Donner Company (Case Analysis)

Donner Company (Case Analysis)
Donner Company started its operations in 1985 and developed specialized capability in
manufacturing circuit boards for experimental devices and for pilot production runs. The company
uses "Solder mask over Bare Copper" (SMOBC) technology which is a popular technology for
denser circuit patterns and more reliable final product. Automated processes as well as manual
processes are used to perform medium–duty, short–cycle, repetitive tasks. They promise a delivery
within three weeks for orders less than 1000 boards and 5 weeks for larger orders. While reviewing
the company's position prior to planning 1988 operations, Edward Plummer, President of the
company found that the firm was experiencing production delays due to serious problems in ...
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However, time efficiency or the run–time is not the correct measure for optimal order scheduling as
this doesn't take capacity into account. Assuming orders for the month of September'87, if we run all
the orders on the manual machine, it takes 550.8 hours for drilling. On the other hand, if we
schedule all the orders on CNC machine, it will take 432 hours. However, we argue that we can
achieve higher productivity by operating both the machines in parallel, as drilling is our bottleneck
resource. The optimal solution will be reached when we use both the machines such that both
operate for the same duration of time i.e. equal utilization. This can be achieved when we start
scheduling the orders with the least order size on manual machine and those with large order sizes
on the CNC machine. Then we look at the remaining orders and repeat the same decision process.
This process is repeated until the busy time for both the machines are equal. When we schedule the
orders for September in the above manner, the CNC machine gets the four largest orders and has
run–time of 157 hours, whereas, the rest of the orders are executed on the manual machines which
have run time of 160 hours each. Thus, we can process the entire set of orders with the bottleneck
resources being busy for 160 hours each (in contrast with 196 hours of CNC taken in the case to
service same set of orders). If we assume steady state i.e. order size histogram will follow a similar
pattern,
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Project Management Techniques to Practice Problem Solutions
Course:
Code:
IT Project Management
BIT 361
Handout date:
Assignment #: 1
6/2/2014
Home Assignment
Student Name: _________________________
Semester:
Lecturer:
Due date:
Spring 2014
Dr. Fadi Abu–Amara
Dr. Amer Ibrahim
20/2/2014
Maximum Mark:
100
ID:___________________________________
1–Learning Outcomes being assessed
LO2. Analyze, describe and apply project management techniques to practical problem solutions.
2–Handing in format instructions
 Sign this page and put it as a cover for your assignment

 Submit your assignment in hand–writing format.
 This page will be your assignment coversheet.
 Sign the second page and include it with your assignment after the coversheet.
 Work must be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How would you classify the following projects in terms of compliance, strategic, and operational?
a. Convert the pool heating system from electrical to solar power.
b. Renovate the horse barn.
c. Convert 12 adjacent acres into a wildlife preserve.
d. Update all the bathrooms in condos that are 10 years or older.
e. Change hotel brochures to reflect the new image of the hotel.
f. Introduce wireless Internet service in café and lounge areas.
Task 2: A staff proposed two new software projects for your company. Project–A will cost
AED 210,000 to develop and is expected to have annual net cash flow of AED 56,000. ProjectB will
cost AED 280,000 to develop and is expected to have annual net cash flow of AED
70,000. The company is very concerned about their cash flow. Using the payback period, which
project is better from a cash flow standpoint? Why?
Task 3: A five–year project has a projected net cash flow of AED 15,000, AED 25,000, AED
30,000, AED 20,000, and AED 15,000 in the next five years. It will cost AED 50,000 to implement
the project. If the required rate of return is 20%, conduct a discounted cash flow calculation to
determine the NPV.
Task 4: Develop a WBS for a project in which you are going to build a bicycle. Try to identify all of
the major components and provide three levels of detail.
3
Course:
Code:
IT Project Management
BIT 361
Handout date:
Assignment #: 1
6/2/2014
Home Assignment
Semester:

Should Electronic Waste Be An Unethical Political Decision?
The production and circulation of electronic waste is a highly politicized and complex issue which
highlights the conflicts and tensions between jobs and the environment. There are debates
surrounding governance decisions and global economic linkages which approach the disposal of e–
waste from two different stand points. One view is that the first world is making an unethical
political decision to send its e–waste problem to pollution havens i.e. third–world countries with less
stringent environmental standards. Electronic goods consist of highly toxic substances such as lead,
chromium, mercury, and brominated–flame retardants, therefore when they are disposed of in an
uncontrolled and risky low–cost manner such as in informal sectors they can cause major issues to
both human and environmental health (Pickren, 2013). The root of this cause is linked to the
asymmetrical relationships of power and the unsustainability of the current social, economic,
cultural, and political movement. The decision to send e–waste 'out of sight and out of mind' is
highly politicized and based around issues of power and control. However, another view is that
north–south flows can be beneficial to informal e–waste economies and has been observed to be
creating new economic settlements in third world countries in which livelihoods depend on re–using
and re–pairing e–waste and selling them within the community.
This report explores how debates around key themes of e–waste can shed light on

Potato Battery
24
IEEE JOURNAL ON EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS,
VOL. 2, NO. 1, MARCH 2012
Design Optimization and Implementation for RF Energy Harvesting Circuits
Prusayon Nintanavongsa, Student Member, IEEE, Ufuk Muncuk, David Richard Lewis, and
Kaushik Roy Chowdhury, Member, IEEE
Abstract–A new design for an energy harvesting device is proposed in this paper, which enables
scavenging energy from radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic waves. Compared to common
alternative energy sources like solar and wind, RF harvesting has the least energy density. The
existing state–of–the–art solutions are effective only over narrow frequency ranges, are limited in
efficiency response, and require higher levels of input power. This paper has
a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, given the recent advances in energy efficiency for the circuit components of a sensor (say,
diodes that require less forward voltage threshold), and the low–power operation modes supported
by the device itself (say, sleep mode consuming only millivolt), there is a visible need for revisiting
energy harvesting circuit design that can successfully operate a sensor node.
Fig. 1 shows the components of our proposed energy harvesting circuit. The incident RF power is
converted into dc power by the voltage multiplier. The matching network, composed of inductive
and capacitive elements, ensures the maximum power delivery from antenna to voltage multiplier.
The energy storage ensures smooth power delivery to the load, and as a reserve for durations when
external energy is unavailable. Such a design needs to be carefully crafted: increasing the number of
multiplier stages gives higher voltage at the load, and yet reduces the current through the final load
branch. This may result in unacceptable charging delays for the energy storage capacitor.
Conversely, fewer stages of the multiplier will ensure
2156–3357/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE
NINTANAVONGSA et al.: DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR RF
ENERGY HARVESTING CIRCUITS
quick charging of the capacitor, but the voltage

Electronic Voting Machine
International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013
A Preview on Microcontroller Based Electronic Voting Machine
Diponkar Paul and Sobuj Kumar Ray, Member, IACSIT
Abstract–Voting is most pivotal process of democratic society through which people determine it's
government. Governments around the world are increasingly considering the replacement of
traditional paper–based voting schemes with electronic voting systems. Elections of Bangladesh are
conducted most exclusively using electronic voting machines developed over the past three years. In
this paper we describe the design, construction and operation of a digital voting machine using a
microcontroller profoundly. Again we also portray counting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Among the reasons for concern, critics include vague and incomplete security guidelines,
insufficient documentation requirements, and inadequate descriptions of the configuration of
commercial software. An electronic voting machine has been designed by a microcontroller for
which the code is written in assembly language. Various code protection schemes specified by the
manufacturer of the microcontroller are used to prevent inadvertent or deliberate reading and
reproduction of the code contained in the microcontroller. The election data contained in the
EEPROM of the microcontroller can download into a central computer for tabulations. The security
of data in this computer is enforced by generating digital signatures for each data file created. This
process makes it impossible for anyone to substitute wrong or deliberately altered data files at any
intermediate stage between the capturing of voter's intent by the machine and the final results
tabulations. Prior to the election, all configuration data is set up on the counting server. The
configuration is then transferred to the ballot–box server. Configuration data include: candidate
names, polling station identity, and a list of barcodes. During the voting period, voters are
authenticated as per the traditional paper–based voting, and asked whether they wish to vote
electronically or use the traditional paper–based method. A voter

Informative Speech Of E-Waste
TOPIC:
E–Waste
SPECIFIC PURPOSE:
At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to change their thinking about e–waste.
INTRODUCTION:
Have you ever thought of where your electronic go when it's old and you have no use for it. Most of
us don't think of these stuff because we believe other will deal with it, but in reality it is a growing
problem for all of us. What is e–waste? According to Dictionary.com, "any discarded electronic or
electrical devices or their parts; also called electronic waste." E–waste is a big problem due to a lot
of the component being toxic and non–biodegradable. Many company are sending their waste to
other countries to be dump. It is cheaper to send them to other countries rather than a recycling plant
which cause company ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"A Feb 2002 article published in The New York Times reports that "The water sample, taken near a
site where circuit boards were processed and burned, showed levels of toxic materials 190 times the
levels for drinking water recommended by the World Health Organization."
D. Symptom of health issue:
a. Digestive system
b. Immune system
c. Reproductive system
d. Central nervous system
[Transition: Now that I have shown you what's the problem is let's go right into what causes the
problem.]
1. The cause of e–waste is Electronic Industry.
a. "A Feb 2006 article published in VOA News (Voice of America) stated that "The electronic
industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The high speed of growth in this
industry means more and more electronic products are being wasted and thrown away.
b. More and more people are buying and tossing electronic away every year for newer ones.
c. example: iPhone, computer, game console
d. "In a July 26 2015 article published in NewsRx Health & Science Reports, "According to figures
published in the Global E–waste Monitor 2014 and compiled by the United Nations University, last
year an estimated 41.8 million metric tons of e–waste was discarded throughout the

Essay about Science Technology Company
Science Technology Company 1985 President: Bill Watson
CFO: Harry Finson Questions:
1. Are the 5–year forecasts useful, given uneven growth in sales, inventories and receivables, and
earnings in the past?
2. What will be the impact of a resurgence of inflation, fueled by massive budget deficits, on STC?
3. Can the company finance the rapid sales growth that is anticipated? STC
Leading manufacturer of automated test equipment (ATE)
31% market share on testers for printed circuit boards
Second largest in semiconductor test operation
Objective: To be the recognized international leader in providing integrated quality management
systems to manufacturers of electronic devices and equipment.
Strategies: o Heavy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large customer base
2. Extensive software
3. A broad line of testers
4. A dominant share of printed circuit board test market
5. A fair position in VLSI testing
6. Two developments:
a. Solved quality problems on an in–circuit tester that is expected to be a mainstay product
b. A high performance new tester that will be a breakthrough in test technology by mid–1986
7. A major program with US Department of Defense
Reviewing Financial Pressures
Financial base for planned growth: 3.45 million shares of common stock in 1982 and 1983 that
raised $66 million
Financial strength in 1985 matched competitors'
2 concerns of Mr. Watson:
1. Past difficulties in forecasting
2. Very substantial increase in debt
Permanent new capital requirements depend almost entirely on: o Sales growth o Retained profits o
Efficiency of corporate assets employed
Absence of cash dividends allowed STC to avoid excessive debt

My Role Model In Life
As my father, Ladislao Trakal, one of my only role models in life, settles down onto the couch, he
reminisces about his college experience over a cup of coffee. The same father who brought me to
life, yet different than what he used to be. He seems as though he were remembering a dismal time
in his life, represented by the lugubrious expression on his face, but one would soon discover that
his woes were only because of the challenges that he had to overcome throughout his time in
college. Now let us start from the beginning...
My father, like most students, had the choice of what job he would want to partake in for the rest of
his life. Due to his extreme ability to deal with technology, my dad made a decision: to work the life
of the computer and the cubicle and leave aside any other field. Coming from a Hispanic
background in the small but lively country of Argentina, Trakal knew everyone and everyone knew
him. From having only one library in his town to being under a dictatorship until 1983, things
weren't as easy as they are now considering education and the effect technology has on it today.
"Education those days was better and the biggest difference with nowadays is that every student has
a 'library' at their feet," stated Trakal who was always extremely fond of the unique technology
sprouting during his teenage years. Apart from attending a technical high school, Trakal would often
spend long hours with his family and friends getting together, barbecuing, and mostly

Swot Analysis : Benchmark Electronics
Benchmark Electronics is an Electronics contract manufacturer that has several branches across the
United States and in Mexico, China, Ireland and Scotland. I will be researching their Huntsville
Plant, which works on PCB manufacturing (printed circuit board) and storage and server's box build
and testing.
"Benchmark's worldwide facilities include 1.6 million square feet in our domestic facilities in
Alabama, Arizona, California, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota and Texas; and 2.2
million square feet in our international facilities in China, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands,
Romania and Thailand." (www.bench.com, n.d.)
Strategy
"Our goal is to be the EMS outsourcing provider of choice to leading OEMs in the electronics
industry that we perceive from time to time to offer the greatest potential for growth. To meet this
goal, we have implemented the following strategies: Focus on High–End Products in Growth
Industries, Maintain and Develop Close, Long–Term Relationships with Customers, Deliver
Complete High– and Low–Volume Manufacturing Solutions Globally, Leverage Advanced
Technological Capabilities. Continue to Seek Cost Savings and Operational Excellence. Pursue
Strategic Acquisitions." (www.bench.com, n.d.)
Competitiveness
Is one of EMS's (electronic manufacturing services) that despite the direction in market and
competition is focused in its core competence that is circuit

Case Study Of The Leopold KOSTAL Group
The Leopold KOSTAL GmbH is an independent, globally orientated family–run company, which
was founded in 1912 in Ludenscheid. Around 1927, they developed and produced products for
automobiles for the first time. In 1973, Helmut Kostal decided to start the first overseas KOSTAL
plant in Mexico to allow the company to grow internationally. In 2017, an annual turnover of €
2,470 million is planned. This would be a plus of € 106 million compared to the previous year of
2016. The aim of the KOSTAL Group is to employ 17,959 employees this year, of which around
81% are active abroad. The constant competitive pressure on the global market requires a way of
thinking that goes beyond the boundaries of Germany. Kostal is represented on four continents ...
The assembly line is designed in such a way that the motions of the workers are minimized to the
extent possible. The parts are transferred in sequence between stations through conveyors. The
production line is explained with a brief description of the processes carried out in each station. The
figure7 shows the assembly line with manual and automatic stations. Station 1, 4 and 8 are manual
stations and the rest of the stations are automated. The processes carried out in each station is
described

How Sport Has Changed My Life
Introduction: Fùtbol or soccer, it doesn't matter the way you say it, although what it has done for us
as humans is very significant. For me soccer is everything I play it, watch it, and talk about it, the
sport has led my life since I first gained interest towards it in grade four. There must be a reason
why it the most watched sport in the world, it brings everyone in the world together no matter what
race, nationality, or gender. Ever since grade six I have been trying to encourage soccer into my
projects for school, I haven't had a chance of properly incorporating my true passion. This is until
now, the first time I ever heard of the personal project was the first time I came to Carson Graham.
Our school in grade seven brought us to this massive school in which we had no clue about why we
were actually there. The first presentation I saw was someone who built a robot that could follow
lights for direction. The thought that I had to do this project in grade ten scared me, I had no clue
what I really wanted to do. This was until I started thinking about it more and one thought came into
my mind, that was to create Goal Line Technology. This form of technology was quite new at the
time, this was because they just announced that they were going to start using it in one of the top
five leagues in Europe, the first league to incorporate it was the Barclay's Premier League. My
project goal was to create a fully working demo of Goal Line Technology. At first I was scared that I

Electronic Waste: A Growing International Problem
Background:
Electronic waste is a growing international problem that is affecting millions of people in
developing countries. The United States is the biggest culprit exporting old, obsolete, and broken
electronics to developing countries. One problem with the electronic recycling program in the
United States is often, when people drop off their old electronics to companies for recycling, many
companies find it more cost effective to transport the waste for money, sending it to third world
countries where labor is cheap, and where a profit can be made for both the companies and
individuals in developing countries. Developing nations such as China, India, and Ghana hold the
largest digital dumping grounds in the world. Hundreds of millions of tons of electronics are
shipped and processed in homes, backyards, and large open fields. In her article, Environmental
policy analysis, Luther, states Proliferation of and increasingly rapid technological advances in
electronics mean that the volume of e–waste generated in the United States is large and growing.
Data regarding electronic products sold, stored, recycled, and disposed of are limited. However, in
2008, EPA completed a study that attempted to gather more current data. According to that study, in
2007, of the 2.25 million tons of televisions, cell phones and computer products ready for end–of–
life (EOL) management, 18% (414,000 tons) were collected for recycling and 82% (1.84 million
tons) were disposed of, primarily in

WS3: PCB Manufacture
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE CENTRE FOR INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING (CITE)
B.ENG (HONS) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Course : Advanced Computer Aided Systems (Electrical)
Lecturer : Daniel Ringis
WS3 : PCB Manufacture
Submitted by : Valmiki Singh (26908) Task 1
a. Dry Film Resist
Coating material to mask a copper pattern that is designed for a printed circuit board to
accommodate the etching and solder.
b. Clean room
A room in which the concentration of air born particles is controlled to lessen the effect dust has on
imaging.
c. Photoplot
The product of scanning imaging data onto films. Referred to as artwork, and are required for PCB
fabrication.
d. 2oz Copper
The weight of copper present in one sqft. of area on the PCB. 2oz indicates the overall thickness of
copper on the walls.
e. Panelling
The process in manufacturing which uses a large base material containing more than one circuit
patterns which is extracted to smaller boards after the manufacture process.
f. CNC Drilling
Computer numerical control drilling, is a system that uses computers and software to automate
drilling.
g. Lamination
The process of bonding together two or more layers of materials with the use of heat and pressure.
h. Etching
The process of selectively removing undesired or unwanted copper areas from the surface of a PCB
by means of chemical action.
i. Registration holes
Holes punched on the PCB that is used to

E-Waste Recycling Program
INTRODUCTION
Health is always considered the most important factor for human's lives. Without health, we cannot
do anything. There are many factors in daily activities that can affect your health such as food,
drinks, soil, water, air, or we can say the environment around us. Because the environment plays a
vital role to human's' health, we are trying to do everything to conserve the environment. However,
there are still some activities that we might think they are safe for us and the environment; it they
actually kills us in far the future. One of them is recycling electronics equipment. Nowadays,
electronic waste (e–waste) is increasing rapidly in the US and many people know that they should
not just throw e–waste in the garbage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, the e–Stewards Standard joins the global ISO 14001 standards, which is highly strict
about environment responsibility, worker health, and safety protections. It includes a lot of specific
requirements about performance such as complete prohibition of toxic e–waste from developed to
developing countries, usage of prison labor, landfill, or incineration of toxic chemicals.
RELIABLITY OF E–STEWARDS CERTIFICATION
The reason why many recyclers use E–Stewards Standard because E–Stewards Standard is the only
e–waste standard that requires a certified ISO 14001, which consider environmental management,
and worker health and safety protections to be important, especially to the e–waste recycling
industry. E–Steward Certification also bans all toxic waste from being disposed of in solid waste
landfills and incinerators, and especially prohibits completely exporting toxic chemicals from
electronic waste from developed countries to developing countries. Furthermore, E–Stewards
Certification forbids the use of prison labor in the recycling of e–waste because it is dangerous and
it often has sensitive data embedded . E–Stewards Certification protects workers' safety by
providing extensive protections and monitoring workers in every nation.
CONCLUSION
It might affect the future of engineering by making all the electronic companies in the world have an
e–Stewards label on their products, where is visible to consumers as

Donner Company
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT DONNER COMPANY SUBMITTED TO PROF. JANAT SHAH
PREPARED BY: ABHISHEK PRASAD BURJOR DADACHANJI ROHIT GOEL JAYARAMA
HOLLA 0511147 0511160 0511178 0512005 VISHAL AGGRAWAL 0511196 Donner Company
Group 07 2 Donner Company TABLE OF CONTENTS Exhibit
A........................................................................................................................25 Exhibit
B........................................................................................................................27 Group 07 3
Donner Company INTRODUCTION The Donner Company manufactures printed circuit boards
for a variety of electronics manufacturers based on the specifications provided by ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Product Related Special boards require additional steps Company concentrating more on small order
sizes and has a lower delivery time (3 weeks) vis–à–vis its competitor. Small order delivery cannot
be delayed to prevent revenue target constraint Customer Related Normal work flows interrupted by
several customer orders each Delays due to artwork modifications to be received from the 1 to 9
design changes a week – One fourth of delays caused by week; all having specific requirements
customer these requests from the customers. Also involve rework in case they want to revert to
original design Group 07

A Method For Efficiency Enhancement And Size Miniaturization
A Method for Efficiency Enhancement and Size Miniaturization in the design of UWB Planar
Antennas
Laxman Pillalamarri
Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Radio Frequency and Microwave Laboratory,
Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad),
Hyderabad, Telanagana–State, India.
Corresponding Author: laxmanpillalamarri85@gmail.com
Abstract
The printed antenna is one of the most preferred antenna structures for low cost and compact design
of wireless communication systems. In this paper we have investigated a new approach for
improving the radiation efficiency and performance of the antennas with the size miniaturization, in
particular we have simulated two types of UWB printed monopole antennas for proving this
approach with results: circular patch and Compact Miniaturized Semi–Circular patch UWB
monopole antennas and in detail investigation was presented on size miniaturization in order to
achieve very compactness and high radiation efficiency with out degradation of the functional
parameters and overall performance. Simple rectangular microstrip lines are used for feeding the
printed monopole antennas. This UWB monopole antenna designed works well for the whole UWB
frequency band 3.1–10.6GHz.
Key Words: UWB, Semicircular, Miniaturization printed monopole antennas, Microstrip lines.
I INTRODUCTION
Ultra–Wideband (UWB) commonly refers to signal or system that

Causes Of Planned Obsolescence
The cause is planned obsolescence that is what causes all of this, the main company makes products
that don't last and every year they force you to buy a new product because the old product that you
have brought is not working anymore so they force you buy a new product because buying a new
product is cheaper than repairing the product.
The issue is planned obsolescence and a society that wants the latest and greatest, if it is old I have
use for it anymore and we need to get the latest version. Planned Obsolescence, planned
obsolescence is a method of designing products that wear out because the model is out dated and the
products has an expiry date basically that can be used up to and cannot be used later than that
because it is built into product and it cannot be taken out the product. The computers are out dated
and the school doesn't need it anymore but they dispose of it probably not just thrown it away,
maybe something wanted the computers. At home the printer has a microchip in it that when it is
pass it expiry date then you need a new one and because it is a microchip people don't think of take
out the chip because they don't know about it plus it is easier to buy a new printer than to repair the
printer. They make you product not work properly because they want you to spend money on
repairing the product and they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Dictionary.com, 2017) That is the definition of e–waste and the way they dispose of the electronic
waste is by shredding it into small pieces and ready to be recycled, strong magnets are used to
ferrous metals like steel, non–magnetic metals are separated. All the materials are put in their parts
each raw material is sent to be made into new, example zinc which is used in mobile phone can be
used in shipbuilding or Gold found in games consoles can be made into

Competency Demonstration Report I ( Pcb )
COMPETENCY DEMONSTRATION REPORT I (CDR–I)
CE.1.1. Introduction
Many problems had come to surface for electronic manufacturing companies to increase their
productivity. One of the solution is to reduce human errors in a PCB production especially before
the PCB dispatch for electronic productions.
This project was undertaken as one of the requirements to obtain my Engineering Degree at
Universitas Katholik Atmajaya, Jakarta. The details of the project were:
PROJECT : Create and Design a checking device for single layer printed circuit board (PCB)
DURATION : December 2001 – April 2002
LOCATION : Jakarta, Indonesia
NAME OF THE ORGANIZATION: Universitas Katholik Atma Jaya, Jakarta
POSITION : Final year student
CE.1.2. Background
CE.1.2.1. Nature of overall engineering project
Manufacturing, including electronics manufacturing, is a major industry in Indonesia. To be
competitive internationally, manufacturers attempt to reduce their manufacturing cost but at the
same time increase product output and quality. Most manufacturing units use human labour to
undertake quality checking, in this case to ensure the path on the printed circuit board (PCB) was
not missing and that there are no scratches. These defects would cause the PCB to be defective, in
turn making the end electronic products defective. Subsequent market recalls would cost the
manufacturer a large sum of money – and reputation.
I decided to create a system for reducing human error in electronics

Microstrip Antennas : An Analysis
The Microstrip patch antenna has a dielectric substrate with a radiating patch and the feed lines are
etched on one side and a ground plane on the other side. The shape of the patch is not constrained
(could be square, rectangular, circular, triangular or elliptical) and it is generally made of conducting
material such as copper or gold. These antennas are mostly used at microwave frequencies, the
fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane cause the microstrip patch antennas to
radiate. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal of various shapes on the
surface of a PCB, with a metal ground plane on the other side of the board. Most microstrip
antennas consist of multiple patches in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further the consideration of space domain either with space diversity, smart antennas, and
nowadays, MIMO systems has also pushed the evolution of propagation modeling toward more
complex spatio–temporal considerations [1]. The MIMO antenna for wireless communications is
required to have a multiple bandwidth to cover the GSM, and ISM bands. On the other hand, it is
said that about 70% of the user demands and mobile flow for high–speed data services occur in
indoor environments [2–3]. In modern antenna design multiple–input multiple–output are employed
so that the multipath effects is taken as advantage to transmit multiple data stream. Designing
MIMO antennas have their own challenges such as mutual coupling because of electromagnetic
interaction between antenna elements [4–5].
2.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA Microstrip patch antenna can be
used for Mobile and satellite communication, Global Positioning System, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Radar,
Telemedicine, Rectenna and Medicinal. Mobile communication requires small, low profile and low–
cost antennas. Microstrip patch antennas are meet all requirements and various types of microstrip
antennas have been designed for use in mobile communication systems. In the case of satellite

Donner Company Essay
Donner Company Donner Company is a contract manufacturing company. It is into the business of
production of printed circuit boards. The company basically has two kinds of orders: 1. Standard
PCB's: These orders have same kind of large number of PCB's. 2. Specialized circuit boards for
experimental designs and for pilot production runs: These have lesser number of PCB's per order.
However, Donner charges a high premium on these orders. The market is very competitive with
number of companies operating in the same field. Donner enjoys the reputation of producing highly
complex and quality PCB's. The Company has quality overall manpower. Also Donner has a MLT
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After customer acceptance of the bid, Design Engineer places the purchase order and then the
production is scheduled as shown in Exhibit 1. Donner used "soldermask over bare copper" or
SMOBC as its manufacturing process. This SMOBC process could yield to denser circuit pattern
and greater reliability. The process consisted of three stages: preparation, image transfer, and
fabrication. Altogether, there were 15 operations in the overall manufacturing process (exhibit 3).
However, some operations could be added or skipped depending on the design of circuit boards. In
the SMOBC process, each task was lined up in sequence. The order had to follow each operation in
the process from Artwork Generation to Inspect, Test, Pack. Thus, the production process at Donner
was considered a production line and had a batch flow process. However, Donner would have to do
the different setup for different specifications received from customers. Therefore, the setup time of
the process would increase in correlation with the increase in the number of orders. In other words,
the more order they took, the slower they could produce. Symptoms and reasons of the occurrence
of symptoms. 1. Change orders: Customers often change their requirements (like design, quantity
and dates) before the production

Strength And Utilization Of Wastes Printed Circuit Boards
Wastes printed circuit boards(pcbs) are approximately 30% metals and 70% nonmetals. It contains
large amount of silica in its refined form. Hence it forms the ideal replacement material of fine
aggregate in concrete, it can be result in reducing the dead weight of the structure. The pcbs are
inactive in nature which makes it as an compulsory component in all the electronic devices. And it
gives desire to its inert nature, it can not participate in any further reaction with the concrete matrix
and it results in less deviation of strength parameters (Shini Shanmughan et al.).
It has been done the work to describes Flexural strength and flexural modulus of the composites can
be successfully improved by filling nonmetals recycled from waste ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He presented a review on the reclamation and reuse of nonmetallic materials recovered from waste
PCBs. The recovered nonmetals are used as construction materials. Although these applications are
considered as better than landfills and incineration, but many improvements are still needed to
further study the potential reuse of this nonmetallic PCB waste into more profitable and practical
use(Johan Sohaili).
States that E–waste or waste electronic and electrical equipment is an emerging issue posing serious
pollution problems to the human and the environment. New effective waste management options
need to be considered especially on recycling concepts About 70% of the heavy metals (mercury
and cadmium) in landfills come from electronic waste. An effort has been made to detail a
systematic study of compressive strength of concrete with various proportions of E–waste as coarse
aggregate in concrete. From the compressive strength tests, it has been confirmed that no major
changes found in the compressive strength of concrete with the presence of E– plastic as percentage
replacement to coarse aggregate. However when 20% of the coarse aggregate is replaced by E–
plastic, the compressive strength was reduced by 23.6% compared the compressive strength was
reduced by 23.6% compared to control mix. In general strength gain of E–plastic concrete is
satisfactory and it has been concluded that 12% E–plastic particles can be incorporated as aggregate

The Digital Revolution : The Generation Of Electronic...
The digital revolution has resulted in many technological advances that positively contribute to our
society and the environment. Examples include advanced data collection and surveillance
techniques, improved responses to environmental and social crises, increased communication, and a
seemingly unlimited access to information. However all the benefits from this movement also usher
in many negative effects. Due to rapid technological innovation, we often find ourselves
consistently "upgrading" our older electronics and replacing them with the latest, current
technology, sometimes as often as every 6 months to a year. This pattern of replacement, combined
with increased global demand and growing markets in developing countries, has created ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
" Furthermore, it defines electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) as "any household or business
item containing circuitry or electrical components with either power or battery supply. " Examples
of discarded items that constitute e–waste include, but are not limited to, cell phones, televisions,
computer processors and monitors, washing machines, dryers, refrigerators, laptops, keyboards,
radios, printers, fax machines, toys, etc. Rapid technological innovation has made production of
these items less expensive and rendered them more accessible to all, including rapidly emerging
markets in developing countries. Inevitably these items will reach the end of their life cycles and
need to be replaced, with some being replaced more frequently than others. The ever–growing
amount waste produced by these discarded electronics has become a significant environmental,
political, and social issue. Unfortunately, many countries still lack environmentally sound e–waste
management systems, resulting in improper and hazardous disposal methods.
There have been numerous investigations on the recycling of electronics where journalists and
activists use public records to track shipping containers filled with discarded EEE from developed
nations, such as the United States or European countries, to their overseas dumping destinations in
less developed countries like China, Ghana, Kenya, India, Pakistan, and Nigeria. This exportation of
hazardous waste is in violation of

Agile Electric-Quality Issues in a Global Supply Chain.Pdf
S w W12056 AGILE ELECTRIC: QUALITY ISSUES IN A GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN Dhruv
Dar, Sanjay Kumar and Vijay Aggarwal wrote this case solely to provide material for class
discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a
managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying
information to protect confidentiality. Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation prohibits any
form of reproduction, storage or transmission without its written permission. Reproduction of this
material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies
or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Richard Ivey School of ...
Its plant was located in Chennai in the Southern part of India and supplied parts to both domestic
and overseas automotive customers. The company had gradually expanded to have a number of
divisions for making electrical, sheet metal and plastic parts. The plant was certified to QS 9000
standards, which were the global standards mandated by automotive OEMs for their tiered suppliers
(see Exhibit 2). These standards were composed of International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 9000 standards plus automotive industry–specific requirements. Being certified as QS 9000
compliant implied that the company would have a certain minimum level of quality systems.
Further, Agile had implemented a few of the best practices in manufacturing in its operations, such
as workplace organization, dashboards and visual management, which were incorporated on the
lines of Toyota Production Systems. Its sales turnover had reached US$56.2 million in 2007, and
was expected to grow at five per cent annually for the next two years. DEVELOPMENT AT AGILE
Development of Agile as a Supplier In 1998, after due diligence, Agile received an order from
Automek for the supply of electric motors to its North American operations. As electric motors were
a running product for Agile and it was supplying a number of automotive multinational
corporations, it had no problems in supplying these products to Automek. In 2002, since Agile's
quality and delivery performance

North American Electro-Deposited Copper Foil
North American Electro–Deposited Copper Foil
Jonathan Blaber Prof. Warren 09 December 2010
Table of Contents:
1) Introduction 3
2) Supply 4
3) Demand 6
4) Equilibrium 8
5) Neighboring Markets 9
6) Competition 10
7) Imperfections 12
8) Regulations 12
9) Conclusion 13
10) Citations 15
Intro:
The North American Electro–Deposited Copper Foil market is a very unique market. ... Show more
These chemicals include sulfuric acid, water, zinc, and polysiloxane. The chemicals break down he
scrap copper into a liquid mixture known as copper sulfate (CuSO4). The copper sulfate is then
poured over a drum, and electrified, this adheres the foil to the drum, which is then peeled off as
foil. Because of the chemical intense process, entry is very hard. The process requires very precise
and technical equipment that is very costly. Oak–Mitsui, the leading company in the market, has a
$200 million production plant to produce the foil in a 20 million pounds or about $105 million

market size. Another barrier to entry is the transportation cost, which tends to be a major cost for the
companies. Owning or outsourcing transportation is an expensive cost that most companies across
all markets face, and copper foil is certainly a market where transportation is a factor. Because there
are few sites of production or importation, the foil needs to be shipped to the consumers, which are
located across all of North America. This leads to transportation being a costly factor in the
production of copper foil. Copper foil has constant returns to scale. When all of the inputs are
increased, the output is increased proportionally. This is due to the fact that there is no loss or
setbacks on the inputs during production. This also means that the production function is linear, like
Q= 2K+5L (however with many more variables).

Business Report on Electronic Circuit Board Plc Essay
BUSINESS REPORT ON ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT BOARD PLC
Introduction
Electronic Board Plc is an organization established by an electrical engineer, John Watsons in the
early 1970s as a sole proprietorship venture. The main business of the company is the production of
electronic circuit boards. The company later on through dint of hard–work, developed into a public
limited liability company. It maintained remarkable business success which climaxed in 1990, when
it recorded an appreciable sales margin of £26 million and a profit after tax of £1.9m, using staff
strength of 200 employees. The good business records of this company truncated in 1992, when it
started experiencing heavy dwindling fortunes by recording abysmal drop in total sales ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is shown by the fact that their decisions support financing the procurement of modern
technology that can improve the firm's production quality.
(3) The availability of a management accountant in their employ can be utilized as an opportunity to
remedy losses due to misguided capital expenditures.
(4) The company already has a name in the electronic board making industry. These four points of
strengths and opportunities, if effectively guided by management accounting system, will improve
the returns to capital invested.
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING: A PANACEA FOR
THE RESCUE OF THE ELECTRONIC BOARD PLC
According to Will S, Ray H, & Eric E.N. (2009), management accounting is a branch of accounting
that is concerned with providing information to managers who direct and control the firm's
operations. Management directing function seeks to effectively use both the human and raw material
wealth of a firm to achieve organizational set objectives on routine basis. Controlling function is the
art of tele–guarding the activities of the organization to consistently fall in line with set objectives.
Management accounting achieves this function through effective budgeting.
EFFECTIVE BUDGETING SYSTEM
Budget is a comprehensive business plan for procuring and appropriating a firm's financial
resources over a specified time period. One of the identified problems of the Electronic Board Plc is
that

Technology And Its Impact On Modern Society
In the past century, society has seen great leaps in technology that has connected people together
more than ever, it has saved lives and continues to make day to day life simply easier to navigate.
However, there are consequences to these advances. With people clamoring every year to get their
hands on the newest iteration of their electronic devices, whether it be the latest iPhone, a more
advanced computer or a high–definition television society must confront the problems it has created
by its own desire for technology. As consumers purchase newer and better version of their old
electronics the question of what happens to the old ones is raised. In 2005 alone, it was estimated
that Americans disposed of two million tons of electronic products a year and that by 2010 that
number would grow to four hundred million annually (Eilperin). This rate of disposal leaves behind
piles of unwanted electronic devices and while many of these devices end up in junk drawers there
are many more that end up in landfills where their toxic metal innards contaminate drinking water
and soil. Or, devices are left to go to seed in some lonely warehouse long since abandoned by its
own and there is always the possibility of devices being exported to poor countries where recycling
regulations are lacks. The scope of the problem is not small as it is estimated that the hazard created
by electronic waste threatens over one hundred million lives worldwide (Wood). To begin to
understand why

A Research Project On The Gantt Chart Essay
The project's timeline is shown in the GANTT chart below. A significant portion of time has been
allotted to testing both the code and hardware to ensure any problems that arise are able to be
addressed without sending the project too far off schedule. Some changes were made of the Gantt
chart due to the decision made of removing the PCB board and microcontroller out of the project
which gave more time for the transmission medium and Arduino Uno software. Also, the design
layout for the protoboard took over some of the time of the PCB board design. For most of the time,
the team was behind, but after getting a working transmission medium design, the group was on
track for finishing the project. The removal of the microcontroller and PCB board, also gave some
spare time in the schedule. The design of the transmission medium and finalizing the software for
collision detection took longer than expected, however the ordering time of the protoboard and
creating a batter station was finish earlier than expected.
Table 2: Project Timeline and Milestones (Gantt chart)
Black squares are the first day of the month, Protoboard took over the PCB board of the original and
storage writing code was removed all together making only 15 items instead of 16 of the original.
4.2 Encountered Challenges and Lessons Learned
Two–way communication was difficult to implement because using the human body as a
transmission medium was like using a two–way radio where the signals were sent on one strand

Using Pcb For Fabricating Various Electronic Circuits
1.1. Introduction
Most of the electronic companies in the world use PCB for fabricating various electronic circuits.
They use it to make multilayered complicated circuits in portable sizes. PCB is the abbreviation for
'Printed Circuit Board '. A printed circuit board , or PCB, is a self–contained module of
interconnected electronic components found in devices ranging from common beepers, or pagers,
and radios to sophisticated radar and computer systems. [1] PCBs are used in both simple and
complex electronic products.
There are many methods of soldering on a PCB. The most common way which used nowadays for
small scale production is by using a Soldering Iron which has to be done manually by hand. But for
large scale production in industries convection reflow ovens are used. Our goal of this project is to
help the small scale production with an electric oven by using the reflow method. PCB
manufacturing process has become one of the most essential part of the electronics production
lifecycle. PCB manufacturing creates many new areas of technology and this has resulted in
significant improvements to be made in the reduction of component sizes. In recent years worldwide
small production of electronic components has increased exponentially. So our projects has the
similar approach as the other two soldering methods which are for small scale and large scale
production. However we have tried to generalize the other two soldering methods were we used an
electric oven to solder

Rfid Door Lock Description
PR25
RFID Door Lock
Version 1.0
October 2009
Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd.
Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended
through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that
your application meets with your specifications. No representation or warranty is given and no
liability is assumed by Cytron Technologies Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such
information or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or
otherwise. Use of Cytron Technologies's products as critical components in life support systems is
not authorized except with express written approval by Cytron ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, the word is used carelessly and can lead to unnecessary confusion. Here are the
basics. Wiegand is: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A specific reader–to–card interface A specific binary reader–to–
controller interface An electronic signal carrying data The standard 26–bit binary card data format
An electromagnetic effect A card technology
Figure 4 One I/O pin is needed for one push button as input of PIC microcontroller. The connection
of the push button to the I/O pin is shown in Figure 3. The I/O pin should be pull up to 5V using a
resistor (with value range 1K10K) and this configuration will result an active–low input. When the
button is being pressed, reading of I/O pin will be in logic 0, while when the button is not pressed,
reading of that I/O pin will be logic 1.
For more information on how RFID work, please refer to Cytron's DIY project PR8 at
www.cytron.co.my
Power supply for the circuit
ICSP for microcontroller
programming
PIC

Figure 3 User can choose either AC to DC adaptor (not included in the DIY project set) or 9V–12V
battery (not included in the DIY project set) to power up the circuit. Higher input voltage will
produce more heat at LM7805 voltage regulator. Typical voltage is 12V. Anyhow, LM7805 will still
generate some heat at 12V. There are two type of power

Business Activities : Inbound Logistics
Primary Activities
Inbound Logistics
Daktronics got raw material such as LEDs from a limited number of supplier. Another material that
sometimes it got from other companies were printed circuit boards.
Operations
Daktronics' manufacturing operations included "component" manufacturing, such and "system"
manufacturing. The company manufactured component such as printed circuit boards. However, due
to capacity constraint, it multiplied its production capacity used outside resources and also outside
providers when it was more cost effective.
As a vertically integrated manufacturer of display systems, Daktronics performed most sub–
assembly and all final assembly in significant number in the U.S. However, it also had a limited
amount of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
through its international business unit.
Service
Daktronics did not only offer high quality products, but also provided service quality. This company
tried to improve after sale service offerings as well, in both the operation and maintenance. Its
paradigm had been changed for years ago from "selling products" to "serving markets". In addition,
its office in Shanghai provided 24 hours equipment monitoring for its customers who included this
service in their contract.
Even though each of business unit had its own responsibility to sale its products and produce its
business profit, but it is important to harmonized efforts and resources across the business units, for
instance, conduct cross selling product and keep share its plants to increase manufacturing
efficiency and reduce cost.
Support Activities
Organization (company infrastructure), Human Resources, Technology and Purchasing, supported
the primary activities and ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of those activities.
Core Competencies
Daktronics Inc. was a leading and well–known firm in the complex and growing electronic display
industry. More than four decades since its founding, many sports stadium and arenas in all over the
world had purchase its scoreboards. Furthermore, its electronic display systems were used in many

markets.
This happened because of its core competencies as explained below:
Leader in

Milan Patel Essay
Milan Patel has accomplished numerous tasks and started to become a true leader as a member of
the Oil Pollution Abatement (OPA) group. From his last promotion in February 2017 to end of fiscal
year (FY) 2017, he has been involved in many different tasks and even leading certain projects.
Milan has gained advanced knowledge of the OPA systems and is able to complete entire OPA
system certification inspections by himself. His greatest accomplish during this period was his first
solo certification inspection on board DDG 114. He was able to perform all the necessary duties of
an OPA inspector; assist with troubleshooting during the inspection, and lead the operational testing
of the equipment installed. He completed the formal trip ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He gained experience drafting extensions and wavier memo as part of the qualification efforts. He
completed shock extension for Megator H200 pump as part of the OPA Improvement Program. He
completed shock extension for various motorized valves as part of the VS–50 Program. Due to the
knowledge he gained from coordinating testing, Milan was able to draft Simplified Acquisition
Procedures (SAP) buy for future VS–50 component testing, which included a detailed Statement of
Work (SOW). He took on the role of being the assistance to the manager of the Oil Content Monitor
(OCM) laboratory. He updated and revised procedures for calibration of sample detection assembly
(SDA) and printed circuit board (PCB), verification of pump and injector used for calibration
testing, and created procedures for datalogger PCB memory data download and storage. He is the
main person responsible for procurement of materials, supplies, and equipment for the OCM lab. He
also coordinated the entire process for equipment that needs to be sent out for calibration; from
completing the type of purchase for service to shipping and receiving. He supported equipment
troubleshooting and replacement for the lab and test site. Over the span of FY 17 he has resolved
over 30 Integrated Logistics Support (ILS) Remedy tickets for Code 334. The tickets ranged from
issues regarding components obsolescence, system troubleshooting, maintenance questions,
technical manual review, and more.

Planned Obsolescence Essay
The cause is planned obsolescence that is what causes all of this, the main company makes products
that don't last and every year they force you to buy a new product because the old product that you
have brought is not working anymore, so they force you to buy a new product because buying a new
product is cheaper than repairing the product. The issue is planned obsolescence and a society that
wants the latest and greatest, if it is old I have a use for it anymore and we need to get the latest
version. Planned Obsolescence, planned obsolescence is a method of designing products that wear
out because the model is outdated and the products have an expiry date basically that can be used up
to and cannot be used later than that because it is built ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They say it is better and the camera is better, a bigger screen and they make you feel like a loser for
not having the latest and greatest by using social obsolescence to push you to buy the new product.
All products that are cheap are designed to fail within a time period so that it stops working and you
have to buy a new product. All the products that people threw away, they take it to e–waste, e–waste
is any discarded electronic or electrical devices and their parts; also called electronic waste.
(Dictionary.com, 2017) That is the definition of e–waste and the way they dispose of the electronics
waste is by shredding it into small pieces and ready to be recycled, strong magnets are used to
ferrous metals like steel, non–magnetic metals are separated. All the materials are put in their parts,
each raw material is sent to be made into new, example zinc which is used in mobile phones can be
used in shipbuilding or Gold found in games consoles can be made into

Circuit Board Fabricators
CBF has hired you to help determine why they are not able to produce the 1,000 boards per day.
1. What type of process flow structure is CBF using?
The company is using a batch shop process flow structure. CBF, Inc. bases its board fabrication
process on the average job size or on its typical order. This means that the company proceeds with
the manufacturing process in batches so as to meet the specific requirements per order. The typical
contract that the company currently gets is 60 boards per order. However, due to persisting factory
defects, they manufacture a total of 75 boards per batch in order to compensate for 20% of the
boards that they typically reject during the process.
2. Diagram the process in a manner similar to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The circuit board fabrication comes to an end after the copper plating. The boards are subjected to a
final electrical test to check the integrity of the circuits. Another 5% of the boards are found to be
defective during this stage. Before the tests are done, a setup is needed. The capacity for final testing
is computed as follows.
Overall, there is an apparent disparity between the capacities of each of the operation processes. The
output from the different stages ranges from 900 to as much as 1,800 boards. It is seen that the
bottleneck in the whole manufacturing of circuit boards is in the part that has the lowest capacity,
and incidentally, located in the earliest part of the production process – the cleaning and coating
machines. This means that the maximum number of circuit boards that will be finished by the end of
the day is 900. From the finished boards, there is a historical defect rate of 20%, thereby leaving a
total of only 720 boards that are ready for packing and shipping to the customer. It is therefore
apparent that CBF is manufacturing very inefficiently, as they 280 circuit boards short of the
required output per shift of 1,000 units.
4. What is the impact of losses in the process in Inspection and Final Test?
It is said in the case that "due to the losses in the system", CBF created a policy to increase the size
of an order to give way to rejected boards. The company has to make allowances in production

Fabrication Of Pcb And Pcb
FABRICATION OF PCB The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) provides the electrical interconnections
between various components and as well provides mechanical support to the components. The
components are soldered to the PCB. The quality of the soldering directly affects the reliability of
the circuit. The procedure for fabricating the PCB for any general project is described below. 7.1
PCB MAKING Making of PCBs is as much as an art as a technique. The making of PCB essentially
involves two steps. Preparing the PCB drawing Fabricating the PCB itself from the drawing. 7.2
PCB DRAWING Making of PCB drawing involves some preliminary considerations such as
placement of components, locating holes, deciding the diameters of various holes, the optimum area
that each component should occupy, the shape and size of pads for the components, track size and
spacing, full space utilization and prevention of overcrowding of components at a particular area
etc. There is no other way to arrive the conclusion than by trial and error. With these details the
sketch of the PCB is made. 7.3 PCB FABRICATION The fabrication of the PCB starts with
transferring the PCB drawing onto a copper clad sheet. For small number of PCBs, a direct
photographic transfer of the PCB drawing from a negative image of the drawing to a photo
sensitized copper clad sheet is carried out. The copper from the unexposed area is latter etched
away. For large quantity production, screen printing method is

Child Presence Detector And Warning System
INTRODUCTION The paper presents an efficient technique to protect a child when forgotten in a
car unknowingly by the parents. As we know, that child is entirely depend on the elders but,
sometimes unknowingly due to their busy schedules, the passenger or driver may forget to take the
child who may be sleeping in the car. Such incidents can be prevented by sensing the presence of a
child soon after the car is being turned off. It details a warning system which alarms parents once a
child is found to be left in a car alone. 1.CONCEPT DESCRIPTION 1.1 TITLE OF CONCEPT
"CHILD PRESENCE DETECTOR AND WARNING SYSTEM IN A UNMANNED CAR" 1.2
THE IDEA IN A NUT SHELL According to recent census conducted by a nonprofit organization
called kids and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which causes them to suffer from a deadly heat stroke.
2.CONCEPT ANALYSIS 2.1 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES This system is being created and
developed by using simple components that are easy to get at any type of component store. This
system also comes with very small dimensions. It can be easily installed inside a car.
It can also detect the human body above the sensor with a distance of 300mm. So that it can easily
detect the child movement inside the car. It consumes very low power for the operation of the
system. 2.2 HOW COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE WILL BE SUSTAINED The passive infra–red
sensor motion sensor can be set so that it will detect the motion in a given specific range this is only
to avoid any disturbance to outside of the car. The cost of the product is very low. Its power
consumption is also very low. User–friendly with a display board notifying the actions that are being
performed. 2.3 ASSUMPTIONS IN FORMULATING THE IDEA The car alarm system is being
proposed to be used by the parents to always alert them about their children. And by using this
system we can avoid some of the death cases of dying children that is increasing every year. These
death cases are very tragic because these involve small child or person that are very young. 2.4
WEAKNESS/RISK OF CURRENT PLAN AND HOW THEY WILL BE ADDRESSED Although
the system provides some advantages, but

Write An Essay On Malala Yousafzai
Taking A Stand Many teen activists are taking a stand, they are ambitious, innovative, and
adaptable. These activists are making a great effort to help create solutions to the many present
issues occurring at this time. Some of the activists have experienced these problems first hand and
will not give up for their cause. Malala Yousafzai is efficient, Alex Lin is hardworking, and Iqbal
Masih is ambitious. We need these activists because they are willing to risk their lives and use all of
their time for the greater good. First, Malala Yousafzai is a 16 year old teen activist, she started
blogging about how the Taliban, a terrorist group came to her home in Swat Valley. Malala says at
first they were inactive, but in 2007 they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Iqbal's father sold him to the horrible carpet making company to make carpets until he paid off his
debt. Iqbal was sold to pay for the eldest son's wedding. Iqbal was forced to make carpets non–stop
for 20 cents and hour. Each carpet took from four to six months and had over 1 million knots. Iqbal's
pay was deducted for food, water and his mistakes. Iqbal was forced to work in one place and was
punished by being beaten or threatened. The children in the factory were deprived of sleep, food and
water. If children were sick, they were hung upside down until they were even more sick. The
carpets were sold for over 2000 US dollars, more than any of the workers would make in 10 years.
When Iqbal was only ten years old, he escaped and also helped 3,000 other children escape over his
lifetime. After Iqbal escaped, he fled to the BLLF (Bonded Labor Liberation Front) to acquire
papers to free himself. The Bonded Labor Liberation Front provided Iqbal with his freedom. Iqbal
was not done yet, he was free, but he wanted to free all the children that are kept in horrible
conditions with little food and water and forced to work for a miniscule pay every day. In the time
Iqbal was free he went to a BLLF school in Lahore by his home village Muridke. Iqbal finished four
years of school in just two years. In that time Iqbal also made speeches and fought for his cause.
Iqbal became very good at speaking, he began to speak to journalists and at meetings. "Children
should have pens in their hands not tools." Iqbal said from moralheros.com. Even later Iqbal was
invited to the United States of America to speak and receive the Reebock Human Rights Youth
Action Award. Sadly, soon after Iqbal's visit to the US he was riding on his bike and he was shot to
death. There are many theories to how this may of happened, one is he and his friends were shot by
a drunk farmer because of something

Safety Precautions For Drones Research Papers
Electrical Subsystem
Drones are high–speed racing machines, but did you know "danger" is their middle name? Full
throttle propellers can slice through skin or eyes and batteries can burst into flames unexpectedly.
That's why drone assembly requires skill and attention to detail. Attach the motors in the wrong
configuration and RubiQ will act more like a mole than a drone. Plug in the battery before attaching
the antenna and you risk permanently frying the video receiver (RX). So buckle up, read carefully,
build methodically and wear those safety goggles!
Materials List:
Droneology
RubiQ Kit
Safety Precautions:
Safety is no Accident
Learn to stay out of harm's way as you navigate the Droneology safety briefing before attaching
RubiQ's electronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well, let's think about light as a type of wave – it makes it easier to imagine sunshine's 8–minute
journey from the Sun to the Earth. This sunlight contains the full electromagnetic spectrum of
wavelengths: radio waves longer than a football field, x–rays shorter than a single atom, infrared,
ultraviolet and every visible color from neon pink to eggplant purple. The Earth is constantly
bombarded with these waves, absorbing some while others bounce off. The colors we see in the
world around us are actually the rejected wavelengths colliding with color–sensitive proteins in the
backs of our

Make or Buy Analysis Essay
Sam Johnson is the owner of a medium–size electronics company, Integrated Electronics
Manufacturing (IEM), which produces high–grade electronic modules used by several major
electronics manufacturers to produce a variety of military and commercial telecommunications
devices such as aircraft radios, navigational equipment, land–based satellite receivers, and other
items. IEM has 60 employees. Normally, IEM purchases electronic parts such as resistors,
capacitors, circuit boards and enclosures from several different suppliers and assembles the modules
in its own facility. Some of the parts, like circuit boards and enclosures, are built to IEM engineer's
specifications while others are "off the shelf". The engineers have come up with a ... Show more
The equipment is normally used to manufacture prototype boards, so its full capacity is never used.
Since this new circuit board will not be manufactured in very large quantities, the machine will
suffice, although some additional "add–ons" as well as supplies will be needed to produce this
particular board. There is a 20% chance that equipment failure may cause a significant problem and,
if it does, the impact is estimated at $50,000. Here's the data: |Production Item |Data | |Equipment
Add On's (one time) |$17,500 | |Monthly Equipment Maintenance (or fraction) |$3,000 | |Daily
Operating Expense |$400 | |Material Cost per 100 boards (or fraction) |$4,200 | |Mask Preparation
|$25,000 | |Labor Cost per Day |$572 | |Scrap (Completed boards that fail QA) |10% | |Daily
Production Capacity (designed capacity) |25 | |Boards to be Produced |4,000 | |Work Days Per

Donner Company (Case Analysis)

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