2. “We have this myth that the only way to learn
something is to read it in a textbook or hear a
lecture on it. And the only way to show that
we've understood something is to take a short-
answer test or maybe occasionally with an
essay question thrown in. But that's nonsense.
Everything can be taught in more than one
way." – Howard Gardner, 1997
Slide 2 of 39
3. HOWARD GARDNER
Dr. Howard Gardner was born in
Scranton, PA in 1943. His parents were
refugees from Nazi Germany.
As a child he was an avid reader and
loved music, he later became a gifted
pianist.
As a young man he enrolled at Harvard
University and found it an exhilarating
place for learning. He started out as a
History major but was eventually led to
cognitive developmental psychology.
1983 he developed the theory of
Multiple intelligences for which is widely
known.
1986 he began to teach at Harvard
Graduate School of Education and began
his role at Project Zero, a research group
that focuses in human cognition with a
special focus on the arts.
Dr. Gardner is married to Ellen Winner, a
developmental psychologist, and has four
sons and one grandchild. His passions
are his family and his work. He enjoys to
travel and the arts.
Slide 3 of 39
8. PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
Jerome Bruner, MACOS Project (Man: A Course of Study)
Claud Levi-Strauss and Jean Piaget
1966
Harvard’s doctoral programme
Project Zero Research team on arts education
1971
Completed his PhD (style on sensitivity in children)
1971-1986
He became a lecturer and professor
1975
Published his major book “the Shattered Mind”
Hobbs Professor of Cognition and education
Professor of Neurology at boston University School of
Medicine
slide 8 of 39
9. PROJECT ZERO
Developed as a major research center for
education and provided an intellectual
home for a significant grouping of
researchers
Project on Human Potential in late
1970’s
Frames of Mind (1983)
Multiple Intelligences
slide 9 of 39
10. INITIAL LISTING OF MIS
Intelligence- ‘capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are
valued in one or more cultural setting-Howard Gardner
(8) Criteria or signs of an intelligence:
Potential isolation by brain damage.
The existence of idiots savants, prodigies and other exceptional
individuals.
An identifiable core operation or set of operations.
A distinctive development history, along with a definable set of 'end-
state' performances.
An evolutionary history and evolutionary plausibility.
Support from experimental psychological tasks.
Support from psychometric findings.
Susceptibility to encoding in a symbol system. (Howard Gardner 1983:
62-69) slide 10 of 39
