3. It is a psychological phenomenon which generates within an
individual .
Motivation is a general inspiration process which drives the
member of the team to work effectively and to carry out properly
the tasks given to them .
Motivation can be made in the form of incentives , rewards ,
recognitions etc.
It is an important act which encourages best performance of a person
which Increases efficiency of workers and industrial productivity .
4. ACCORDING TO FRED LEUTHENS
Motivation is the process that starts with a physiological or
psychological deficiency or need that activates behaviour or a
drive that is aim at a goal or incentives .
5. Need and importance of motivation :-
Motivation is an integral part of management process and every manager must
motivate his subordinates to create in them the will to work .
High motivation provides following advantage :-
1. Higher efficiency :-
It is an effective instrument in the hand of management to maximize efficiency
of
operation . Motivated employee give greater performance than others .
2. Optimum utilization of resources :-
It inspires employee to make best possible use of different factors of
production.
which helps in minimizing waste and cost .
3. Reduction in labour turn over :-
Higher motivation leads to job satisfaction for workers making employee
loyal and committed to the organization.
4. Better industrial relation :-
Increase labour productivity results in higher wages to employees . This will reduce
labour unrest and create better relations between management and workers .
6. MOTIVATIONAL THEORY
Various thinker has tried to find out the answer to what motivates people
. Different approaches applied by them have resulted in a no. of theories
concerning motivation .
These theories are classified into 2 categories :-
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
7. Content theory
:-
These theories are people centred that explain “WHAT”
1. Abraham Maslow's need hierarchical theory
2. Herzberg's two factor theory
3. Alderfer’s ERG theory
4. David C McClelland's three need theory
5. Douglas M.C. gregors – theory ‘X’ , theory ‘Y’
Content theory is classified into 5 theory :-
8. 1. Abraham Maslow's Need Heirchical Theory
Abraham Maslow’s , a psychologist from USA explained the course of
motivation in his theory motivation influenced by the needs of a person .
There is priority of certain needs over others .
9. Physiological needs :-
Every individual needs the basic requirement of most essential like food, shelter,
clothing,
drinking , rests etc. of maintaining himself and survival in the world .
Safety needs :-
One would like to free from economic worries like loss of job , old age pension and
physical danger etc. .
Social needs :-
Human is a social being , interested in social interaction , belongingness .
Esteem needs :-
These need refers to self esteem or self respect .
It is of 2 types :-
Internal esteem needs (self respect, self confidence , self achievement )
External esteem needs (recognition, status, attention)
Self Actualisation Needs :-
This refers to the needs which helps an individual to develop his potentialities. This
include urge to become what you think you are capable of becoming . This refers to the
self fulfilment .
10. 2. Herzberg’s 2 factor theory
:-
This theory was propounded by Fredrick Herzberg , a USA behavioural scientist .it was
observed by Herzberg an his associates while conducting research on 200 accountants
and engineers that every individual under goes 2 sets of experiences.
MOTIVATOR
HYGIENE
Herzberg's labelled the job satisfiers as MOTIVATORS and he called job dissatisfiers as
HYGIENE .
Thus it is known as Herzberg’s 2 factor theory of motivating experiences .
11. Hygiene factor :-
These are the job factors which are essential for existence for motivation
at work place . These do not lead to positive satisfaction for long term
.more and more of these factor will not help in motivating .
The hygiene factors include :-
Job security
Working condition
Salary
Quality of supervision
Motivational factor :-
The motivational factor yield to positive satisfaction . The presence of
these factors build high motivation and job satisfaction . These factor
motivate the employee for a superior performance i.es growth ,
promotional opportunity , responsibilities , recognition.
12. 3. Douglas Mc. Gregor’s – THEORY ‘X’ , THEORY ‘Y’
Douglas mc gregors of USA has brought out this theory in which he formulated 2
distinct views of human being based on participation of workers .
The 1st basically negative labelled THEORY ‘X’ & the next basically positive labelled
THEORY ‘Y’ .
Theory ‘x’ Theory ‘y’
People are lazy and dull People are hard working
They do not wish to take
responsibility
They wish to take responsibility to
achieve organisational goal.
They are not achievement oriented They are achievement oriented
Limited set of needs Wide range of needs
a. Nature of employee :-
13. Theory ‘x’ Theory ‘y’
It is rigid It is flexible
It Is hierarchical It is less hierarchical
Strictly defined jobs , providing
no challenges to employee
The jobs are not strictly defined
Emphasis is one monetary
incentives
The incentives are both
monetary and non-monetary in
nature .
B. Nature of management :-
