how can you confirm that organism has been genetically transformed.pdf

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how can you confirm that organism has been genetically transformed Solution We can confirmed it by following way - The finding that a recombinant organism contains the inserted genes is not usually sufficient to ensure that they will be appropriately expressed in the intended tissues. To confirm the presence of the gene, PCR, Southern hybridization and DNA sequencing are employed to determine the chromosomal location and number of gene copies. To assess gene expression, transcription, RNA processing patterns and expression and localization of protein product(s) must usually be assessed, using methods including northern hybridization, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence and phenotypic analysis. When appropriate, the organism\'s offspring are studied to confirm that the trans-gene and associated phenotype are stably inherited. In some cases further generations must be produced and confirmed, to ensure the absence of undesirable traits in the modified organism. For hybrid products such as maize, the modified organism is crossbred with other cultivars that possess required traits.

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Please answer the discussion questions and TYPE you answers. MINICASE ARE YOU REALLY BUYING AMERICAN? Consider the follawing scenario of a typical\" American fam work, stopping for gas at the Shell station. At the grocery ily: The Osbornes, Jesse and Ann, live in the suburbs of store, she fills her cart with a variety of items, including Chicago Jesse is a manager at Trader Joe\'s specialty grocery Ragu spaghetti sauce, Hellmann\'s mayonnaise, Carnation store chain. Ann is an edvertising executive for Leo Burnett Instant Breakfast drink, a case of Arrowhead water, CoffeeMate nondairy coffee creamer, Chicken-of the-Sea Ann listens to the new Adam Lambert CD on her Alpine car stereo in her Jeep Cherakes while driving homa from canned tuna, Lipton tea, a hall-dozen cans of Slim-Fast. Dannon yogurt, and several packages of Stouffer\'s Lean dinners and some Hot Packats. For a treat. Groupe Danone of France produces Dannon yogurt she picks up some Ben & Jerry\'s ice cream, Toll House cook- es, and a Butterfinger candy bar. She also grabs several cans af Alpo for thair dog, Sassy, and a box of Friskies and a bag of Tidy Cat cat litter for their cat, Lily. She goes down the toilet- ries aisle for some Dove soap, Q-tips cotton swabs, Vaseline Samsung smartphones are made by South Korea\'s lip gloss, and Jergen\'s moisturizing lotion. Before fhng,Samsung- she calls Jesse on her Samsung smartphone to see whetherBertelsmann AG of Germany owns 53 percent of there is anything else he needs. Ho asks her to pick up some PowerBars for him to take to the gym during his lunchtime the remaining 47 percent. workouts next week. She also stops at the bookstore andSociete Bic of France produces Bic pens picks up the new John Grisham book published by Random House, signing the credit card slip with her Bic pen. Chicken-of the Sea tuna is made by Chicken of the Sea International, which is besed in Thailand. Japan\'s Kao owns Jergen\'s. Penquin Random House, and Pearson plc of the UK owns ·Japan\'s Bridgestone Corporation owns Firestone. BP of the United Kingdom owns BP gas stations. After leaving his office, Jesse stops at the BP gas station to fili his gas tank and checks the air pressure in his Firestone tires. He heads to the liquor store for a cese of Miller Genuine thSpiderman movies Sony Pictures Tolovision distrib- Draft beer and a bottle of Wild Turkey bourbon. He walks next door to the sporting goods store to pick up someSABMiller plc of the United Kingdom produces Miller Columbia Pictures, owned by Sony of Japan, released utes Breaking Bad. Wilson racquetballs for his workouts next week. boer, Ann\'s favorite TV show, Breaking Bad, is just startinDavide Campari of Italy awns the Wild Turkay brand. comes in the door, so she pours hersalf a glass af Amer Group of Finland owns Wilsan Sporting Goods. and turns on their Philips high-. Baringer Winery of Napa, California, is owned by definition talevision while Jasse prepares dinner loads the latest Spiderman inst.

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Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity Introduction: The molecular basis of the essential biological phenomena in plants is crucial for the effective conservation, management, and efficient utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR). Determining genetic diversity can be based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular types of information. However, molecular markers have advantages over other kinds, where they show genetic differences on a more detailed level without interferences from environmental factors, and where they involve techniques that provide fast results detailing genetic diversity Comparison of different methods Morphological characterization does not require expensive technology but large tracts of land are often required for these experiments, making it possibly more expensive than molecular assessment. These traits are often susceptible to phenotypic plasticity; conversely, this allows assessment of diversity in the presence of environmental variation. Biochemical analysis is based on the separation of proteins into specific banding patterns. It is a fast method which requires only small amounts of biological material. However, only a limited number of enzymes are available and thus, the resolution of diversity is limited. Molecular analyses comprise a large variety of DNA molecular markers, which can be employed for analysis of variation. Different markers have different genetic qualities (they can be dominant or co-dominant, can amplify anonymous or characterized loci, can contain expressed or non-expressed sequences, etc.). Genetic marker The concept of genetic markers is not a new one; in the nineteenth century, Gregor Mendel employed phenotype-based genetic markers in his experiments. Later, phenotype-based genetic markers for Drosophila melanogaster led to the founding of the theory of genetic linkage. A genetic marker is an easily identifiable piece of genetic material, usually DNA that can be used in the laboratory to tell apart cells, individuals, populations, or species. The use of genetic markers begins with extracting proteins or chemicals (for biochemical markers) or DNA (for molecular markers) from tissues of the plant (for example, seeds, foliage, pollen, sometimes woody tissues). Molecular markers In genetics, a molecular marker (identified as genetic marker) is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome. Molecular markers which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion and/or insertion. Markers can exhibit two modes of inheritance, i.e. dominant/recessive or co-dominant. If the genetic pattern of homozygotes can be distinguished from that of heterozygotes, then a marker is said to be co-dominant. Generally co-dominant markers are more informative than the

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Comparative sequence studies of the repeat elements in diverse insect species can provide useful information on how to make use of them for developing abundant markers that can be used in those species; $ At the moment, a total of 8 species are in genome assembly stages and another 35 are in progress for genome sequencing; $ Different molecular marker systems in the field of entomology are expected to provide new directions to study insect genomes in an unprecedented way in the years to come

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Give background information concerning EMT and include what is known about EMT in normal development as well as in neoplasms. What are strategies that could be used to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells by targeting EMT (minimum four paragraphs). Solution Answer: Cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis: This hypothesis elucidating that the CSC are the subpopulation and able to exert higher resistance associated with explicit capability to self-renew finally to differentiate into different offspring of cancer cells to generate a tumor. This hypothesis is based on the cellular mechanisms exclusively developed inside the CSC to exert resistance such pathways are mainly through Wnt signaling, Notch signaling. There are other targets to regulate proliferation and differentiation through ABC transporter system and receptor tyrosine kinases. These targets are the future stem cells anti-cancer therapies in regulating the proliferation & differentiation of cancer cells as CSCs have a potential relationship with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Metastasis has many steps. The main cancer cell morphological features that support invasion, intravasation, and extravasation are epithelial-mesenchymal transition via cell -adhesion molecules. Invasion is mainly due to presence of cell adhesion molecules such as integrins on the cancer cells finally promote the movement of cancer cells to another region. This process is going to connect adjacent cells to tumor cells finally undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) result in formation of \"continuously dividing neoplasms\" with higher drug resistence to cure compared to normal cells Strategies that could be used to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells by targeting EMT: \"A combination therapy of neutraceuticals & chemotherapeutic agents\" are most promising strategies to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells by targeting EMTs, cancer stem cells (CSC) & Modulation of microRNAs do promote effective strategy to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells Oligonucletodie deliver: Another strategy could be used to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells by targeting EMT. In this method, synthesized microRNAs are going to make in the form of \"nanoparticle or microsomal\" formulation finally used to target microRNAs in cancer cells result in \"complete destruction of pre-mRNA\" finally there will no translation mechanism to synthesize \"cell survival proteins\" to proliferate.

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Write a class (BasketballTeam) encapsulating the concept of a tea.pdf

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Which of the following would you expect to happen in a plant that does not have enough water (multiple answers are correct) Without water, the plant cannot make the sugar it needs to grow the stem begins to dry out growth would be stunted because it is difficult to move nutrients around Without water, the plant would become limp. Solution Answer: All the choices given are correct! If Plant that does not have enough water; (a) Without water, plants cannot make the sugar it needs to grow. Plants make their own food by the process of photosynthesis.The amount of water, sunlight and carbon dioxide directly influences the process of food production for plant growth. Thus the process of photosynthesis slows down and even stops when water is absent, which causes internal food supplies to diminish. (b) the stem begins to dry out Scarcity of water leads to loss of turgor pressure. Stomata on the stem surface close as a result of less water (for water conservation) and as a result stem dries out. (c) the growth would be stunted because it is difficult to move nutrients around. As water moves above the plant system it carries vital minerals and nutrients to different areas of the plant. The stomas on the leaf and stem surface release waste products (oxygen) into the environment and takes CO2 in. This process of transpiration maintains the turgor pressure and also cools the plant in sunlight. In scarcity of water, transpiration process slows and, the plant show stunded growth due to lack of nutrients supply. (d) Without water the plant would become limp Turgor pressure holds the plant cells and keeps them erect. This pressure is lost without water and plants begin to collapse (wilting!) or give a limp appearance..

Which of the following would you expect to happen in a plant that doe.pdf

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What is the value of including personal information about yourself and your lifestyle when researchers are looking at your DNA? How does study different than many other similar sets of data gathered from GWAS and SNP Haplotypes?What do you think about the scope and purpose of this type of genetics data study. Solution Answer to including personal information and lifestyle lies in phenotype differences. Phenotype is influenced by genotype and environment. Hence although scientists and researchers look for DNA or genetic material of an individual but also take a look on the environmental conditions or life style which influences the phenotype of an organism. GWAS (Genome wide association study) is study of genetic variants which are associated with a trait like any major disease. By using SNPs (Short nuclear polymorphisms) short interspersed regions can be identified to locate the traits of interest. The environmental factors like sunlight can differ the response of an individual to it. One individual can be sensitiove to it but the other could be diseased on exposure to sunlight, thus having a knowledge about individual\'s lifestyle helps in tracking previous information. The scope of GWAS has wider implications. Disease dignosis using genetics data helps in developing drugs relating to it. It can be used to identify genes from different organisms. Ancestral hierarchy can be established..

What is the value of including personal information about yourself a.pdf

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What is a voluntary response sample? Solution Voluntary response sampling is heavily biased because it focuses on volunteered survey answers rather than a random sampling. What makes this biased is because the only people who volunteer are those who have a particular interest in the topic of the survey. They only include people who choose volunteer, whereas a random sample would need to include people whether or not they choose to volunteer. Often, voluntary response samples oversample people who have strong opinions and undersample people who don\'t care much about the topic of the survey. Thus inferences from a voluntary response sample are not as trustworthy as conclusions based on a random sample of the entire population under consideration..

What is a voluntary response sampleSolutionVoluntary response.pdf

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What adaptive benefit do these abilities give wolbachia? In other words, why does manipulating the host reproduction help its survival survival as parasite? What adaptive benefit do these abilities give wolbachia? In other words, why does manipulating the host reproduction help its survival survival as parasite? What adaptive benefit do these abilities give wolbachia? In other words, why does manipulating the host reproduction help its survival survival as parasite? Solution Manipulating the host reproduction help its survival as parasite.The improvement of complex lifestyles cycles can growth parasite health. Some parasites have, via host manipulation, further improved their reproductive success. Host manipulation in a few parasites, where they effectively can change the behavior or morphology of their intermediate host in a way that increases the parasite\'s trophic transmission It is a method of parasite transmission wherein the parasite manipulates the behavior of its host to growth transmission success to better trophic levels.

What adaptive benefit do these abilities give wolbachia In oth.pdf

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Think about autumn (Fall season) in places like New England (Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire), where the leaves change color with the seasons. During the fall, which pigments are the first to be broken down in the leaves? How does that explain the fall colors we see? Why does the green color disappears during autumn (Fall season)? Please fully and clearly explain why the green color disappeares in trees located in New England during the autumn. Solution A number of factors play crucial role in changing the color of leaves in winter. Some are listed below: Similar is the reason with the New England trees..

Think about autumn (Fall season) in places like New England (Pennsyl.pdf

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The orange is which type of fruit? Simple - Legume Simple - Drupe Simple - Berry Multiple Aggregate The peas is which type of fruit? Simple - Legume Simple - Drupe Simple - Berry Multiple Aggregate The pistachio is which type of fruit? Simple - Legume Simple - Drupe Simple - Berry Multiple Aggregate Solution Please find the answers below and reasons in parentheses: Answer 22: Chocie 3 (Botanically, orange fruit is considered as a multiple aggregate of berry and the juicy part or pulp is considered as succulent testa of the ovary. The peel of orange is considered as ovarian wall.) Answer 23: Choice 1 (A pea pod is considered as a simple legume by botanical nature. It can open across both walls which eliminates the seeds inside the pod) Answer 24: Choice2 (Pistachios belong to family of cashew or family Anacardiaceae botanically. The fruits of this family are simple drupes in nature. These fruits contain the ovarian wall as the hard covering of the fruit and the ovary itself modifies into edible seed).

The orange is which type of fruit Simple - Legume Simple - Drupe .pdf

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The _________ is the protective chamber that houses the ovule and Later matures to become the fruit. A. Petal B. Ovary C. Carpel D. Stigma E. Sepals. What adaptation enhances bird\'s flying ability? A. hollow bones B. sternum. C. air sacs D. homeothermy E. all of the above. What plant characteristics are adaptations to land? A. internal fertilizations B. vascular tissues. C. seeds with waterproof coats. D. waxy leaves. E. all of the above. Which of which is characteristic of alternation of generation in land plants? A. haploid sporophytes make haploid spores. B. gametophytes produce spores that develop into gametes C. sporophytes and gametophytes are typically similar in appearance. D. meiosis in sporophytes produces haploid spores. E. either the gametophyte or the sporophyte is unicellular. The haploid stage in a plant life in a plant life cycle is called A. embryo B. zygote C. gametophyte D. sporophyte E. conspicuous Animals in which the blastopo Solution 31. ovary is the protective chamber that houses the ovule and later matures the fruit 32. tha hollow bones, air sacs , the sternum and homeothermy helps the birds to fly. the hollow bones helps in reducing the body weight which helps in flying. the air sacs are responsible for extracting more oxygen which hepls them to frly high. the sternum bones are present in the wings which are strong and flexible for the movement of the wings 33. all of the above are the plants characteristics for the plant to adapt land 34. 35. the haploid stage of plant life in plant life cycle is known as gametophyte. 36.in protostomes the blastopore becomes the mouth.

The _________ is the protective chamber that houses the ovule and Lat.pdf

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