2. Power and Politics
Presented By
Fatima Zahoor
Iqra Ameen
Ammara Farooq
Zain ul Abideen
Muhammad Ghufran
Samad A. Pirzada
Fahad Butt
3. Power
A capacity that A has to influence
the behavior of B so that B acts in
accordance with A’s wishes.
Dependency
B’s relationship to A when
A possesses something
that B requires.
4. Contrasting Leadership and Power
ď‚—Leadership
ď‚—Focuses on goal
achievement.
ď‚—Requires goal
compatibility with
followers.
ď‚—Focuses influence
downward.
ď‚—Research Focus
ď‚—Leadership styles and
relationships with
followers
ď‚—Power
ď‚—Used as a means for
achieving goals.
ď‚—Requires follower
dependency.
ď‚—Used to gain lateral and
upward influence.
ď‚—Research Focus
ď‚—Power tactics for
gaining compliance
5. Formal Power
Is established by an individual’s position in an
organization; conveys the ability to coerce or reward,
from formal authority, or from control of information.
Coercive Power
A power base dependent on fear.
Reward Power
Compliance achieved based on
the ability to distribute rewards
that others view as valuable
6. Legitimate Power
The power a person receives as a
result of his or her position in the formal
hierarchy of an organization.
7. Expert Power
Influence based on special
skills or knowledge.
Referent Power
Influence based on possession
by an individual of desirable
resources or personal traits.
8. Dependency: The Key To Power
ď‚—The General Dependency Postulate
 The greater B’s dependency on A, the greater the power A
has over B.
ď‚— Possession/control of scarce organizational resources that
others need makes a manager powerful.
ď‚— Access to optional resources (e.g., multiple suppliers)
reduces the resource holder’s power.
ď‚—What Creates Dependency
ď‚— Importance of the resource to the organization
ď‚— Scarcity of the resource
ď‚— Nonsubstitutability of the resource
9. Influence Tactics: :
Influence Tactics
• • Legitimacy
Legitimacy
Power Tactics
Ways in which
individuals translate
power bases into
specific actions.
• • Rational persuasion
Rational persuasion
• • Inspirational appeals
Inspirational appeals
• • Consultation
Consultation
• • Exchange
Exchange
• • Personal appeals
Personal appeals
• • Ingratiation
Ingratiation
• • Pressure
Pressure
• • Coalitions
Coalitions
11. Defining of Organization Politics
Political Behavior
Activities that are not required as part of one’s formal
role in the organization, but that influence, or attempt
to influence, the distribution of advantages or
disadvantages within the organization.
Legitimate Political Behavior
Normal everyday politics.
Illegitimate Political Behavior
Extreme political behavior that violates the implied
rules of the game.
12. “Political” Label
“Effective
Management” Label
1.Creating conflict vs.
change and innovation
Encouraging
2. Whistle blowing vs.
efficiency
Improving
3. Scheming vs.
Planning ahead
4. Overachieving
and capable
vs.
5. Ambitious vs.
Career-minded
6. Cunning
Practical-minded
vs.
Competent
17. Impression Management
The process by which
individuals attempt to
control the impression
others form of them.
IM Techniques: :
IM Techniques
• • Conformity
Conformity
• • Excuses
Excuses
• • Apologies
Apologies
• • Self-Promotion
Self-Promotion
• • Flattery
Flattery
• • Favors
Favors
• • Association
Association
19. A major theme of this chapter is that power and
political behavior are natural process in any group or
organization given that you need to know how power
is acquired and exercised if you are to fully understand
organizational behavior although you may heard the
phrase POWER CORRUPTS AND ABSOLUTE POWER
CORRUPTS ASLOUTELY Power is not always bad as
one author has noted that medicine can kill if taken in
the wrong amount. Moreover learning how power
works in organization you will be better able to use
your knowledge to become a more effective manager