabit with;
physical, sexually or psychologically abuses you. Abusers come from all different types of
backgrounds. Domestic Violence affects all races, ethnicities and genders. It occurs in dating
relationships, in marriages, in heterosexual relationships, and in homosexual relationships. However,
it is more common among women, 1of 50 women ages 16 to 24 are victims of intimate violence,
and 10 times as many women are seriously hurt by current or former lovers. (Gelles and Cornell
1990; Campell 1995/ Marriage, Families and Intimate Relationships). Domestic violence can be
defined as the physical, sexual, verbal emotional or financial abuse between present ... Show more
The entire cycle may happen in one day or it may take weeks or months. It is different for every
relationship and not all relationships follow the cycle–many report a constant state of siege with
little relief.
This cycle has three parts:
1. Tension building phase–Tension builds over common domestic issues like money, children or
jobs. Verbal abuse begins. The victim tries to control the situation by pleasing the abuser, giving in
or avoiding the abuse. None of these will stop the violence. Eventually, the tension reaches a boiling
point and physical abuse begins.
2. Acute Battering episode–when the tension peaks, the physical violence begins. It is usually
triggered by the presence of an external event or by the abuser's emotional state–but not by the
victim's behavior. This means the start of the battering episode is unpredictable and beyond the
victim's control. However, some experts believe that in some cases victims may unconsciously
provoke the abuse so they can release the tension, and move on to the honeymoon phase.
3. The Honeymoon Phase–first, the abuser is ashamed of his behavior. He expresses remorse, tries to
minimize the abuse and might even blame it on the partner. He may then exhibit loving, kind
behavior followed by apologies, generosity and helpfulness. He will genuinely attempt to convince
the partner that the abuse will not happen

PTSD and Its Effect on Military Families Essay
PTSD and Its Effects on Military Families In 2004 Operation Iraqi Freedom became the deadliest
American military conflict since the Vietnam War. Military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and
Vietnam have brought heightened awareness of military related PTSD, as well as the relationship
and family problems that accompany the disorder. Studies have shown that 11% – 20% of Veterans
that served in Iraq and 6% – 11% of veterans that were deployed to Afghanistan have suffered from
PTSD. Veterans of operation Desert Storm suffer at a rate of about 10% and Vietnam veteran
estimates have been as high as 30% – 50%. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is defined as an anxiety
disorder that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While PTSD was not yet defined it was clear that these symptoms were caused because of the
disturbing things that had been seen. With no treatments available and a stigma that the effected
persons were cowards or scared soldiers were often sent home with no supervision. During World
War I physicians began calling it "shell shock" or "combat fatigue", they believed that concussions
caused by the impact of shells disrupting the brain caused the symptoms. Treatments included
hospitalization and electric shock therapy. By World War II medical personnel noticed that soldiers
that were engaged in longer more intense fighting had much higher levels or psychiatric
disturbances and started using the term battle fatigue or combat exhaustion. Soldiers were being
labeled as fearful and lacking in discipline and PTSD was still not fully recognized as a disorder, at
this time treatment included barbiturates. As the Vietnam War began preventative measures were
being taken to decrease the psychological impact of war on soldiers. Unfortunately as the war ended
soldiers were often met with hostile demonstrations by anti–war activists and society offered little
acceptance of Vietnam veterans even years after the war. This is when early studies on PTSD and
the effects on military families began being documented. Early research showed that PTSD can have
devastating, far–reaching consequences on the patients functioning, relationships,

Essay on Decay Theory in STM and Theory of Duration in STM
Decay Theory in STM and Theory of Duration in STM
The theory suggests STM can only hold information for between 15 and 30 seconds unless it is
rehearsed Brown & Peterson (1959). After this time the information Decays (fades away). Waugh &
Norman (1965) used the Serial Probe Technique to test the theory.
Participants were given a series of numbers to learn. They were then given one of the numbers and
asked which number followed it. For example; participants were given the Probe word 7 and asked
what followed it, the answer is 3.
The numbers were presented at different speeds therefore the faster the numbers presented the better
the recall if Trace Decay theory is correct as the more likely ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Godden & Baddeley (1975) provided evidence for this by asking participants to learn a list of words
either on land or 15 ft underwater. They were better able to recall words if asked to do so in the
setting in which they originally learnt them.
2. Secondly, State–Dependent Retrieval suggests that recall is improved if the individual is in the
same physical and/or psychological state as when they first learnt the information.
Godwin (1969) investigated the effect of alcohol on recall and found individuals were better able to
recall information learnt when drunk if they were drunk. Other drugs seem to affect memory
similarly. Bower (1981) however found that the same principle applied to mood did not have such a
convincing effect but only a tendency to produce State–Dependent Retrieval.
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3. Thirdly, recall may be by the presence of cues or probes, clues or associations. This is referred to
as Cue–Dependent Retrieval, Tulving & Pearlstone (1966).
Interference in LTM
This idea suggests that information in LTM may become confused or combined with other
information during encoding thus distorting or disrupting memories.

Interference in LTM is thought to be either proactive where old memories disrupt new memories or
retroactive where new memories disrupt old memories. Both Proactive and

Nature vs. Nurture: Parents or Environment Essay example
Whether raised by parents properly or heavily influenced by the environment, many people debate
whether an individual is mostly influenced by genetics or influenced by their environment. A
person's environment can have multiple influences, but the genes passed down by parents play a
huge role in developing how their offspring will turn out to be. Being unable to properly test
whether certain characteristics of a person come from genetics or the influences of the environment
makes this theory very difficult to understand, thus making the topic of nature vs. nurture extremely
controversial. The debates always show that nature and nurture contrast but then there may be
evidence that suggest that the two are linked and a person is actually an ... Show more content on
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With a classic subtopic of Nature vs. Nurture, Shanawaz describes language and how we learn to
speak. The author is trying to persuade that we acquire a lot of our language by our environment as
well as our genetics but the environment has a greater impact. The intended audiences once again
are empiricists and nativists because the article has a special focus on those groups explaining
rationale on why both of those groups can be correct regarding how a human develops language.
The author emphasizes the big overarching debate of nature and nurture in the linguistic section
including LAD (language acquisition device) and UG (Universal Grammar). I don't think that there
was any bias because it seemed that the author listed solid facts that are credible. The evidence does
support the main points because he stated a lot of facts and use resources of psychologists like
Chomsky.
McLeod explains the information really well in this article and it is a very simple red. He focuses on
the debate at its simplest form. And the author is trying to provide basic information about nature
and nurture to the audience and the audience can be anyone who is generally interested in
psychology or anyone who wants an informational read. The author intends to clearly and simply
explain the great debate that has created a lot of controversy. The author doesn't really emphasize a
lot, he keeps it simple and consistent. I believe that there are no biases because he mentioned

Nature vs. Nurture in Language Development
What is Language? Language is a tool we have been using to understand and develop our thinking.
We have been: Learning about the thinking of others by reading Expressing our own thinking
through writing Exchanging ideas with others by speaking and listening Thought and language can
contribute to clear, effective thinking and communication. Language is a system of symbols for
thinking and communicating.
At 5 years of age human is expected to have; Articulated speech, Vocabulary of more than 6000
words and Observe grammar rules. An Average speaker is expected to have; 150 words per minute,
20,000 and 40,000 alternatives and error rates below 0.1%.
There are two theories concerning Nature or Rationalism in Language and these are the Nativism ...
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Programmed learning is positive reinforcement for "correct" responses
Let us now bridge the gap between nature and nurture. Learning is a developmental cognitive
process, human create/construct knowledge. There are three theories involved in this process;
constructivism, progressivism and language acquisition theory. We will discuss first constructivism ,
the following diagrams will show us.
Diagram 1:
Psychologist Jean Piaget proposed two kind of interaction: * Simple interactions: putting together *
Emergentism: adding more to what was put together
The first box shows simple interaction while the second box shows emergentism. Diagram 2 shows
us how the brain is constructed with interaction to the environment.
Diagram 2:
Vygotsky (1896 – 1934) states that all learning occurs in a cultural context and involves social
interactions. The zone of proximal development (ZPD)learn subjects best just beyond their range of
existing experience with assistance from the teacher or another peer to bridge the distance from
what they know or can do independently and what they can know or do with assistance (Schunk,
1996) "scaffolding" that help students learn in systematic ways. This is illustrated further illustrated
in diagram 3. To Piaget there are three element involved in interaction the structured environment,
the senses and the brain. Vygotsky added one more element another human being

Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Essay example
Child Exposure to Domestic Violence
Cyndi White
CJA/314
January 9, 2012
G. Andrew Smith
The policy issues that seem to be a major concern in the United States is about children being
exposed to domestic violence in the home. No–one really looks at what the children have to go
through when this happens. There could be some major damage done to the children that have been
exposed to this happening. Boston police go on an average of about 200 calls a month on domestic
violence. The content of the video on "Child exposure to Domestic Violence" was a personal crime.
First we need to understand what the definition of "personal crime" is: "rape, sexual assault,
personal robbery, assault, purse snatching and pocket picking. This ... Show more content on
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It seems like the younger the child is they will exhibit a higher level of emotional and psychological
distress then what an older child will. People who commit domestic violence against one another
with a child or children present never think of the outcome and how it will affect the child or
children. If these children continue to see all of this domestic violence especially if it is a young boy,
they may result in continuing this same behavior throughout childhood. There were not any future
implications that were discussed in the video. Yet, I have some future implications that I would like
to talk about. For instance the three year old boy in the video yet again witnessed his father being
arrested for the restraining order that was in place. This young boy really does not understand what
is happening to his family, meaning what is really happening with his father. A future implication
that I think should be in place is one that makes both parents responsible for the actions of domestic
violence, but at the same time then we would be hurting the child. The world needs to think about
the child and not themselves. There is a lot of content–specific information that is relevant to the
video that I selected. There was an article that stated "children who live with domestic violence face
increased risks: the risk of exposure to traumatic events, the risk of

The Development Of Nature And Nurture In Language Development
The basis of language development theories revolves around the idea that, either nature or nurture
are more influential than the other in the development of language in children. Language
development as defined by, Menyuk, is the acquisition and growth of a societies chosen method of
communication, which occurs due to a culmination of cognitive growth and environmental
experiences (2005). Nature, is concerned with the biological makeup of an individual that influences
their ability to acquire language including, genes and brain function, alternatively, nurture is
environmental factors including, culture, family, and experiences (Fellows & Oakley, 2014). Nature
and nurture both play vital yet highly diverse roles in the acquisition of language and its
development. Analysis of the process of language acquisition will reveal that both nature and
nurture are vital for successful language development of children. The process by which language is
learnt or acquired differs by theory, specifically two alternate perspectives display the basis of nature
and nurture. The first theory to be discussed stems off the basis of nurture, the behaviourist theory.
This theory draws upon the concept of nature, suggesting behaviour is learnt through experience and
reinforced by rewards (Fellows & Oakley, 2014). This perspective states children learn from and
imitate their surroundings and they are rewarded by responses and the success of their
communication, this is an exemplar of acquisition

Ptsd
PTSD is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or living through a dangerous event.
When in danger, it's natural to feel afraid. This fear triggers many split–second changes in the body
to prepare to defend against the danger or to avoid it. This "fight–or–flight" response is a healthy
reaction meant to protect a person from harm. But in PTSD, this reaction is changed or damaged.
People who have PTSD may feel stressed or frightened even when they're no longer in danger Do
children react differently than adults? Children and teens can have extreme reactions to trauma, but
their symptoms may not be the same as adults.1 In very young children, these symptoms can
include: Bedwetting, when they'd learned how to use the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Researchers are studying the importance of various risk and resilience factors. With more study, it
may be possible someday to predict who is likely to get PTSD and prevent it. How is PTSD treated?
The main treatments for people with PTSD are psychotherapy ("talk" therapy), medications, or both.
Everyone is different, so a treatment that works for one person may not work for another. It is
important for anyone with PTSD to be treated by a mental health care provider who is experienced
with PTSD. Some people with PTSD need to try different treatments to find what works for their
symptoms. If someone with PTSD is going through an ongoing trauma, such as being in an abusive
relationship, both of the problems need to be treated. Other ongoing problems can include panic
disorder, depression, substance abuse, and feeling suicidal. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is "talk"
therapy. It involves talking with a mental health professional to treat a mental illness. Psychotherapy
can occur one–on–one or in a group. Talk therapy treatment for PTSD usually lasts 6 to 12 weeks,
but can take more time. Research shows that

Essay on Abstract Post-traumatic Stress
Post –Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Melissa DiMichele
Psychology 100
June 10, 2011
Abstract
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder also known as PTSD is an emotional condition that can develop
following a terrifying or traumatic event.
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder also known as PTSD is an emotional condition that can develop
following a traumatic or terrifying event. PTSD has only been recognized as a diagnosis since 1980.
This emotional disorder was brought to public attention after soldiers would return home and often
referred to as "shell shock or combat fatigue".
This Disorder can occur at any age and affects approximately eight percent of the adult population.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, 2000). Some people may even try to block out part of the events that occurred all together. A
similar disorder in symptoms is known as Acute Stress Disorder. The difference between these two
diagnoses is that acute stress disorder only last two days to four weeks and requires less symptoms
to make a diagnosis.
Research has indicated that people who have experienced and extreme amount of stress or traumatic
event sometimes have a smaller hippocampus region of the brain in adults with chronic PTSD and
early childhood trauma. This is the part of the brain that is responsible for memory. The reduction in
size may be caused by a combination of the environment and genetics (NARSAD.com). People who
are diagnosed with this disorder are more likely to have trouble with relationships, smoke cigarettes,
abuse drugs and or alcohol use. If PTSD is left untreated it can have devastating lasting effects.
PTSD is not easily treated. Sometimes people can not only suffer mentally but have physical
impairments from the event as well. This can make it hard for them to obtain the treatment they
need. A combination of medications and psychotherapy is usually recommended and is the most
effect form of treatment for PTSD. The earlier a person seeks treatment for this disorder the better
the outcome will be. The medications are used to help people cope with their emotions while the
psychotherapy will help

Essay on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post–traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD; what is it, what are the symptoms, how is it diagnosed, can
it be treated, what affects does it have on the family? Growing up in a household with both parents
suffering from PTSD; these are some of the questions I asked myself on weekly bases. Now that I'm
married to a military man I find myself asking some of the same questions after each deployment. I
wonder if he is going to come back the man I married or come back an unrecognizable void. I have
done extensive research on the disorder to try to answer some of the questions that plagued me
growing up, and by sharing with you what I have found, the information may give someone else a
little more insight of what the disorder really is. What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second group is called avoidance symptoms; the symptoms within this group are: To avoid
thoughts conversations or feelings about what happened, avoid people or places that are a reminder
of what happened, can't remember parts of what happened, loss of interest in activities, feeling
distant, having a hard time feeling positive, and feeling like your life is cut short. The third group is
called hyper–arousal symptoms; the symptoms in this group are: having trouble sleeping, irritability
and angry outburst, trouble concentrating, on guard, and being jumpy. To be diagnosed with PTSD
the person doesn't have to have all the symptoms but must have experienced or witnessed a
traumatic event, and the event had to have detrimentally affected the person emotional state. Then
the person must have at least one of the re–experiencing symptoms, three of the avoidance
symptoms, and at least two of the hyper–arousal symptoms, to be diagnosed. But the diagnosis of
PTSD doesn't rest solely on the symptoms themselves, there other factors that have to be taken into
consideration as well. Some of the other the factors that have to be assessed before the diagnosis is
given are: "how the person initially responded to the traumatic event, how long the symptoms have
been experienced, and the extent with which those symptoms interfere with a person's life."(Tull
2009) Once all the evidence of symptoms and other factors have been gathered

Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature,...
Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History by Dori Laub Dori Laub,
author of, "Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History", discusses a
concept of missed experiences referred to as the 'collapse of witnessing'. The 'collapse of witnessing'
is the idea that a person can witness an event and yet at the same time not really witness it at all.
Through the analysis of Laub's 'collapse of witnessing', a connection can be seen between St. Teresa
and Mary Rowlandson. St. Teresa is a nun that devotes her life to God, while Mary Rowlandson is
the wife of a minister that is taken captive by Indians. They both have missed experiences and/or
situations of the 'collapse of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This relates to the concept that trauma and traumatic events can not be incorporated into the
mainstream of the social. People can not master the concept and therefore can not incorporate the
event into their everyday life and everyday understanding. Laub says, "the loss of the capacity to be
a witness to oneself and thus to witness from the inside is perhaps the true meaning of annihilation,
for when one's history is abolished one's identity ceases to exist as well" (Laub 82). In other words,
people have difficulty being a witness, but by not acknowledging the traumatic event, by the
'collapse of the witness', it is actually the collapse of that person's identity. Therefore there is a
constant struggle to not have a 'collapse of witness' in order to not lose one's identity, but also to not
be a witness in order not to have to face the trauma. The 'collapse of witness' of a person that has
physically experienced a traumatic event can be connected to the latency period discussed by
Caruth. The latency period, as defined by Caruth, is the period, "during which the effects of the
experience are not apparent" (Caruth 7). According to Caruth, people can not always realize the
effect that an event may have had on them. The period of time from which the event actually took
place and any sign of effect from the event, may be a time where a

Language Development Paper
Language Development 1 Language Development in Children Mary Reed Todd Athens State
University Theories & Stages in Language Development Language Development Paper July 25,
2011 Language Development 2 Language Development in Children Introduction At the age of 18
months children begin to use two–word sentences to communicate their ideas, and by 24–30 months
these children are avid language users. The process by which children acquire language is a complex
process that is still not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many language theorists have labeled various stages of language development. Most often these
stages are labeled babbling, jargoning, one word utterances, two word utterances, and "all hell
breaks loose" (Cole and Cole, Pinker, and Burling). During the babbling stage, children are learning
how to Language Development 4 produce the sounds that make up language, a process that Pinker
feels is a prerequisite for language development. Jargoning appears around 12 months, and is
described as the vocalization of syllable strings that sound similar to the language to which the child
is exposed (Cole and Cole). One word utterances or holo–phrases are sometimes believed to stand
for phrases or sentences (Cole and Cole). At 18 months, language development is quickly
developing; children are increasing their vocabulary at a phenomenal rate of a new word every two
hours (Pinker). As two or three word utterances emerge "these micro–sentences already reflect the
language being acquired: in ninety–five percent of them, the words are properly ordered" (Pinker,
268). As Pinker's term "the all hell breaks loose stage" suggest this stage is when children rapidly
acquire vocabulary and grammar. Between

Essay on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Implications For...
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder: Implications For Brain
Throughout the course of this semester we have examined numerous issues which have all had
different implications for the brain = behavior argument. Some who have been skeptical of the
validity of this idea have been swayed by observations that processes and behaviors they originally
thought to have a cloudy neurobiological basis in fact have a sound biological and physiological
underpinning. One such phenomenon which can help elucidate the ongoing brain = behavior debate
is Post–Traumatic Stress disorder, or PTSD. Most people are familiar in some sense with the
phenomenon of PTSD. This phenomenon has been renamed, reworked, and redefined numerous
times over the past ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the goal of this paper to demonstrate that the phenomenon of PTSD, despite the fact that its
multiple emotional and psychosocial effects are constantly being debated, is soundly rooted in
neurobiology, and that this aspect of PTSD lends support to the notion that brain = behavior.
The general problem in the assessment of PTSD is that "Traditional psychotherapy addresses the
cognitive and emotional elements of trauma, but lacks techniques that work directly with the
physiological elements, despite the fact that trauma profoundly affects the body and many
symptoms of traumatized individuals are somatically based" (2). Popular belief is that traumatic
events affect an individual at the level of the I–function – that is, in the part of the brain responsible
for cognition, emotion, and feeling. It is indeed true that the symptoms of PTSD can affect mood
and the nature of interpersonal interaction. However, there is strong evidence that responses to
trauma are rooted in neurobiological processes independent of the I–function, and have a somatic
basis. As the above excerpt states, most treatment modalities focus on the non–somatic elements of
PTSD, neglecting to recognize the important physiological effects that the disorder entails.
Dianthe Lusk, a character in Pauline Hopkins' novel Of One Blood, is

Elder Abuse And Neglect Essay
Elder Abuse has become a major issue in our country today. Statistics indicate a high rate of abuse
of the elderly population. Unfortunately, elderly people are abused in our country on a daily basis.
They are either abused by their friends, relatives or in their own homes by their caretakers. Also,
elderly people can be and are abused in the facilities in which they are receiving care. It is quite
difficult for people to understand how elderly people are being abused without knowing the cause,
effects and solutions of the issue. The purpose of this paper is to help one understand what causes
elder abuse, the effects it will have and the solutions to elder abuse. This way we may completely
understand and prevent it from happening. . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our elders deserve much better than that from us. We are the home of the free not the abused. Let's
start with the different types of what is considered elder abuse. Elder abuse is the term that refers to
any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm or a
serious risk of harm to an elder. (Administration on Aging (AOA)). Fifty states have now passed
some form of elder abuse prevention laws to help with this ongoing issue. Elder abuse also includes
physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, financial exploitation, emotional abuse, and self neglect. Now
let's explore what these types of abuse are so we may fully comprehend them. Physical Abuse is
inflicting physical pain or injury on an elder. It is also the second most common form of abuse.
Some examples being: slapping, bruising, or restraining by physical or chemical means. Also,
improperly restraining or drugging an elderly person is also considered a form of physical abuse
(Angela, 1999–2011). Lastly depriving or forcing as elderly person to eat or drink is considered
Physical Abuse. Sexual Abuse is any non–consensual sexual contact of any kind to the elder. Sexual
elder abuse is perhaps the most worst of all acts perpetrated by nursing home staff and caretakers
upon elders. Sexual abuse occurs when any individual engages in nonconsensual sexual contact of
any kind with an elderly person. Sexual abuse can also

Notes On Twins And Nature Vs Nurture
Darian Rader
Kelly Fielding
August 21, 2014
Psychology 101
Twins and Nature versus Nurture What makes identical or fraternal twins different from each other?
A few people might say it depends on how their parents raised them, others might say that other
forces such as what traits personality wise, they inherited from their family could have an effect on
their way they are. This in so many words in called Nature versus Nurture. This is an interesting
concept, especially involving twins and their behaviors, because they have the same DNA and
studies might show better results rather than using regular siblings, with different genes versus twins
who have the same exact DNA.
From my personal experience as an identical twin, my sister Alexandra and I were raised together
our entire lives and we would do anything to be different from each other. If she cut her hair I would
grow mine out, etcetera. Our personalities are very different as well, we had the same group of
friends, but we had hardly any classes together in idle school and high school. I was into sports such
as cross country, tennis and track, Alex was into her art classes and liked to make people laugh.
There was another set of twins in our high school so similar to each other that their names were even
Brittani and Brandi. They had the same style of clothing, hairstyles and didn't do a lot of
extracurricular activities. This is out of the norm for twin studies because their parents both raised
them together. So what

Nature And Nurture On Child Development: Chapter Analysis
The overall focus of Chapter 2 is the effect of the relationship between nature and nurture, on a
child's development. The three main important ideas of this chapter to me, a mother of young
children, are the early perspectives that one factor, either nature or nurture has on development, the
importance of context in a child's development and finally the interaction among nature and nurture
and its effects on development. The early perspectives on development was that it is only affected
by on factor, either nature or nurture. The first perspective of the scientific and philosophical
community, was that development is only impacted by nature. Nature includes everything that the
child is born with, especially their set of genes. Genes are segments ... Show more content on
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This is explained by taking an ecological perspective on development, which takes into account the
environment's impacts. An important contributor to this perspective was Bronfenbrenner who sets
up an outline to organize the environment of development, separating the child's environment into
four systems. One system, the microsystem from Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective is the
environment a child directly interacts in, like their family or classroom. Another system is the
mesosystem, which is established from the interactions of the microsystems. For example, my child
will not only develop from within our family nor her school separately, but when she learns
something in our household that is reinforced in the classroom, the connection between school and
family or other area of her microsystem builds a network for her development, which is the
mesosystem. Then comes the ecosystem which is the environment that the children does not have
direct contact with, but can still be affected by. For example, my workplace, which is a place I do
not bring my daughters to can have an impact on them. This is because if I am stressed from work, I
may channel that negative energy towards my children, not intentionally, but through my
exhaustion. This may give my daughters an impression of my workplace as a place that drains me
because I am not able to give them enough attention, even though my kids have never been to my
job, an effect on my children is present. Lastly, the macrosystem is the environment that contains the
larger forces like culture, media, and current events. These systems can be interconnected and can
have a chain of impacts on the child. For example, my culture values a healthy body shape for
women and I teach that to my girls at home, however the media is a larger force that promotes
unhealthy

How Children Learn Language
HOW CHILDREN LEARN LANGUAGE
By : Ahmadrawi
The writer can be contacted at:
scholars.assist@gmail.com
1. OVERVIEW
The exact way in which millions of developing children get to the point where they can produce and
understand millions of words and make sentences out of it is the subject of a heated debate in the
psycholinguistic field. According to Saxton (2010,p.18), the study on how children learn language
can be traced back to the German biologist, Tiedermann, in 1787. However, up until the late 1950's,
it is generally agreed that approach to child language research is at best haphazardly organized.
Research for example was often limited to a generally informal observations (for example research
done by Lukens,1894) or diary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This time, the rat only received food if it pressed the bar a certain number of times. After initial
confusion, it learned to do this also (Aitchison,2008,pp.8–9). This type of learning is called operant
conditioning by Skinner which can be translated as training by means of voluntary responses (the
word 'operant' means a voluntary response rather than an automatic one) and Skinner suggested that
a vast majority of human learning take place via this mode, including learning of
language(,Aitchison,2008,p.9). In his book Verbal Behaviour, Skinner argued that child efforts to
speak are rewarded by parents. Each time the child produces an utterances that comes close to
sounding like an acceptable word or sentence, the parent offers a reward in the form of praise or
encouragement. As this conditioning goes on, the closer the child gets to the adult model of
utterance the more parental rewards that he/she gets. Thus, the operant conditioning relies on the
learner producing a linguistic behaviour that is progressively shaped through rewards, until the
desired behaviour is achieved (Saxton,2010,p.90). Skinner's explanation of language acquisition
soon inspired a critique and rival explanation from Noam Chomsky. Chomsky argued in some detail
that mechanisms such as stimulus, response and reinforcement which are favoured by the
behaviourists are not sufficient to explain verbal bahaviour. In this regard, Chomsky pivotal

Language Acquisition : Study Of How Humans Acquire A Set...
Language Acquisition Language acquisition is the study of how humans acquire a set of semantic,
syntactic, morphological and phonological categories and rules that underlie their ability to speak
and understand the language to which they are exposed. (Parker and Riley, 2005) Language is an
understanding that truly makes us human. Yes, other species do communicate with an innate ability
to produce a limited number of meaningful words, but there is no other species that can express
sentences with speech sounds and words. This ability is truly remarkable in itself. (Lemetyinen, H)
What makes it even more remarkable is that researchers are finding evidence of this complex skill in
increasingly younger children. Infants as young as 12 months are reported to have understanding to
the grammar needed to recognize relevant sentences. After more than 60 years of research in child
language development, the device that enables children to slice syllables and words out of the
strings of sounds they hear, and to acquire grammar to understand and produce language is still quite
an enigma. (Lemetyinen, H.)
With this being said, there is more than one theorist that is trying to master this enigma. How
children learn language is such a mystery to scientist, it is still being studied often. Children acquire
their language in such a way that yet to this day cannot be described with just one accurate theory.
The Behaviorist Theory
One of the earliest studies of language acquisition was done

High-Risk Family Assessment Snd Health Promotion Essay
High–Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion
Mary Ann Bennett
University of Phoenix
NUR/542
Melinda Church
August 6, 2012
High–Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion Assessing health needs is a fundamental
nursing skill. Unfortunately, many nurses only associate the assessment process to the individual
patient they are caring for and fail to assess and address the needs of the entire family. Performing a
family assessment is vital, especially when working with high risk individuals and groups. High risk
families can be defined as those families with a higher than expected risk for developing a particular
disease or injury in association to their lifestyle, environment, habits, or socio–economic ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To compound the issue, often the affected veteran will turn to high–risk behaviors in an attempt to
find resolution or relief including smoking, social isolation, abuse of alcohol and drugs, and the
display of violent or aggressive behavior. Frequently, depression or other mental health issues arise.
In a domino effect, the high risk behavior frequently leads to unemployment, habitual drug or
alcohol use, poor or absent parenting, fractured family units, unsafe sex, participation in dangerous
sports or driving, and in some instances, suicide. Last, stress along with the indulgence of smoking
and the consumption of alcohol and drugs can also lead to chronic health issues including
hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, and digestive disorders.
Assessment and Theory Application Effective treatment of PTSD can only take place if the disorder
is recognized. Symptoms of PTSD are commonly divided into three defining sections: (1) reliving
the traumatic event, (2) detachment and avoidance, and (3) exaggerated responses (NCBI, 2010).
When a patient relives the traumatic event, it occurs in a manner in which it interferes with the
normal process of daily life. This can include recurring flashbacks or dreams and distressing
memories, which manifest negative physical reactions. Detachment and avoidance is demonstrated
through loss of interest in current living situation, avoidance of people or places that may

The Hunger Games and PTDS Essay
Have you ever watched a movie and automatically diagnosed a character based on their behavior
and thought process? Prior to this program, I could easily watch a movie without thinking too
deeply into the issues that a character may have. Recently, I have become very fond of anything that
has to do with the Hunger Games. Upon watching the movie and reading the first book, it became
apparent that one of the main characters was suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,
commonly known as PTSD.
The Hunger Games is an annually televised lottery where a boy and a girl from each district in the
nation of Panem, compete in a game of survival called upon by the nations Capitol. Each tribute is
forced to fight and kill off other competitors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Haymitch was born in the futuristic world on January 1st, 34 ADD. He was born in the 12th district
of Panem. The 12th district is located in what was formerly known as the Appalachian Mountains,
and is commonly known for their coal industry. I assume that prior towards Haymitch entering the
games, he would hunt, sell his catch, and go to school. School and hunting is where Haymitch
learned skills that will prove to help him in the games. In addition, he learned how to out smart and
think of better solutions on the fly. Haymitch is very strong and handy with a knife. In addition to
his strength he is very intelligent. Being that he lived in Panem, no one under the age of 18 was
allowed to take on a job, except for the people that live in the Capitol. The Capitol prays on the
weak and poor for entertainment. In addition, I think this is another way that the Capitol tries to
oppress the people of Panem. Following Haymitch's winning of the games, his behavior became
surly and harsh. He is always drunk and can barely keep his balance in most cases. In social
situations he is seen to be sarcastic and unfriendly. He chooses to isolate himself and drink, instead
of socializing . Now that he is a victor of the games his occupation is to be a mentor to future
tributes. His job is to socialize with sponsors to help the tributes out in the games. This can be very
difficult for him considering he would rather drink than socialize

The Effects of Violence in Beloved Essay
1 Literature concerning the lives of African Americans during and after slavery explores the many
horrific acts of violence. Violence manifests itself in people both physically and psychologically.
Physical wounds may heal over time, but it is the emotional scarring that begins to take a toll on the
human mind. The novel, Beloved, by Toni Morrison revolves around the character of Sethe, an
African American woman who recently escaped from a slave plantation. Sethe's home on 124
Bluestone Road is haunted by her daughter, Beloved, whom Sethe murdered in order to keep her
from the life of slavery. Toni Morrison's novel, Beloved, explores both the uses and effects of
violence through multiple characters.
The character of Paul D is left ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2
According to Sethe's theory of time, past traumas continue to reenact themselves indefinitely, so it is
possible to stumble into someone else's unhappy memory. This becomes evident in Chapter 3, when
Denver recalls what Sethe once told about the indestructible nature of the past, "...If you go there–
you who was never there–if you go there and stand in the place where it was, it will happen again; it
will be there, waiting for you ...Even though it's all over–over and done with–it's going to always be
there waiting for you" (Beloved). Although Sethe describes for Denver what "was," she turns to the
future tense and tells her that the past will "always be there waiting for you." Sethe pictures the past
as a physical presence, something that is "there," that fills a space. Therefore leaving Denver to
believe that she too will undergo the same brutality her mother once faced. Beloved's arrival
confirms Denver's notion of history repeating itself. Sethe repeats her warning multiple times in a
manner that demonstrates her inability to leave past thoughts of violence behind. Sethe displacing
her past on Denver's present, and future are the main cause of why Denver's fears of leaving 124 and
of the community.
The character of Stamp Paid makes connection between how slavery affects those both physically
and mentally. Working in the Underground Railroad, Stamp Paid had

Ptsd
Post–traumatic Stress Disorder Throughout the years our military has fought to protect our freedom.
Soldiers risk their lives every day to protect ours. To this day we still have an active presence in
countries all around the world and we are known as a nation "at war." Those soldiers who fight for
our freedom overseas are now facing a problem on their own homeland. Post–traumatic Stress
Disorder (also known as PTSD) is something that happens to our soldiers after experiencing a
traumatic event such as combat. We should be providing our soldiers with every possible treatment
and option out there if it will help them. Currently it is reported that about 1 in 8 soldiers returning
from war have PTSD. There are no real cures for this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is where a loud noise can instantly trigger a memory and the patient has an immediate response.
Last of all the criterion is the duration. To determine if the diagnosis should be PTSD, symptoms
must occur for a specified amount of time. In the first formula set in 1980, the duration was six
months, which has now been cut to one month in the revision (Friedman). These criterion help
psychologists determine if someone has PTSD and what sort of treatment to pursue. According to
the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, there has only been one real treatment for Post–
traumatic Stress Disorder [aside from everyday antidepressants]: cognitive behavioral therapy. It
allows the patient to express feelings about what happened during the event, such as war, and to try
and realize that they are no longer in that reality and try to understand the trauma and what it has
done. This therapy only allows soldiers and other patients to talk about how they are feeling; it does
not provide any physical or bodily alterations. A new treatment that is not yet readily accessible is
medicinal marijuana for soldiers suffering from PTSD. Even though the drug is still illegal and
classified as a Schedule I substance, Senate Bill 281 has been moved to the Senate floor by the
Senate Judiciary Committee. The bill would allow people with PTSD to have medical marijuana
(Wong). DEAAdministrative Law Judge Francis L. Young says:

Understand How to Safeguard the Well Being of Children and...
UNDERSTANDING HOW TO SAFEGUARD THE WELL–BEING OF CHILDREN AND
YOUNG PEOPLE ASSIGNMENT 026 TASK A Danielle Hall SECTION 1(Ref 1.1)PG1 THE
MAIN CURRENT LEGISLATION, GUIDELINES, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES WITHIN
OWN UK HOME NATION FOR SAFEGUARDING CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE ARE
AS FOLLOWS, SAFEGUARDING (Local safeguarding Children Board, Children's Act 1989,
Protection of Children's Act 1999, The Children's Act (every child matters 2004) and Safeguarding
Vulnerable Group's Act 2006), Data Protection Act (1998) INFORMATION AND COMPLAINTS
SPECIFIC LEGAL REQUIREMENTS OF PREMISES AND SECURITY OUTINGS EQUALITY
OF OPPERTUNITIES (human rights act 1998) MEDICINES ILLNESS AND INJURIES (RIDDOR
1995) FOOD AND DRINK SMOKING ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
changes in behaviour, general well–being, unexplained marks or bruising. * Listen to the child and
offer re–assurance and give assurance that action will be taken * Do not question the child * Make a
written objective record that includes time and date, exact words as far as possible, the name of the
person to whom the concern was reported, the name of any other person present at the time of
observation or disclosure. * Record's signed, dated and kept in the child's personal file securely *
The parent/carer are normally the first point of contact, except where the Local Safeguarding
Children Board does not allow this. This is usually the case where the parent is the likely abuser. In
these cases the investigating officers will inform

Essay on Brain Development in Victims of Child Abuse
Child abuse is a widespread problem in America and beyond. Every year more than 3 million
reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children(1a). For
many years, experts believed that the negative effects of child abuse, such as emotional problems,
flashbacks to traumatic events, and even learning problems, were psychological phenomena only,
able to be cured with therapy. Now, however, beliefs are being changed with the help of tools such
as MRI imaging, able to detect actual changes in brain anatomy, and it appears that what doesn't kill
you may still permanently weaken you, at least when it comes to child abuse.
The chief danger to the brain in child abuse, besides direct injury by the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The water–soluble neurotransmitters, on the other hand, only last for seconds (3). This persistance of
the stress hormones makes it hard for the brain to return to its natural, unstressed state.
The brain develops in such a way that it leaves itself vulnerable to these negative influences. The
prenatal brain develops an overabundance of neurons, some of which are then carefully eliminated
before age 4 (5). In a process similar to this, the amount of synapses between neurons is built up
during early childhood and then pruned back for the next 30 years of life (5). These two processes
are both disturbed by elevated levels of stress hormones (5). The two centers of the brain with the
most postnatal changes, including the growth of new neurons after birth, are the hippocampus,
which is part of the limbic system, and the cerebellar vermis (6). The hippocampus is in charge of
creating and retrieving memories, working together with the other parts of the limbic system, such
as the amygdala, which records the emotions for each memory. The vermis controls the production
and release of two of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine (6). Both
the vermis and the limbic system have higher concentrations of receptors for the stress hormone
cortisol than anywhere else in the brain (6). Due to this fact, these still–developing areas are the
most vulnerable to the damage done by elevated levels of stress hormones.
The

Nature Vs Nurture : A Debate On Education Since The Late...
External Help: Maurika Smutherman WSSU Writing Center (336) 750–8748
wssuwritingcenter@wssu.edu Nature versus Nurture has been a debate in education since the late
1600's. The debate began with John Locke 's perspective of children as "tabula rasa" meaning blank
slate, when he stated that at birth we are all the same, but it is our unique "experiences that write the
script of our behavioral repertoire" (Allen, Boykin, & Jagers, n. d.). His theory states that an
individual 's experience and environment is what makes them who they are. This idea gave us the
foundation for our "nurture" argument, even though at the time he initially proposed this idea, it was
seen to be in direct conflict with ideals of previous philosophers. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a part of our research, we developed a survey of ten simple questions. These questions were
designed to determine whether the student's environment has affected their academic success. There
were many patterns found in the collected data. As a group, we hypothesized that nature has a
greater effect on an individual 's academic success and upon our analysis of the data we continue to
believe that an individual's environment plays a pivotal role in their academic success. Based on the
survey results, it declares that 95%, a vast majority, of the class set agrees that their environment has
affected their educational experiences and academic career. The reports of Valerie Lee and David
Burkham, authors of Inequality at the Starting Gate: Social Background Differences in Achievement
as Children Begin School, are shared in Joel Spring's American Education and show that there is
indeed a connection between family factors and reading and math skills upon entering kindergarten.
Skills that have been listed in correlation with stronger reading and math levels include: "frequency
of reading at home, ownership of a home computer, exposure to performing arts, and preschool
attendance" (Spring, 2013). Many students in our testing set could read before kindergarten and had
access to

Nature Vs Nurture And Nurture

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