This document outlines key concepts about the Earth and the solar system. It discusses the content and performance standards for understanding the formation of the universe, solar system, and Earth's internal structure. The learning competencies cover explaining hypotheses of the universe's and solar system's origins, recognizing Earth's uniqueness, and describing the solar system's current advancements. Learners are expected to conduct surveys on possible geologic and weather hazards and understand the solar system's origins and Earth's subsystems.

1. WELCOME

2. Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1.the formation of the universe and the solar
system
2. the subsystems (geosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere, and biosphere) that make up the
Earth
3. the Earth’s internal structure

3. Performance Standard
The learners:
1. Conduct a survey to assess the possible
geologic hazards that your community may
experience.
2. Conduct a survey or design a study to
assess the possible hydrometeorological
hazards that your community may
experience.

4. Learning Competencies
The learners:
1. State the different hypothesis explaning the origin of the
universe
2. Describe the different hypothesis explaining the origin of
the solar system
3. Recoginze the uniqueness of Earth, being the only
planet in the solar system with properties necessary
to support life
4. Explain that the Earh consists of four subsystems,
across whose boundaries matter and energy flow

5. Learning Competencies
The learners:
5. Explain the current
advancements/information on the solar
system
6. Show the contributions of
personalities/people on the understanding
of the earth system
7. Identify the layers of the Earth (crust,

6. Learning Competencies
The learners:
1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the
universe.
2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of
the solar system.
3. Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in
the solar system with properties necessary to support life.
4. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across
whose boundaries matter and energy flow.
5. Explain the current advancements/information on the solar
system
6. Show the contributions of personalities/people on the

7. The study of materials and
processes that operate
beneath and upon Earth's
surface.
Geology
KNIP

8. The study of our Earth.
Earth Science
KNIP

9. The study of the universe,
planet's origin and members of
solar system.
Astronomy
KNIP

10. Study of composition and
movements of seawater, coastal
processes, seafloor, topography
and marine life.
Oceanography
KNIP

11. Study of atmosphere and
elements that produce
weather.
Meteorology
KNIP

12. The Origin and
Systems of
Earth
KNIP

13. Objectives of the lesson
The learners should be able to:
1. state the different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the
universe.
2. describe the different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the
universe.

14. primordial - existing from the beginning of time: very ancient
cosmology - is the study of the universe, including its
properties, structure and evolution.
celestial - positioned in or relating to the sky, or outer space as
observed in astronomy
10-15 billion years ago - the universe began when the
primordial explosion called Big Bang occured.
hypotheses - a supposition or proposed explanation made on the
basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further
investigation.
theory - is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the
natural world, based on a body of facts that have been
repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.

15. It is difficult to completely understand the
formation of the early universe because no
human has ever witnessed it. The science of
cosmology provides various hypotheses that
explain the origins of the universe based on its
present properties and characteristics.
There are numerous theories about
formation of the universe.
Formation of the Universe

16. Theories on the Origin of the
Universe
Theories of the Origin of the Universe_low.mp4
KNIP

17. KNIP

18. BIG BANG THEORY
• remains to be the prevailing cosmological model for the
early development of the universe
• provides the best explanation of the origin of the
universe and is implicity accepted
• according to this theory, the universe was once very
small and very hot, and then it expanded over time until
it reached peak (which may be perceived as a massive
explosion for some) around 13.7 billion years ago
(considered the age of the universe)
KNIP

19. BIG BANG THEORY
• it also asserts that seconds after the explosion, the
sorroundings were at a high temperature of about 10
billion degrees fahrenheit (5.5 billion Celcius) with
aggregates of fundamental particles such as neutrons,
electrons and protons.
• as the universe cooled in later phases, these particles
either combined with each other or decayed. The
universe was also said to continue to expand over next
13 billion years until the present.
Stephen Hawking - The Big Bang_low.mp4
KNIP

20. KNIP

21. STEADY STATE THEORY
• universe is always expanding in a constant average
density
• matter continuosly created to form cosmic or celestial
bodies such as stars and galaxies
• older bodies that were formed are no longer easily
observable as a consequence of their huge distance
and rate of recession
• claims that the universe has no beginning or end in
time, and even though it is expanding, its appearance
remains the same over time KNIP

22. STEADY STATE THEORY
• first proposed by Sir James Jeans in 1920 and revised by Fred
Hoyle, Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold in 1948 as alternative
to big bang theory
• however towards the 1960s, much evidence was produced that
would contradict the steadiness or the unchanging state of
universe
• galactic bodies such as quasars and radio galaxies were found
only at far distances in space
• thus it disproved the idea that similar bodies are created and
founded everywhere
• this implies that the universe is actually evolving (and not steady)
KNIP

23. CREATIONIST THEORY
• states that God, the Supreme Being created
the whole universe out of nothing.
• proof can be read in the Holy Bible
stipulating that God created the heaven and
the Earth including man.
KNIP

24. OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY
• proposed by a Russian-born US cosmologist
GEORGE GAMOW
• he said that the expansion of the universe will
eventually come to a halt then it collapses up to
the time that the universe will return to its original
form and form another Big Bang will occur. This
process will happen as a cycle.
KNIP

25. REFERENCES:
• www.google.com
• www.youtube.com
• Salandanan, Gloria G.,Faltado III, Ruben E., and Lopez,
Merle B., Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School,
2016,Lorimar Publishing, Inc.,pp.4-8

26. THANK YOU :)
KNIP

27. Chapter 2
Formation of the Solar
System

28. Objectives of the lesson
The learners should be able to:
1. state the different hypotheses
explaining the origin the solar
system.
2. identify the members of the
solar system

29. planet - any of the large bodies that revolve around
the sun in the solar system.
revolution - the time taken by a celestial body to
make a complete round in its orbit.
rotation - spinning of an object on its own axis
orbit - the curve path of celestial object or space
around a star, planet or moon.
axis - an imaginary line around which the object
spins.
satellite - an object (such as moon) that moves
around a much larger planet.

30. The Solar System is made up of all the planets that orbit our
Sun. In addition to planets, the Solar System also consists of
moons, comets, asteroids, minor planets, dusts and gas.
The Solar System evolved from a giant cloud of dust and
gas which collapsed under the weight of its own gravity. As it did
so, the matter contained within this could begin moving in a giant
circle, at the center of which, a small star began to form. the star
grew larger and larger as it collected more and more of dust and
gas that collapsed into it and ignited to become Sun. the smaller
clumps became the planets, minor planets, moons, comets and
asteroids.

31. • developed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon
Laplace in the 18th century
• a model used to explain the formation and
evolution of the solar system
KNIP
4.6 billion
years ago
rotating gas cloud or
nebula of extremely hot gas
gas
cooled
nebula begun
to shrink
smaller & rotated faster
forming disklike shape
nebula begun
to shrink
rings of gas
outside was formed
nebula continued
to shrink
rings
condensed
remaining part of the
nebula w/ch had the
most mass, formed
the sun

32. KNIP

33. The Planets of the Solar System
The planets in the solar system are divided into terrestial
and jovian planets. They are different in their position,
composition and other features.
1. Terrestial - came from the Latin word Terra means Earth.
(earth-like)
2. Jovian

34. Terrestial vs. Jovian
TERRESTIAL JOVIAN
surface solid surface gaseous surface
distance from the sun closer farther
size smaller than jovian larger than terrestial
atmosphere carbon dioxide and
nitrogen gases
hydrogen and helium
moons less moons have more moons
rings no rings tends to have rings
spin spin less spin more
planets Mercury, Venus, Earth
and Mars
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus
and Neptune

35. Planets of the Solar System
Inner Planets of the Solar System
1. Mercury
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Mars
Outer Planets of the Solar System
5. Jupiter
6. Saturn
7. Uranus
8. Neptune

36. MERCURY
• smallest and closest planet to the
Sun
• named after the Roman deity
Mercury (the messenger to the gods)
• 1 revolution = 88 days
• rotates only three times for each
two revolutions around the sun
• holds very little atmosphere
• day temperature - 315 degree
celcius
• night temperature - -149 degree
celcius
• no natural satellites

37. VENUS
• brightest planet, first star-like object
to appear after the Sun goes down
• “evening star” Mar-Apr or the
“morning star” Sept-Oct
• named after the Roman goddess of
love and beauty
• 1 revolution = 243 days
• resembles the Earth (size, density,
distance from the sun)
• rotates in a direction opposite the
direction of the Earth's rotation.
• no natural satellites
• surface temp - 480 degree celcius
• shrouded by an opaque layer of
highly reflective clouds of sulfuric
acid

38. EARTH
• otherwise known as the World
or the Globe
• only object in the universe
known to harbor life
• blue planet, with more water
surface than land
• 1 revolution = 365 days
• moon - only natural satellite

39. MARS
• fourth planet from the sun and
the second smallest planet in
the solar system
• Red Planet (iron oxide)
• has two moons (Phobos &
Deimos)
• 1 revolution = 687 days

40. JUPITER
• largest planet in our solar
system
• giant planet
• densest and largest planet in
the Solar System
• moon - 16 moons orbit Jupiter
(Lo and Europa) dicovered by
Galileo
• 69 natural satellites
• fastest spinning planet

41. SATURN
• second largest in the solar system
• gas giant (hydrogen and helium)
• named after the Roman god of
agriculture
• 4 major rings and hundred of
ringlets
• revolves once each 16 days
• moon - 23 moons (Titan, Lapethus
- very bright and the other side
dark)
• surface temp - -170 degree celcius

42. URANUS
• discovered by William Herschel
in 1781
• derived from Ouranos Greek
god of sky
• its atmosphere has hydrogen
and methane
• temp - -177 degree celcius
• cold planet
• moon - at least 17 moons

43. NEPTUNE
• like twins with Uranus
• its atmosphere has hydrogen
and helium
• moon - at least 8 moons (Triton
and a smaller moon Nereid)
• Urbans Leverrier and S.C.
Adams predicted the position of
Neptune
• fourth largest planet

44. PLUTO
• dwarf planet
• dicovered by Clyde Tombaugh
in 1930
• not anymore included in the
solar system as a planet
• 1 revolution - 248 days
• moon - 5 moons (Charon is the
largest)

45. Advancements and Discoveries on the Solar System
• pluto was reclassified by International Astronimical Union
(IAU) as a dwarf planet instead of being ninth planet of
the solar system
• Mars may hd pre historic living forms. One evidence
found on a dry lakebed are sedimentary rocks shaped by
microbes that are found on Earth. Another evidence is the
presence of of elements such as carbon, hydrogen
oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus and organic compounds.
• the expansion of the universe is accelerating

47. Other Members of the Solar System

48. Objectives of the lesson
The learners should be able to:
1. identify the other members of the solar
system
2. Differentiate meteriod from meteors and
meteorite
3. identify the inner structure of the sun
4. describe the phases of the moon
5. explain the difference of lunar eclipse from
solar eclipse

49. Other Members of the Solar System
• Asteroids
• Meteoroids
• Comets

50. ASTEROIDS
• are minor planets,
• rocky body in space, and
orbit around the Sun.
• Ceres - largest, has a
diameter of 750
kilometers
• Hermes - closest asteroid
to the planet Earth
• Vesta - is the only
asteroid which can be
seen by the naked eyes.
ASTEROID

51. METEOROIDS
• smaller rocks or particles in
orbit around the Sun.
• is a streaking light which lasts
for a few seconds
• significantly smaller than
asteroids
• range size from small grains to
1 meter-wide objects
• meteor - traveling through the
Earth's atmosphere “shooting
star” “falling star”
• meteorite - when it reaches
the ground

53. COMET
• derived from the Greek word meaning “long-
haired”
• in icy small Solar System body that, when
passing close to the Sun, warms and begins
to release gases, a process called
outgassing.
• composed of a nucleus which looks like a
dirty snowball called coma
• most spectacular bodies in the solar system
• revolves around the sun in either
– Kuiper belt - is a disk-shaped region that
is beyond Saturn's orbit
– Oort cloud - is a mass of trillions of
comets and dust that circle the sun.

54. COMET
• Halley's comet - appears
every 76 years
• Other examples of comet
– Halebopp
– Schwassmann
– Wachmann
– Kopff
– Oterma
– Linear
– Shoemaker Levy 9 - hit the
planet Jupiter

55. THE SUN
• is a star at the center of the Solar Sytem
• glowing ball of gas-like material called plasma.
• 864,000 miles in diameter and 93 million miles away
• diameter 109 times that of Earth, mass 330,000 times that
of Earth
• principal source of heat, source of energy for life on Earth
• radiant energy - this is the energy of the thermonuclear
fusion that takes place in the interior of the sun, where
hydrogen nuclei are being crushed together to form helium.
• life span of 11 billion years

56. THE SUN
• comprises the 98.86% of the total mass of the Solar
System
• the sun's mass consists of hydrogen 73% and helium 25%
• smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen,
carbon, neon an iron.

58. THREE MAIN PARTS OF THE SUN'S INTERIOR
• CORE - at the center, the hottest region,
where the nuclear fusion reactions that power
the Sun occur.
• RADIATIVE (RADIATION) ZONE - the section
immediately sorrounding the core
• CONVECTION ZONE - the outermost ring of
the sun

59. Parts of the Sun
• CORE - is the center of the sun. It is extremely hot.
• PHOTOSPHERE - the surface of the sun that emits
light. The only part we can see. Made up of
Hydrogen and Helium gas. Temperature is 5,510
degree celcius.
• Sunspots - contain magnetic field. It appears dark because
they are much cooler than their bright sorroundings.
• CHROMOSPHERE - outer and colored layer of the
sun's atmosphere. It is a rose pink layer.

60. Features of the Chromospheres
1. Solar Prominences - are billowing arches of
glowing gases.
2. CORONA - the extremely hot outermost layer of
sun's atmosphere. It is so faint that the only time
you can see it is when there is solar eclipse.
•Solar Winds - gases that blow off from the
corona
3. Solar Flares - sudden gigantic eruptions of high
energy hydrogen gas from the surface of the sun.

64. MOON
• an astronomical body that orbits
planet Earth
• Earth's only permanent natural
satellite
• one of the largest in the Solar System
• diameter of 346,000 km
• with synchronous rotation with Earth
thus always showing the same face

66. Phases of the Moon
....Lunar Cycle, Why The Moon Change Shapes, 8 Phases Of
The Moon, Learning Videos F_low.mp4

67. Eclipses can only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon
are all in a straight line (termed "syzygy"). Solar
eclipses occur at new moon, when the Moon is between the
Sun and Earth. In contrast, lunar eclipses occur at full
moon, when Earth is between the Sun and Moon.
....What's the difference between a solar and lunar eclipse__low.mp4
Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon
as the commander of the American mission Apollo 11 by
first setting foot on the Moon on 21 July 1969.

68. The Stars
• A star is a hot ball of glowing gases.
• The nearest star to Earth is the Sun
• Historically, the most prominent stars were
grouped into constellations and asterisms, the
brightest of which gained proper names
• Polaris - tells where the Earth's North location is
• Sun - rises in the east and sets in the west
• a star shines due to thermonuclear
fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core,
releasing energy that traverses the star's interior
and then radiates into outer space.

69. Terminologies
• Nebula - low-density cloud of dust
• Thermonuclear Reaction - hydrogen atom fuse together
to form Helium
• starlight - energy from fusion produces light that reaches
the surface
• Red Giant Star or Supergiant Star - red star, hundred
times bigger than a star
• Supernova - explosion of the star
• Black Hole - an invisible area in outer space with gravity
so strong that light cannot get out of it.

70. • ....Stars - introduction to Star Birth, life and Death_low.mp4
How are Stars Formed
and Changed?

71. Stars Differ in Sizes
Five main groups according to their size.
1. Supergiants - largest (ex. Antares) diameter 330 times
greater than sun
2. Giants - diamters of 10 - 100 times larger than the sun (ex.
Aldebaran)
3. Medium-sized Stars - big as sun (Altair, Sirius, Rigel)
4. White Dwarfs - small stars. Smallest dwarf is Van Maanin's
Star
5. Neutron Star - tiniest star. Mass less than of the sun but is
so compact. Diameter is about 20 km

72. Stars Differ in Color and Temperature
Star Color Temperature Examples
Blue Star 25,000 K -60,000 K Vega - the most
massive and hottest
Bluish-white star 11,000K - 25,000 K Epsilon Orionis and
Rigel
White Star 7,500 K - 11,000 K Sirius
Yellow-white star 6,000 K - 7,500 K Delta Aquilae
Yellow 5,000 K - 6,000 K Sun
Orange star 3,500 K - 5,000 K Arcturus
Red star 3,500 K Orionis - the coolest
star