MooreKristiHIST111ShortPaper

MooreKristiHIST111ShortPaper
Theodora of Constantinople
Kristi Moore
History 111
Professor Brian Carey
American Military University
October 12, 2014
Identify one important historical personality studied in this class through Week 6 and describe three ways this person shaped the age in which he/she
lived in.
Theodora of Constantinople
Throughout history, there had been many people who had made an impact on the world and society in which they had lived. Many had impacted
military strategies and political thinking. Others brought new ideas to the theological and philosophical realm. Theodora of Constantinople, wife of
Justinian, broke all of the Byzantine Empire social rules. Theodora was born in 497 to a bear keeper for the Green faction in the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
At the age of 21, Theodora met Justinian (458–527) and her life changed forever. Procopius's secret account of their meeting likens Justinian to the
Lord of Demons and Theodora as his whore6. Justinian was Master of Soldiers, and since the law forbade a marriage between the two, Theodora
became his concubine and was then raised to the rank of patrician. Justinian, under Theodora's influence, persuaded the emperor to change the law,
allowing actresses who had abandon their profession and sincerely repent to marry men of high position with the emperor's permission7. Justinian and
Theodora were then free to wed.
Justinian was crowned co–emperor April 1, 527. Theodora, a former prostitute who was born from a lowly family, had been declared Theodora
Augusta. Procopius expressed disgust that no one from the senate, none of the priests, and none of the public expressed outrage8. A few months later,
the emperor had died, leaving Justinian the sole emperor and Theodora his associate in power. Justinian refers to her as "Our most reverend partner
granted Us by God" and when governors took their oath of allegiance, they were required to take their oath to both of them9. Justinian made Theodora
the official co–emperor and they ruled their empire together.

Theodora never forgot where her roots were. Not only did she allow friends from her past to stay at the palace, she arranged marriages with high class
officials for them. Theodora did whatever she
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

How Did Justinian Influence Architecture
Justinian Justinian I was a ruler in the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 CE. When he first came into power Justinian I was not favored by the
overall population. Procopius, a scholar and historian in the 6th century, described Justinian as a man "both an evil–doer and easily led into evil, the
sort of a person whom they call a moral pervert, never of his own accord speaking the truth to those with whom he conversed, but having a deceitful
and crafty intent behind every word and action." Also the Nika Riots were revolts against Justinian's rule that took place in Constantinople over the
span of a week. This resulted in the death of thirty–thousand people. But despite the early animosity towards Justinian's reign it is clear that Justinian
brought prosperity to the Byzantine Empire during and after his rule. Justinian I influenced art specifically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justinian sought to rebuild the former glory of the Roman Empire and he started after the Nika Riots in 532. Since most of Constantinople was burnt
down during the riots Justinian decided to rebuild the capital into a much more magnificent city and it all started with the reconstruction of the Hagia
Sophia. The Hagia Sophia was the most prominent church in the Roman Empire and Justinian had the church designed by architects Isidore of Miletus
and Anthemius of Tralles. The church has a massive dome ceiling which was a huge feat for construction builders during the post–classical age. There
were 40 windows which helped to bring in light and illuminate the many mosaics inside the church. The mosaics were icons popular to the Eastern
Orthodox faith such as Christ, angels and crosses. The Hagia Sophia has two levels and stands at 180 feet tall. There was a Narthex (antechamber at
the western entrance of early Christian churches) used only for the emperor and it lead to the second level of the church that was only used by the

The Downfall Of The Roman Empire
After the major downfall of the Roman Empire, much of the world that was once united by trade and wealth would now experience a time of
constant war and plague. Much of the attacks and decay, had greatly influence many people form of thinking, bringing up their insecurity index and
uncertainty of what is to come. Religion has offered many people with new hope, in which if they abide by what god has told them to do, they will
have a chance in the afterlife. With an array of new leaderships/chiefdoms that are arising between the first and the sixteen century A.D. many leaders
are faced with religion and will need to figure out ways in which religion can work for them; so that people would be more inclined to accept the new
government. Many leaders/kings would eventually give religious freedom, and inevitably convert themselves to the religion, such as Christianity, in
which will aid the religion with more followers seeing the unity of religion and state. As nomadic people invaded into cities' religions were face to
either adapt to the new people or persecute non–believers. In order to fully understand the development of religion in specific civilizations, we must
learn what history has taught us from civilizations that were changed or formed from religion around the world. Consequently, we must look at how
religion has shaped a civilization from political, social, economic and cultural point of views. Christianity has taken root in the Roman Empire, and
although many of the

The Origins Of The Roman Empire
The roots of the modern university as places of higher learning can trace its roots to the Medieval period in the remnants of the Roman Empire.
Although the decedents of the once great empire and their subsequent learning systems (Byzantine and European) produced highly intellectual minds
and prolific writings in the fields of theology, philosophy and more, only one of these regions intellectual structures grew to greatness and prestige
that are now some of the world's greatest colleges. How did these civilizations differ in the way education was handled and viewed, particularly by
rulers, and what factors lead to their downfall/rise? This question will help explain how the Byzantine civilization, an empire seen as highly wealthy,...
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In terms of actual educational systems, the Byzantines set up shop rather quickly. There had already been existing schooling in the eastern side of the
Roman Empire, the Platonic school in Athens for example, and with the creation of the Byzantine Empire and its first Emperor Constantine came the
creation of a university in Sota, later moved to Constantinople. For all intents and purposes the Byzantines seemed to have a clear defined path and
interest in education even in its early days. Western Europe, on the other hand, seemed to have a much harder time coping with the destruction of the
empire. Most if not all of the schools set up by the former Roman Empire had collapsed and disappeared. Much of what was left of the classics was
lost, and what remained was kept in existence by literate, educated monks. Education did exist in some forms, but nowhere on the level of the state
funded schools in the wealthier, united east. Education was a rare commodity preserved almost entirely in the Christian monasteries and churches that
dotted the land. Much of the populous was left widely uneducated (both peasants and noblemen). These church learning environments were not
available for the common man, but for future priests and others in clerical orders. Even the Carolingian Renaissance, an attempt mainly made by the
Frankish king Charlemagne to bring more Latin literacy and education to his kingdom, seemed to produce benefits that only supported the clergy and
court

The Role Of Religion In The Middle Ages
There is irrefutable evidence that over the period of the Middle Ages, both Christianity and Islam have been anchors in both shaping and influencing
governance of kingdoms and empires comprising Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire, and territories ruled by Islam. Religion during this period was
widely used to set laws, influence culture, justify armed conflicts, and pronounce punishment on citizens domiciled within the geographies depicted
within this essay. I will attempt to illuminate the geopolitical climate, territorial demarcation, and religious influences that depicted life circa 500 –
1517 CE. From the background material submitted, I will directly answer the following questions:
1)The role Religion played in establishing legitimacy
2)The Role Religion played in establishing armed violence
3)The extent that Christian and Muslim leaders believed that their powers flowed from God
4)Did monotheistic Religions make states more or less stable
Thesis:
State and Religion
Direct correlation between kingdoms/ruling authorities and Religion as a major influence in governing and prescribing morals and other societal
dictates of the time period.
Chronology:
Western Europe and the Byzantium empires 500– 1000 CE:
European kingdoms grew from Germanic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire in the
5th century C.E. Vandals ruled North Africa in a kingdom centered in Carthage. The Visigoths ruled Spain in a kingdom which preserved many
elements of Roman culture. Ostrogothe King Theodoric established a kingdom for his people in Italy.
Vandal, Visigoth, and Ostrogoth people all had cultures heavily influenced by Rome and its Religion. During this era, feudalism developed, and
Christianity divided in two – the Catholic Church in the west and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the east. In both cases, the Church grew to have a
great deal of political and economic power.
The era from about 500 to 1000 C.E. is sometimes referred to as the "Dark Ages" in European history, partly because many aspects of the Roman

civilization were lost, such as written language, advanced architectural and building techniques, complex government, and access to long–distance
trade. For the most part, these early people of Europe

Essay Ravenna
Located in northeast Italy in the Emilia–Romagna region and the capital of the province bearing its name, Ravenna is internationally celebrated for its
stunning ancient mosaics and rich history. Ravenna's prosperous past is evident in its wealth of still–standing examples of Byzantine art and
architecture. Positioned near the Adriatic Sea on a marshy plain, Ravenna has served as a strategic ?capital three times: of the western Roman Empire,
of Theodoric King of the Goths, and of the Byzantine Empire in Europe? (History, par. 1). By delving into Ravenna?s history, as well as its remarkable
artistic achievements, the reasoning behind its popularity in tourism becomes clear.
Ravenna was formed by the buildup of centuries of silt deposits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The surrounding marshes provided a natural line of defense and its location at the crossroads of the northern and southern peninsula made it
exceptionally challenging to capture. These were all influences in its allure as a bastion of control.
?The exact date of Roman control remains a mystery, as much of Ravenna?s past, although the first record of a Roman fleet to reach the city was in
82 BC. Caesar chose Ravenna as his headquarters while negotiating with the Senate and later as his base when launching various military campaigns
on surrounding areas. While there, he is thought to have begun construction on the port of Classe (initially known as Classis), which served as the
catalyst for Ravenna's first rise to greatness. Emperor Octavius Augustus oversaw the port?s completion and, realizing its strategic location, made the
port the principal base for a fleet, 250 ships strong, to defend the ?Adriatic Sea and the waters of the near eastern Mediterranean (History, par. 9).
Augustus also created a canal, known as the Fossa Augusta, linking the port to the southern branch of the Po. This canal permitted waters to flow
around the city walls to fortify Ravenna?s defense and through the center of the town to facilitate transport and commerce. With the port as the focus of
the city, Ravenna flourished as a town of trade and industry (especially ship building). Though the port?s value waned by the sixth century

How Did Theodora Influence The Byzantine Empire
Theodora was the empress of the Byzantine Empire and wife of Emperor Justinian. She is known for her strong influence towards her husband
Justinian during the ruling of the Byzantine Empire. In the beginning of her life she was known as an actress. When Justinian met Theodora he fell in
love but could not marry her because at the time his uncle, Uncle Justin I, along with a roman law prevented government officials from marrying
actresses. Soon after his uncle died and Justinian took over as emperor he changed the law so he could marry Theodora. As a woman in the Byzantine
time she had no real power over the empire. But through her husband she was able to help rule the Byzantine Empire. Theodora was known for many
influential reforms. "Through

The Secret History Was Written By Procopius, And Emperor...
Theodora was the Empress of the Byzantine Empire from 527, when she was crowned, until her death in 548. Procopius was the appointed historian to
record what was happening in the Empire, but mostly to focus on Theodora and Justinian. The Secret History was written by Procopius, but not
published in the West until about a millennium after it was written. As it was 'a venomous pamphlet of dubious merit', The Secret History is hardly a
reliable historical source. It criticises Justinian and Theodora for all of their actions as Emperor and Empress, as well as create a story, possibly based
on nothing, about the origins of Theodora. While Procopius is considered a significant historian for the sixth century, it is notable that his treatment of
Theodora is biased in an unfavourable way. Procopius adopts a perceptibly hostile attitude toward Theodora. Much of this bias against Theodora can
be explained by Procopius' view of women in power and gender roles.
As a woman in Roman society, Theodora would have been married and her life controlled by her husband. As a woman in the imperial court,
Theodora's power and influence over the general public would have been restricted. Even with the limited public influence, there were ways for women
to demonstrate authority. One of the most common and traditional ways that women demonstrated power in the sixth century was imperial patronage.
Imperial patronage could include 'building a home for the poor or a lavish church, having a cross

Essay on Arts in the Time of the Byzantine
I have chosen the apse mosaic in San Vitale (Christ with San Vitale, Bishop
Ecclesius, and two angel, 526–547) and dome Mosaic in the Church of the Dormition
(Christ Pantocrator, ca1090–1100). The apse mosaic was created in early Byzantine
and the dome mosaic was created in middle Byzantine.
The depiction of Christ between the works are quite different. I think the most
observable is the appearance of Christ. From the apse mosaic in San Vitale, we can
see that the Christ is clean–shaven and long–haired. The image of Christ looks like the
Good Shepherd. But from the dome mosaic of Christ Pantocrator, the details on the
Christ's face changed. The Christ became bearded and long–haired. Another change in
the depiction of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, Justinian had a success of developing the Byzantine
Empire in early Byzantine. People had less conflicts between them and they followed
the religious in Roman Christianity. Hence, they depict the Christ in a smiley face.
But later The Age of Justinian was followed by a political decline, Constantinople

was wracked by religious and political conflict. And Leo III issued a ban on religious
images (Iconoclasm) afterwards. I think people in middle Byzantine may regret for
this and so they depict the Christ in an angry face. They knew that they had shown
disrespectful to the Christ.
The early Byzantine art mainly followed the Roman arts. The work I chose was a
good example. From my chosen work, the Christ was shown as the image of the good
Shepherd and this was the way to shape the Christ in Roman Empire. Also people
kept creating mosaics like the Roman period. For example, Transfiguration of Jesus
also had the same details as my chosen work shown. The middle Byzantine art
became more naturalistic. Let say my chosen work, they created the Christ more
human like. I think artists may wanted to show the realism after the Iconoclasm.
For example, Crucifixion, the mosaic in the church of the Dormition had shown the
work more realistic.
Byzantine art influenced the Russian and Eastern European civilizations. The
subsequent Church architecture and religious art were influenced

Essay on Roman Influence on Byzantine Empire and Islamic...
Mother of the World
"The mother of the world has been killed," stated a 5th century historian, bereft and appalled when the news of Rome's fall had reached ear. Certainly
his words hold truth, for Rome – the dauntingly colossal Empire engulfing the Mediterranean and all territories around it; the source of artistic,
intellectual, and cultural ascendancy; the influential factor of brilliance in so many of the coexisting societies of the western world – was truly the
predecessor and creator of all Western Civilization to come. However, what no one knew, was that the lasting impression this powerful and astonishing
civilization would make upon the world, even if only through the works of fleeting memory or written text. As always, with loss ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Silk soon became an imperial monopoly, and through this way, the trade of luxury items became the Byzantine's main source of income. The location of
Constantinople also aided in military conquest and defence, for the empire's naval headquarters were located along the shores, and had access to the
Black Sea and Mediterranean. Because of the Empire's location, all but overlapping the fallen Roman's territory, the Byzantine Empire was greatly
affected by these Roman's past traditions and ways of life.
The Roman Empire influenced the Byzantine Empire's culture, mainly through the religion of Christianity. Christianity first appeared in the Roman
Empire, with the birth, teachings, and supposed resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the beginning years of it's arrival, Christianity was not tolerated and
Christians were mainly, and most often brutally prosecuted. However, with Constantine's Edict of Milan, Christianity was officially tolerated, and
under Theodosius, it became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire inherited this relatively new religion, continuing to
follow the beliefs and traditions of the church, as well as spreading the word of Jesus Christ and the message of god. Churches sprung up in the empire,
such as the mighty Hagia Sophia. Located in Constantinople and built by Justinian, this church especially exemplified

St Sophia
The picture presented is a photography of the basilica of Hagia Sophia from the south view. It is located in the modern city of Istanbul, specifically
in the east part, the oldest part of the town. This church is a unique building and it is considered one of the most influential and important buildings in
history. It was named Sophia, term in Greek that means wisdom, as it was dedicated to the Holy Wisdom. The first version of the church, which was
in the place that the basilica is located nowadays, was a much smaller structure inaugurated on 360 AD. After this building was burned down as
consequence of riots, another church took its place in 415. This building was also destroyed in a fire when the Nika Revolt appeared, although some
marble... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was based in the typical structure used for the first Christian buildings, the basilica. However, it was much more difficult to build that a normal
one. From the view that it is available on the picture, we can see the south view of the basilica. It is possible to appreciate a solid construction where
details are not as important as are on the inside of the building. The faГ§ade has a red tone which is darker on some areas. It is noteworthy that all
openings to the outside were constructed using semi–circular arches. The dome, one of the most iconic features of St Sophia, is located in the middle
of the structure. There can be seen large counterweights that help to support the heavy weights of the dome. One of the aspects that are most
noteworthy are the hard lines of the structure, which give the building a solemn and serious appearance. In addition, one of the most important aspects
is the mixture of two different styles, the traditional basilica and the circular structure, which is extremely similar to the Pantheon. The basilica
construction provides a dynamic and longitudinal look. The circular one attracts the attention to the centre of the building, the dome. If the first
predominated, the dome may not have the emphasis it has and would be relegated to a secondary role; if the second prevailed, the static effect would
be greater and around the dome space would be ordered, nullifying all

The Role Of Religion During The Middle Ages
There is irrefutable evidence that over the period of the Middle Ages, both Christianity and Islam have been anchors in both shaping and influencing
governance of kingdoms and empires comprising Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire, and territories ruled by Islam. Religion during this period was
widely used to set laws, influence culture, justify armed conflicts, and pronounce punishment on citizens domiciled within the geographies depicted
within this essay. I will attempt to illuminate the geopolitical climate, territorial demarcation, and religious influences that depicted life circa 500 –
1517 CE. From the background material submitted, I will directly answer the following questions:
1)The role Religion played in establishing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The era from about 500 to 1000 C.E. is sometimes referred to as the "Dark Ages" in European history, partly because many aspects of the Roman
civilization were lost, such as written language, advanced architectural and building techniques, complex government, and access to long–distance
trade. For the most part, these early people of Europe could not read or write, and lived much as their nomadic ancestors had. In their isolation, they
slowly cleared the forested areas for farming, but their greatest need was for protection. However, the need for protection grew to be most important
when the Vikings from Scandinavia invaded many areas of Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries, followed by the Magyars, who came from the east in
the late 9th century. In response, Europeans established feudalism as a way to unite and protect them.
European feudal institutions revolved around political and military relationships. The feudal political order developed into a complicated network of
lord–vassal relationships, with lords having overlords, and overlords owing allegiance to kings. On these foundations early kingdoms, such as England
and France, were built, but in other areas, such as modern–day Germany, the feudal organization remained highly decentralized.
THE DIVISION OF CHRISTENDOM
The Roman Empire was divided into two parts during the 4th century C.E. when imperial power

Emperor Justinian Research Paper
Justinian came to the throne in 527 and he revived the ancient Roman Empire by his legal system, military force, safe pair of hands, architectural
enterprise, and unifying body of law. His attention was to expand the empire and restore the empire to be as the same as the old Rome and to
reestablish his empire as the new Rome that has the concepts of the ancient Rome in the west. Constantinople was authorised to be the capital of the
Byzantine Empire. Not only the goal to restore the empire, but Justinian also has other goals that are included of strengthening the governmental
system, reform the legal system, improve the church and constructed architecture works. Under Justinian reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its
largest size and he has done many greatest contributions to the empire.
Justinian invasion expanded his empire and he conquered many cities as a united empire from his control. Justinian created many new cities to rebuild
his empire (according to document 1). His armies reconquest Mediterranean land of the west which extended the territory of his empire, one ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The laws in different regions of the empire are listed differently. Justinian set up people to rewrite the legal code and for it to be easily indicated,
each law was listed by subject and consisted of four parts. According to outside source, Justinian created a three imperial law schools and assigned a
commission to restructure the legal code. People from different regions are difference in many things which can caused disagreement between each
other. Procopius described that Justinian preserved the legal code to control the discrepancies with the greater firmness (according to document 1).
According to document 8, Justinian was free to establish his rule after Nika riots

Compare And Contrast Haritan And Japanese Feudalism
Japanese and the west European region has two different cultures, including how they rule their land. However, Japanese feudalism in 1185–1333 and
west European feudalism in the 8th century to the 12th century, they both had similar societies built on class hierarchy, with different philosophies and
morals, and different religions influencing the way they rule. Hence, showing that the two regions in two different periods have many similarities with
some differences that make them their own.
First, the two regions have similar class hierarchy societies. These class systems were heredity so you were born into what you would be. With the
constant warfare, is made the warrior class the most important, these warriors worked for local lords. In Japan, these warriors are known as samurais
and were lowest class of aristocratic nobility. In Japan, women were allowed to become a samurai and fight alongside the men. In Western Europe,
however, their warriors were called knights and were the third in their class system. Contrasting the Japanese samurais, women were not allowed to
become knights. Both warrior classes were bound by codes, the samurais had the Bushido code and the knights had the Code of Justinian.
The samurais' philosophy included the Bushido code while the knights' philosophy contained the Code of Justinian. The Bushido code includes many
rules on how chivalrous men should act in their personal and professional lives. The Bushido code gives eight different virtues of the samurai. They
include: (1) Rectitude or Justice, (2) Courage, (3) Benevolence or Mercy, (4) Politeness, (5) Honesty and Sincerity, (6) Honor, (7) Loyalty, and (8)
Character and Self– Control. Some of these rules include the first, rectitude or justice the Bushido states, "Rectitude is one's power to decide upon a
course of conduct in accordance with reason, without wavering; to die when to die is right, to strike when to strike is right.". It also says, "Rectitude is
the bone that gives firmness and stature." Without the bones, the head cannot sit on top of the spine and hands nor feet can stand. In addition, without
rectitude nothing like talent and learning cannot make "the human frame" into a samurai. To preserve their own honor,

During Rule Of Emperor Justinian Of The Eastern Roman Empire,
During rule of Emperor Justinian of the Eastern Roman Empire, a cycle of recurring plagues started in the year 541 A.D. This plague cycle would
disappear and reappear in roughly eleven year cycles. The last strike of this plague cycle was in 747 in Naples. This series of plagues were called the
Justinian plague named after Emperor Justinian's rule and it is also referred to as the early medieval pandemic (EMP). The severity of this plague was
high being that Procopius of Caesarea, a Urban Prefect of Constantinople stated that the plague "fell upon the whole world, yet just as many people
escaped as had the misfortune to succumb– either because they escaped the infection altogether, or because they got over it if they happened to be ...
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It may seem like an outlandish claim by Procopius to put the blame for plague on Justinian however he is not far from the truth. Justinian was not a
demon in human form however his expansionism did opened a large area of the Empire and increased internal travel distance allowing for the plague to
spread throughout the Mediterranean.
Justinian's rule before the plague was stable however during the plague the stability of his rule plummeted. As stated before, during the plague
Justinian drew blame from his people because of the devastation. However the plague "reduced population drastically, those on arable areas by
one–half in fifty years and those in dry areas by a lesser amount. It created a great depression, forced readjustment of population, altered relations
among parts of the Empire, and created conditions which were sensitive to accidents." The loss of life combined with a economic depression greatly
lowered the stability of the Empire however they were not the only factors that affect the stability of the realm. To protect the economy Justinian
order an edict that froze prices and wages pre plague levels however "As with all such wage and price freezes, Justinian's edict served mostly to
exaggerate the problems they were intended to solve. Shortages of fuel, food and most relevantly for an empire now fighting a two–front war– the

The Church Of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale Shows Justinian and his attendants. . The Art Work is a part of collection work which is called Justinian Mosaic and it
begun by bishop Ecclesius in affiliation with the Roman Catholic. Its size is really difficult for us to tell because it shows the dome shape design
from inside the church... Basilica of San Vitale is the main location in this art work. The artwork done on the walls is permanent. It Tells the Story of
Ancient Rome and also tells the Aesthetic values of the Church.
The artist of the material was Ecclesius in conjunction with the aid of the Roman Catholic patrons. The coordination of the work involved many
participants under the leadership of Ecclesius. Proposals of the art material resulted from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other members of the Clergy flank the Emperor from either side and prominent personalities such as the Bishop Maximianus of Ravenna are also in the
portrait. Critical examination of the Justinian and his attendants Mosaic shows that the Emperor is in a central position and the power of the church
surrounds his throne to indicate the way his activities are guided by the power of the church. Additionally, Angelic surrounding shows the military
administration. In other words, the portrait showed that just like other Emperors of Rome, Justinian had the three forces of religious, military, and
administration around him (Mango 13).
The clergy in the portrait carry a gospel book, from which the Christians of the church obtain their teachings. The Emperor carries the bowl that is
essential in passing the Eucharist to the worshipers and helps one to understand the important role that the emperor played. The bowl is symbolic in
nature because it identifies the emperor to be doing the act of homage of a true leader. The symbolism of Christ in the purple orb shows that there is
a universal dominion of the power of Christ to the kingdom. St. Vitale gestures a clear mind of the rule of the emperor as a representative of God's
will on earth. The Emperor's army of Christ is shown in the form of Chi–Rho that is present on the shied the military men are holding (Mango 15).
Another aspect that emerges from the artwork is the

Justinian Religion
Justinian of Constantinople took throne in 527 over the Byzantine Empire, he was known for his tight and harsh reign of control and the architecture
he inspired through his beliefs such as the Hagia Sophia and the San Vitale (Cunningham, Pg. 224). Justinian lived in a region clashing with Orthodox
and Arian Christians, both of which believed that God was divine but they had a slight difference in their views of Jesus Christ (Cunningham, Pg. 224).
His personal belief was in the Orthodox Christianity and viewed Jesus in both forms, divine like god and a human (Cunningham, Pg. 225 & 229). The
Arian Christians believed Jesus was not directly connected to god but was made by and separated from god (Cunningham, Pg. 238 (Glossary)).
Justinian's central ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This piece is the most interesting to me because Justinian had so much influence in a church where he had never stepped foot in (Khan Academy).
In the San Vitale Mosaics portray the mighty and powerful Orthodox Emperor Justinian across from him his equally powerful Empress Theodora as
well as numerous mosaics of Jesus Christ (khan academy). Much like the Hagia Sophia it is covered in many windows with lots of light to illuminate
the beautiful art. The mosaics reflect Justinian's belief in Christ as well as his belief that authority is divinity that Christ has given him. In this
architecture the only intercultural influences I have found have been the bricks that were used from ancient Roman buildings for the exterior of the
church. When the church was created the Iconography was not in Greek or any other form, they were trying to come up with a new art that have
never been used for Christian art. This effected culture at that time by adding a new face or style to the types of art made instead of using styles from the

The Roman Government
Gustavo Cantu Justinian I World History Part I Mr. Zelehoski 24 February 2017 Justinian Thesis: Having been known as the man who rose from
poverty to reform the Roman government, he is surely one of the most religious, cunning, and somehow weak rulers the world has known.
I.Introduction II.Claim to the throne A.Justin/Poverty 1.Poor life 2.Justin's assistance a)Justin's Claim to the Throne Failure b)Justinian's later
weaseling into the throne B.Military Life/Life as King 1.Military Success and training 2.Intelligence 3.Type of Ruler he was 4.Personality III.Conquests
A.Military successes and battles 1.Technique a)Make an ally, fight a war, conquer someone, fight ally b)Expansion... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Justin was akin to a father to Justinian, he gave him salvation where he struggled and practically reinvigorated his will to learn and do well in the
world. While Justin enabled Justinian to learn and become an amazing man, he also attempted to find his way into the seat of the throne while the
rule was weak. Justin had very obviously failed seeing as he was NOT fit to be a ruler, he was not an intelligent man after all. Justinian witnessed
his uncle's failure and was able to learn from the experience and, using his position as the King's bodyguard (Citation), intelligence and military
experience, weaseled his way into the throne, and into the position of King. As the King, Justinian was powerful. He held a large blade over all
others that opposed him and was the largest factor as to why many of his people had been in fear. At any moment he could have crumpled under the
pressure of all the power he held in the palm of his hand, and he had, multiple times. To easily and very simply accentuate his power, he would force
those who approached him to bow down on their hands and feet (Lindquist 318). Even one of his closest acquaintances, Procopius, had described him
as "insincere, crafty, hypocritical, double–dealing, clever, and a perfect artist in acting out his opinion" (Macmillan Profiles 234). Many also
described him as being "an absolute Monarch" and as "the Anointed of the Lord" (Lindquist 317). Despite all of this, he had also been described as
"abstemious,

The Similarities Of The Hagia Sophia And The Pantheon
While the Hagia Sophia and the Pantheon were built in and represent two different time periods and locations, they have some similar structural
features as well as some resembling circumstances surrounding their prospective histories. Both of their unique construction is related to their different
purposes and the symbolism behind the buildings. The Pantheon represents a time in which the Roman empire was booming with trade and commerce.
There was a growing interest in art and sculpture as well as religion. There was also an emphasis on imperialism and the strength and power of the
emperor. The transition from the Roman to the Byzantine empire took place under the emperor, Constantine and it happened around 330 C.E. He moved
the capital from Rome to Byzantion and renamed the city Constantinople meaning the city of Constantine, which is modern day Istanbul. This was also
a huge intersection in the east–west trade. He then changed the official religion of the empire to Christianity which created a major shift in structures,
works of art, and lifestyle dynamics. The emperor was now seen as the head of the church, and in 391 C.E. all temples and forms of the pagan cult that
dominated the Roman Empire were closed and banned.
The structural similarity between the two buildings is the large domes, which are vital point of their construction. The materials used in the concrete of
the dome also varies. At its thickest point, the aggregate is travertine, then terracotta tiles, then at the very top, tufa and pumice, both porous light
stones. At the very top, where the dome would be at its weakest and vulnerable to collapse, the oculus lightens the load. Hagia Sophia is an innovative
hybrid of longitudinal and central architectural planning. The building is clearly dominated by the hovering form of its gigantic dome. Its idiosyncratic
mixture of basilica and rotunda precludes a ring of masonry underneath the dome to provide support around its circumference, the main dome of Hagia
Sophia rests instead on four pendentives that connect the base of the dome with the huge supporting piers at the four corners of the square area
beneath it. The origin of the dome on pendentive is obscure, but its large–scale use at Hagia Sophia

Emperor Justinian: Architect of the Byzantine Legacy
From my webpage at http://cappsfamily.hypermart.net/justinian.htm
Byzantine Emperor Justinian was the bold architect of a revitalized Byzantine Empire that would leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. As
much of Europe entered the Dark Ages, Justinian 's vision of a restored Roman Empire would reverse the decline of the Byzantine Empire and lay a firm
foundation that would allow the Byzantine Empire to survive for centuries to come.
Justinian, whose full name was Flavius Anicius Julianus Justinianus, was born around 483 AD at Tauresium in Illyricum in the Balkans of present
–day
central Europe. He was the nephew of Byzantine Emperor Justin, the son of Justin 's sister Vigilantia (Fortescue).
Justinian 's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
REBUILDING THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Justinian had dreamed of restoring the Roman Empire in Europe (Norwich 68). In order to accomplish his goal, Justinian was faced with the difficult
task of retaking the Western provinces once controlled by Rome. Much of the Western Roman Empire had fallen into the hands of four groups of
Germanic barbarian tribes: the Vandals, who had conquered the North African Roman territories; the Ostrogoths, who had taken control of the Italian
peninsula, including Rome itself; the Franks, who controlled most of modern–day France; and the Visigoths, who held the Spanish peninsula
(Fortescue).
Justinian 's first obstacle to conquest in the West lay in ending centuries of warfare with the Persian Empire. The two empires were longtime rival
"superpowers" in the Middle East and had battled regularly over territory until 363, when the Emperor Julian died of wounds inflicted in battle with
the Persians. After the death of Julius, Jovian, the commander of the Imperial Guard, succeeded Julius, withdrew the Roman armies and reached a
peace agreement with the Persian Empire. Jovian 's surrender of territory and fortresses to the Persian Empire, while costly to the Roman Empire,
bought over a century of peace with the Persians (Norwich 27).
During the 400 's, both the Romans and Persians

Empress Theodora Research Paper
She was born into the lowest class and worked as an actress. Then, she became the wife of Emperor Justinian and ruled the Byzantine empire when
women were not considered suitable to rule, whose name became the one name in the voluminous annals of the Byzantine empire known to almost
everyone; Theodora.
The most important known source about Theodora is from Procopius's works, Secret History. Procopius was a secretary and Justinian's most trusted
general. In his book, he said that, in Theodora's early years, she was brought up as the daughter of a bear trainer who worked a circus, in Constantinople
. She worked there as a mime, and later as a full time actress and was rumored to be a prostitute because of her family's lack of money. In 522 AD, she
gave up her former lifestyle and settled down as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justinian's advisers urged him to flee, but Theodora gave a speech that persuaded him to stay. (The speech is shown in the book The Empress
Theodora: Partner of Justinian by James Evans). Theodora spoke: Whether or not a woman should give an example of courage to men, is neither
here nor there. At a moment of desperate danger one must do what one can. I think that flight, even if it brings us to safety, is not in our interest.
Every man born to see the light of day must die. But that one who has been emperor should become an exile I cannot bear. May I never be without
the purple I wear, nor live to see the day when men do not call me "Your Majesty." If you wish safety, my Lord, that is an easy matter. We are rich,
and there is the sea, and yonder our ships. But consider whether if you reach safety you may not desire to exchange that safety for death. As for me, I
like the old saying, that the purple is the noblest shroud. This didn't only save Justinian his crown, but also the Byzantine

Summary Of The Ponte Salario
The portrait that I decided to analyze was called The Ponte Salario by "Hubert Robert. The reason that I decided to choose this painting was
because it had a very natural feel to it. The painting takes place outdoors and there is an older building that looks as if it dates back thousands of
years. The bridge connected to the tower made of rock which looks very run down; I am assuming it is from age. According to Robert 'The Ponte
Salario takes its name from the Via Salaria, the old route linking Rome and the salt–producing areas of the Sabine country. The Ponte Salario is one of
the oldest of Rome's bridges. Now that we have some background on this painting let's look at some physical properties about this painting
Physical properties, in other words, are describing what you see. When I look at this painting I see many shapes displayed. According to
Fichner–Rathus, Lois.in the book
Understanding Art, she described shapes as "distinct area on a two–dimensional surface that can be created in several ways; by connecting lines to
itself, thereby enclosing an area.' The main shape that caught my eye in this painting was the rectangular shaped rocks use as siding on the outer layer
of the tower. The technique that was used in this painting was tenebrism.
Fichner–Rathus stated that 'when people and objects are sharply lit, as with the use of tenebrism; the lighted areas of these objects and their
accompany can be exaggerated.' I believe this is what

Taking a Look at Hagia Sophia
The Hagia Sophia which is the place of worship located in Constantinople, is one of the most prestigious churches of history. The dome of this
Cathedral is made out of all gold and with a height of 180 feet ("Byzantium (330–1453"). The geographic features of the Byzantine Empire had helped
them become a prestigious empire throughout their reign. With three bodies of water surrounding them,it allowed easy access for trade and
transportation of materials and soldiers throughout their land.The Bosphorus Strait, a waterway connecting to the Black Sea, allowed trade to occur with
many other civilizations, such as Russia and China. Since the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, was located on this waterway it allowed
wealth to come into the city, and let cultural diffusion to take place. There are many geographic features that has impacted the development of the
Byzantine Empire. The capital of this vast empire, Constantinople was located on a strait called the Bosphorus, " a narrow connection between the
Black Sea and the Aegean Sea" (Wood 177). This allowed trade and wealth to come into the city, making it one of the most powerful empires in
history. With three bodies of water surrounding this empire, they were able to transport materials and troops throughout their lands. Along the shores
of the Bosphorus strait, it was dense with trees which allowed them for the use of building and fire wood (Kayaalp). The Bosphorus strait had a width
of 2.3 miles and depth

The Basilica Of San Vitale By Sarah Bassett: An Analysis
The Basilica of San Vitale is a church in Ravenna, Italy and is a prime example of early Christian Byzantine art and architecture. This essay by Sarah
Bassett considers the correlation between the certain paintings and pieces of poetry from the early Byzantine era. Bassett primarily goes into great
detail about two specific paintings, the sixth century mosaic portraits of Emperor Justinian and another of his consort Theodora. These two magnificent
portraits are set across from one another in the space of the apse. As we have learned in many great civilizations before the Byzantine Empire, power on
earth is often perceived as a result of power in the after–life or heaven. Emperor Justinian's mosaic depicts great power through art in forms of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is truly great about certain artworks from this time period is they convey different messages to different groups of people. It comes down to
how each individual interprets the art work and the meaning within. The author says something in this essay that more or less summarizes Emperor
Justinian's mosaic, "...it is possible to see all the necessary elements of Grandeur; Solemnity tempered by brilliance and abundance." Emperor
Justinian was certainly one that took great pride in himself and what he accomplished and it is accurately depicted in this mosaic. Across from
Emperor Justinian's mosaic, there is the image of his spouse Theodora who gives us a glimpse of her ruthless ambition. The first thing that caught
my eye was the amount of pearls she was wearing and how she stands out from the people surrounding. She is seen a bit closer to the viewer, as if
she is standing in front of the rest. This was perhaps done to emphasize her superiority. Theodora seems to be carrying a chalice of holy wine, which
could potentially represent Christ's sacrificial

Advanced Technology In The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was one of the many great nations in human history. The Byzantine empire was formed in 330 A.D when Constantine moved the
Roman Empire capital from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium, in what is now modern day Turkey. Constantine eventually changed the name of the
capital city to Constantinople. Constantinople remained the capital of the empire for the rest of its days. The movement of the capital, however, led to
the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern Rome. Although the west fell, the east survived and eventually became theByzantine
empire, which would last for hundreds of years. A combination of advanced technology, specialized workers, complex institutions, advanced cities, and
record keeping made the Byzantine empire one of the leading civilizations of its time.
The first aspect that defines a civilization is having advanced technology. Many of these technologies are portrayed in the city of Constantinople in its
architecture and the city's defense. One example of these defensive technologies was the use of defensive chains in several waterways, such as the
Golden Horn. These incredibly sturdy chains were set at the mouth of the waterways in order to prevent enemy ships from sailing through the
passages. Towers were another example of defensive technology built along the city's outer walls. These towers helped to create stability in the walls
and were excellent lookout posts and great spots for archers to mount during an invasion

Procopius Bias In His Distaste Of Theodora
Procopius' first and most obvious source of bias is in his distaste of Theodora. Dedicating four chapters of The Secret History to the bashing of her
image, she is made out to be a degenerate, immoral whore who hated everyone. Consider the following quote (Source 2 page 643): "...Theodora...rose
to royal dignity over all obstacles. For no thought of shame came to Justinian in marrying her, though he might have taken his pick of the noblest
born...Instead, he preferred to make his own [unique decision]... took in wedlock a woman who was not only guilty of every other contamination but
boasted of her many abortions." His bias is so blatantly obvious that explanation is almost unnecessary. Throughout the book, he attacks her in was not
unlike this, although he mainly attack her for her past as a prostitute. He even goes as far as saying that she "would go picnicking with ten young men
or more", picnicking being the equivalent of modern–day dating (source 2 page 592). Kathleen Trevena agrees that Procopius is biased pertaining to
this subject, saying "his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He went from an insignificant peasant to the most powerful position in the Byzantine Empire, the emperor (source 3 page 120). This could be an
explanation as to why Procopius attacks Justinian so frequently in The Secret History (DOES THIS NEED A SOURCE?). His bias and distaste is
clearly displayed in the following quote (source 2 page 889): "Justinian, having no natural aptitude toward the imperial dignity, neither assumed the
royal manner nor thought it necessary to his prestige. In his accent, in his dress, and in his ideas he was a barbarian." Procopius essentially admits to
his own bias, saying that the fact that he was not a natural heir and because of this is barbaric. Clearly, The Secret History is shaping up to be a
remarkably biased source, which decreases the probability that it is a reliable

Origins Of The Byzantine Empire
Culminating Activity Board Information Origins of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453 CE)
The Byzantine Empire is another word for the eastern half of the Roman Empire. It was born after a series of events that led to the fall of the western
half of the Roman Empire. In 285 A.D., Diocletian decided to split the Roman Empire in half because the rapidly growing population was becoming
too large to govern for a single person. This decision is considered to be one of the main acts that led to the downfall of the Western Roman world. The
Byzantine Empire began to take shape after Constantine I took control of the Western Roman Empire after winning the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in
October of year 312 A.D. Around 324 A.D., the Constantine I, defeated his co–emperor, Licinius, in a battle. Constantine became the first Christian
emperor the Roman Empire ever had. In 330 A.D., Constantine I relocated the capital of Rome and chose to establish it in the city on the east, known
as Byzantium. The new Roman capital became known as Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire began to slowly disintegrate as Germanic
tribes, like the Vandals began invading the Western Roman Empire. In 476, the barbarian Odoacer invaded Rome and overthrew the last emperor,
Romulus Augustus, and Rome fall. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 separated the prosperous eastern half of the Roman Empire and
spawned a "new" Rome with a rich culture and the most powerful economy in all of Europe. The capital

The Influence Of Justinian's Code
Did you ever wonder what Justinian's Code was or what it was used for? In the early Roman Empire there was not an established set of rules. This
made Rome civilization disorganized and harder to comprehend. When Rome went on they established the 12 tables which was the first set of rules
which were complex that Rome had made for their empire. When Emperor Justinian took command over the Roman Empire he reorganized the 12
tables into a less complex set of rules which eventually was renamed to Justinian's Code.
You may ask why Justinian's Code was created because they already had an other law code being used. The reasoning Emperor Justinian created
Justinian's Code was to revamp the 12 tables and reorganize its laws. The 12 tables was outdated and was not well organized or easy to examine due
to the amount of laws being listed. The reason why he revamped it was to improve the law code and establish new rules that would help with the
present problems and not the past. Also he wanted to make it easier ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The law code was based off the Bible. The Bible was Christian scriptures, consisting of the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments. This law code
was mainly used in the Roman Empire but spread east to Constantinople, and the Byzantine Empire. It was later spread by mercenaries which
eventually made the law code popular around all regions. It was created in 529 to 534.Justinian's Code was mainly used by Christians due to the law
code being based off the Bible. The religion that Christian's used was Christianity. Religion influenced the basic set of laws which was the 12 tables.
Also was influenced by Jesus's teachings also known as the Bible. The 12 tables was the original Roman law code that was used before Justinian's Code
was made. Which was later revamped and renamed Justinian's Code. This later affected the popularity of Christianity and Justinian's

The Differences Of The Roman Empire And The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was a vast powerful empire dating from 330–1453. The capital was Constantinople (modern–day Istanbul), first known as
Byzantium. To begin with, the Roman Empire was split up into two halves by Emperor Diocletian in A.D. 285. The empire was divided into the
Western Roman Empire and the EasternRoman Empire (The Byzantine Empire). The Eastern Roman Empire was similar to the Western Roman Empire
but had some prime differences. These differences included language, acceptance of Christianity, and influences from Middle Eastern along with Greek
Culture. During most of the Eastern Roman Empire's existence, it was the political, military, and financial powerhouse of Europe. When Justinian I
(Widely known as Justinian) became ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shows that Justinian is a vicious bloodthirsty man, who did not value the lives of his citizens. Justinian ruled such as Roman emperors Nero
and Caligula in the fact that he was mentally disturbed and unhinged. He ruled parallel to those emperors because he was bloodthirsty and had no
limits to his extreme tyranny. "He recklessly killed all who dissented, and this too he did in the name of piety. For he did not call it homicide when
those who perished happened to be of a belief that was different from his own." This is another excerpt from the Secret History by Procopius. It once
again shows that Justinian had no limits to what he viewed as acceptable, ruthlessly murdering all who stood in his way. Justinian had no limits, as did
many Roman emperors. Roman emperors such as Tiberius, Caligula and, Nero. The last two out of three had an extreme authoritarianism, making the
innocent suffer at any chance they could, such as Justinian. "... So while he was Emperor, the whole earth ran red with the blood of nearly all the
Romans and the barbarians. Such were the results of the wars throughout the whole Empire. During this time. But the civil strife in Constantinople and
in every other city, if the dead were reckoned, would total no smaller number of slain than those who perished in the wars, I believe." This excerpt
from the

The Influence Of The Hippodrome And The Byzantine Empire
Little did the Byzantine empire know, they were changing entertainment for years to come. The empire was becoming enormous. It was very political,
And their leader Justinian I helped influence that (he was rather sly and unjust. Through spectator entertainment). The empire had a very sturdy
economy along with many trade routes (More commonly known as the Silk Road). But, most importantly the entertainment was terrific. People were
pretty much "addicted" to it. The citizens loved watching the chaos: chariots smashed, people hurt, and especially their team winning. This
entertainment in the Hippodrome and the chariot races were idolized by the Byzantine empire. The way that the amusement was presented had a very
deep effect on the politics and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political updates on sports networks are common, according to Sports Illustrated writer Richard Deitsch. He says, "Along these lines, the third rail
for the U.S. sports media over the past 12 months has been the presidential election, and social media has been the arena where much of the
discourse has been held" (Dietsch). The "Third Rail" is a quote to a certain topic (Healthcare, medication, race, etc...). This being said, the quote is
being explained by the fact that the sports media is being intertwined with politics. This can be "dark waters for a politician," says Mr. Dietsch. The
athletic figures are being used to gain popularity and for gaining momentum for the leaders' words to be spread. It is a great way for leaders to
communicate with their people, especially in the United States. In the U.S. alone, during a 24 hour period, there are about 134 hours of sports
streaming through T.V.

Flavius Belisarius: The Defender of the Byzantine Empire...
Flavius Belisarius (505–565 CE), a Byzantine general under Justinian I, succeeded in winning countless victories and notably expanded and defended
the Byzantine Empire. Despite the fact that he was a successful, advanced leader, Belisarius tragically ended his life shunned from the public. Flavius
Belisarius was born in Germania, Illyria in 505 CE. Very little is known about his ethnic background, but some historians say he was of Slavic
background (Barker 1). He was assigned under Justinian's command when he was about twenty–five years old, and he was awarded full command of
the army (Barker 1). He led armies against the SДЃsДЃnian Empire (Persia), the Vandal Kingdom (North Africa), the Ostrogoths (Italy), and the other
barbaric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 533, Belisarius was sent with five hundred transports and ninety–two warships to attack the Vandalsin North Africa (Durant 109). Belisarius had
proven to be a loyal and effective general, so Justinian gave him full command of the expedition (Hughs 75). He even gave Belisarius a large
mixed army of infantry and cavalry (Hughs 75). He left in June 533, accompanied by his wife Antonia and Procopius who was his assessor and
secretary (Hughs 78). In the process of his mission, he captured a one of the Vandal messengers who helped Belisarius discover the Vandals' plot
(Hughs 109). He was able to destroy the Vandal Kingdom in just a few months and only two victories (Barker 1). After this victory, Justinian had
Belisarius return to Constantinople for a brief triumph. On his way home, the Moors came down the hill, attacking the Roman garrison. Fortunately,
Belisarius made his way back just in time to jump into action and defeat the Moors (Durant 109). During this time, he married an old friend of the
empress Theodora, Antonia, but after a few years, she passed away (Barker 1). They had one daughter by the name of Joannina (Hughs 69). Many
theories centered around why Antonia accompanied him on his expeditions, and one of the most common claimed that Belisarius forced her to because
he didn't trust her (Hughs 108).
In 535, the successful general was sent to Italy to begin recovering the territory from the Ostrogoths.

The Church Of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale is an historical building that should be considered to be turned into an art museum. The building itself is very beautiful on
the outside and having replica of this building would bring beauty and individuality to Stillwater. This oddly shaped church that was built in Ravenna,
Italy over 1,000 years ago, should be considered to be used as an art museum.
The Church of San Vitale located in Italy is an early Christian church completely made up of bricks, which was built and completed between 538–548.
It has an octagonal plan, with a two–story ambulatory enclosing a central space. There is a narthex, or entrance porch attached to the west side of the
building at an angle, while a small choir and chancel, or extended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The centralized space is a used for a place of gathering, as well as the narthex. There are many mosaics, or pieces of art, that are located around the
building. All the mosaics are rich with colours, vivid depictions of nature, and each one has a different but certain perspective. The apse has two
famous and stunning mosaics, these pieces were located on the side walls. These mosaics depicted the East Roman Emperor, Justinian, and Empress
Theodora. The two mosaics were created to depict each one of them by themselves, but both pieces of art have similarities. The right panel mosaic
depicts Emperor Justinian with golden halo, standing in the middle of court officials, guards, and Bishop Maximian. The halo and his position in the
piece emphasizes Justinian as the leader of his empire and the church. Justinian and Bishop Maximian are placed in front of the other individuals,
which represents their importance. On the opposite side, there is the mosaic of Empress Theodora. In the mosaic, she can be depicted as a goddess
because like Justinian, she too has a halo over her head, with a crown and women amongst her. The mosaic represents movement in way, it shows the
women going into the church, while Empress Theodora is holding what seems to be wine.
The Church of San Vitale located in Ravenna, Italy. It is an important example of early Christian Byzantine architecture in Europe. The church of San
Vitale was dedicated to St.Vitalis, a slave that converted

Byzantine Empire Research Paper
The eastern Roman Empire also known as the Byzantine Empire was originated form and was part of the great Roman Empire which lasted from the
fall of Western Roman Empire in 467 A.D, till 1453 A.D., when Constantinople was capture and lost to Ottoman Turks Empire. Constantinople was the
capital of the Byzantine Empire founded and named after Constantine I. after splitting from WesternRoman Empire eastern Roman Empire make every
effort to create new Rome in east therefore the Byzantine developed its own unique culture and constructed new buildings with distinct architecture.
The Byzantines were great patrons of art and architectures. The place of the emperor were huge and was blazed with gold, silver, marble and mosaics.
The emperor were and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The interior and the artistic features of the Hagia Sophia makes it so magnificent. The features of the Hagia Sophia includes combination of three
traditional basilical plans with the dome as the central design. "The structure has three nefi, one apsi, and two narthex, internal and external. The
length from the apsis to the outer narthex is 100 m, and the width is 69.5 m. " The central dome of the Hagia Sophia is considered as the dome of
haven. "The height of the dome from the ground level is 55.60 m and the radius is 31.87 m in the North to South direction and 30.86 in the East to
West direction ". The weight of the dome is carried by four great arches, "which rest on a series of tympana and semi–domes, which in turn rest on
smaller semi–domes and arcades" . The dome was problematic due to the structural complexity, therefore it was collapsed in 558 but later it was
rebuilt again in 562 to a greater height . The inside the interior of the Hagia Sophia was built from exclusive and expansive diverse colored marbles
and ornamental stone inlays. Marbles that were used for the decoration were reused and was taken from ancient buildings to support the interior
arcades . The upper part of the building was originally decorated in "gold which consist of a huge cross in a medallion at the summit of the dome" .
New features like the mosaics were added to the building after the emerge of iconoclasm. The Hagia Sophia was built in five years and was
inaugurated by emperor

Compare And Contrast The Han And Roman Empires
The Roman and Han Empires were among the greatest empires in history. The Han prospered in 202 BCE – 220 C.E and the Roman Empire in 27
BCE– 476 C.E. By the early second century CE, Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean coastline and had to use military force to set up borders
against their adversaries, the Huns. During the Han, colonies were established in Korea and military campaigns were mounted in order to control
their neighbors, the Xiongnu. Both of these empires had similar rises by using strong military power and expansion, which helped them both strive in
economic trade. Although there are many similarities in the reasons that contributed to the rise of these empires, there are also several contrasting
reasons for their decline. These two empires differ because Rome allowed plague to end their empire while the Han kept ruling. The Han and Roman
empires had similar rises because of their use of strong military force. They both had strong militaries because they were both organized and well
funded. This is because they were roughly the same size with an effective government and this made for a more successful military force that helped
assure substantial stability and prosperity for both empires. During his reign, Emperor Wudi conquered parts of modern Kyrgyzstan, Vietnam and
Korea, and vanquised the Huns to the Gobi desert. He moved an approximate two million Chinese to the northwestern part of the empire to ensure
colonization.This demonstrates how, like Rome,

Justinian The Great: The Plague Of Ancient Rome
Justinian I, commonly known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until he died on November 14th 565 when he was
82 years old. Which is pretty old in Ancient Rome because the average lifespan was 35 years and in the "ancient world" at least half of the kids in
Rome died before the age of 10. Surprisingly, Justinian lived 47 years more than the "average" man. He is considered a saint by Eastern Orthodox
Christians. Justinian simplified Roman laws. These are now called Corpus Juris Civilis which is the collective title of the body of ancient Roman law;
organized and categorized under the emperor Justinian in the 6th century a.d.
The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that affected the Eastern Roman Empire; Byzantine,

Architect of the Byzantine Legacy Essay examples
Architect of the Byzantine Legacy
Byzantine Emperor Justinian was the bold architect of a revitalized Byzantine Empire that would leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. As
much of Europe entered the Dark Ages, Justinian's vision of a restored Roman Empire would reverse the decline of the Byzantine Empire and lay a
firm foundation that would allow the Byzantine Empire to survive for centuries to come.
Justinian, whose full name was Flavius Anicius Julianus Justinianus, was born around 483 AD at Tauresium in Illyricum in theBalkans of present–day
central Europe. He was the nephew of Byzantine Emperor Justin, the son of Justin's sister Vigilantia (Fortescue).
Justinian's uncle, Justin, was the Byzantine Emperor from 518 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rome would become the capital of the Empire's western territories, while the city of Byzantium (present–day Istanbul in modern–day Turkey) was
renamed Constantinople and made the new capital of the Roman Empire (Bury 69).
From its peak under the Roman Emperors Constantine and Diocletian in the 300's, Rome importance in the Empire began to shrink. The commercial
and cultural growth of the provinces in Greece and the Near East had eclipsed the once–robust culture of Rome, where growing trade with the Far East
was creating new wealth. The Christian emperors felt more at home in the East, where Christianity, the new official religion of the Roman Empire, was
stronger and closer to its roots in Palestine, rather than in the more–pagan West (Norwich 11).
Forced from their homelands in Central and Eastern Europe by the savagery of the invading Huns, Germanic barbarian tribes invaded the western
territories of the Empire. Under constant attack, the western Empire began to shrink, losing centuries worth of territorial gains in Britain, Gaul, Spain,
and North Africa to the barbarian tribes, while the eastern territories remained strong, vital and secure. In 378, they dealt the Roman Empire a major
blow at the Battle of Adrianople (now Edirne in modern–day European Turkey), near Constantinople. In

Procopius In The Secret History
Question No. 1 Answer: In Procopius' life, the Byzantine Empire became out of the Eastern Roman Empire in Greece and was controlled by the
emperor Justinian. Justinian, regularly considered the best Byzantine emperor, set out to reconquer lands that had once had a place with the Western
Roman Empire. In this endeavor, Justinian depended on his splendid general Belisarius. Procopius, who filled in as Belisarius' consultant, composed a
record of these wars in his distinctive compositions (Procopius). In The Secret History, Procopius held profound feelings of resentment against
Justinian and Justinian's better half Theodora, and others in the royal court. These hard feelings discovered expression in The Secret History. The
Secret History was not... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He blames her thusly for anal intercourse because of her childhood, prostitution, forwardness, open nakedness, vulgarity; amass sex, numerous
premature births and child murder, and hedonistic, indecent behavior. What's more, this was quite recently Theodora's experience before meeting
Justinian, yet in Procopius see, this is the most damning confirmation of her character, in spite of her later behavior as Empress (Procopius). No
doubt he has given such an itemized and striking portrayal of Theodora's initial life to damn her according to his audience, who were acclimated to a
more gentile. Procopius contends that Theodora, in her time as Empress acted similarly as an Empress ought to, so that the main route for Procopius
to assault her was to assault what he knew, or had listened, with respect to her private life. Procopius depended on chatter and defamation for his
experience remarks on Theodora, and presents them in a manner that they show up as historical certainty. With no other composed proof of her
experience, Procopius has prevailing with regards to portraying Theodora's initial life in such a monstrous mold, to the point that it has turned out to be
acknowledged as

Justinian I Essay
Justinian I Justinian had a very significant role in world history. There are many things that are overlooked when speaking of Justinian. For instance,
Justinian was a great architect. Many times we overlook the little characteristics of Justinian and we focus on the code of Justinian. Justinian was born
a barbarian, probably born of Slavic parents in
Illyia. We know nothing of his early years except that his uncle adopted him. His uncle was Justin I, the emperor of Constantinople. Then in
527 A.D., Justin made Justinian a co–ruler. Four months later, when Justin died, Justinian became the sole emperor. This was the beginning of
Justinian's famous rule, which lasted from 527 A.D. through 565 A.D. (The Reign of Justinian). The reign of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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During this time of war Justinian had to raise the taxes in order to pay for the war, and rebuild the burnt city as fire was set to the city in the Nika Revolt.
There were great losses due to the wars. Italy laid in ruins and residents lived in poverty for centuries after this tragedy. Along with this, much of
Rome's great buildings could have survived if
Justinian had left the Ostrogoths in Italy. Even though
Justinian's reconquests in the west were not permanent, his destruction or weakening of civilized Germanic tribes was. The only tribe untouched by
Justinian was the Burgundians who had too few people to exercise any real power. Easterners didn't stop the new invaders in the west when Justinian
died.
The Persians recognized the weakness, and after Justinian's death, they attacked the
Byzantine Empire. After all this, the
Eastern and Westerners wanted to restore the empire. Finally, in 632 AD, the Byzantine's were victorious over the Persians but because both of the
groups of people were so weak, it was easy for the Muslim armies to overthrow them (The Reign of
Justinian) Justinian felt many of the laws of
Byzantium were very confusing. many were out of date, some contradicting others, and not in one place did a complete collection of the laws exist. To
solve this problem, Justinian assigned a commission to study the problem. Their work resulted in the publication of the Code of Justinian.

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