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The Cell Membrane
MEMBRAN SEL
* STRUKTUR:
-LIPID(LEMAK)
-PROTEIN
-KARBOHIDRAT
* FUNGSI :
-BATAS PEMISAH
-PELINDUNG/SELUBUNG
-LALULINTAS MOLEKUL (PERMEABEL SELEKTIF
1.Danielli dan Davson (1930-1940) : triglyceride
lipid bilayers (permukaan yang berhadapan
dengan air)
2.Robertson (1950) : electron micrographs
Struktur membran
-Bilayer lipid
-Lipid bersifat AMFIPATIK dengan kepala polar
HIDROFILIK yang menghadap ke luar dan ekor
HIDROFOBIK menghadap ke dalam
-Portein (hidrofilik) terbenam dalam bilayer lipid
(protein transmembran) dan dipermukaan bilayer
lipid (protein perifer)→ model mosaik fluida
Membran Sel
FLUIDA MEMBRAN
-Gerakan fosfolipid di permukaan
membran (a)
-Fluida membran menurun → banyak
asam lemak tidak jenuh (bag.
Ekor)(b.1)
-Fluida membran meningkat → asam
lemak jenuh (b.2) dan
kolesterol (c)
SISI MEMBRAN :
-Bag. Luardan dalam
-Distribusi lipid, protein dan
karbohidrat →
asimetris
-karbohidrat → oligosakarida
-berikatan dengan lipid →
glikolipid
-berikatan dengan protein →
glikoprotein
TRANSPOT MEMBRAN SEL
-Permeabel selektif
-Permeabel bilayerlipid
-Protein transpot, bersifat hidrofilik
a. selektif
b. ATP
c. enzimatik
d. transduksi sinyal (reseptor)
Gula, asam amino, nutrien, O2,
CO2 dan mineral : Na, K, Ca, Cl
CO, CO2, O2,
air dan
etanol
Gula
Protein transpot
Selektif - ATP Enzimatik Transduksi sinyal
Difusi dipermudah oleh protein spesifik
Transport Pasif
Transpot pasif :
Proses difusi
Proses
osmosis
Difusi : perpindahan zat pekat ke
kurang pekat
Osmosis : difusi zat melalui membran
permeabel selektif
KESEIMBANGAN
TRANSPORTASI AIR
(osmoregulasi)
-Pada sel tanpa dinding
-Pada sel berdinding
Isotonik
Hipotonik
hipertonik
Transport Aktif
Transpot aktif : zat
terlarut melawan gradien
konsentrasi rendah ke
tinggi
ATP
PERBANDINGAN : TRANSPOT PASIF - AKTIF
EKSOSITOSIS & ENDOSITOSIS
Eksositosis : sekresi materi dengan cara menggabungkan vesikula dengan membran
Endositosis : masuknya materi dlm sel dengan cara menggabungkan vesikula dengan
membran sel
Fagositosis
Pinositosis
Endositosis(reseptor)
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Water relations and cell shape in
blood cells
Water relations in a plant cell
REPRODUKSI SEL
Reproduksi protista berbeda dengan sel hewan
lainnya
Jamur spora→
Tanaman biji→
Hewan telur→
Protista sel tunggal→
Sel anak mempunyai membran, sitoplasma dan inti→
Inti mengandung DNA yang identik
Salah satu protista adalah amoeba
Amoebas sangat tipis, membran sel fleksibel→
Bergerak dengan menjulurkan sitoplasma keluar
membran dan membentuk pseudopods ("false feet")
Di dalam sel terdapat ruang sbg organ percernaan
REPRODUKSI SEL
• MITOSIS → sel somatik
• MEIOSIS → sel seks atau gamet
(spermatozoa dan ovum)
MITOSIS
Interfase Profase Metafase Anafase
Telofase
1. Terjadi sintesis protein; kromatin dan inti nampak jelas; replikasi DNA
2. Kromatin tebal → kromosom; membran inti melebur; sentriol bergerak
pada sisi yang berlawanan dan serabut spindel mulai terbentuk
3. Kromosom yang dihubungkan spindel ada di tengah
4. Kromosom memisah menuju ke kutub yang berlawanan
5. Kromosom kembali berbentuk kromatin; speindel melebur; membran inti
nampak; sentriol replikasi; terbentuk membran sel baru
Cell Reproduction
Interphase (before Mitosis)
Early Prophase
Prophase
Late Prophase
Transition to Metaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PROPHASE I
• SYNAPSIS - the pairing and
bonding together of
homologous chromosomes to
form tetrads
• Homologous chromosomes
consist of one maternal and
one paternal chromosome
PROPHASE I
CROSSING-OVER:
• Exchange of chromatid
segments within tetrads to
produce new allele
combinations
• Nonsisters cross over,
break, and rejoin
• Increases genetic variety
VIEW OF NUCLEUS
AND TETRADS
CROSSING -OVER
• Notice the exchange
of segments that has
happened in two
places on the larger
homologous pair
• This is crossing over
METAPHASE I
• Tetrads line up in the
middle of the cell in a
straight line at
equator
• Spindle fibers attach
to only 1 kinetochore
of each centromere
ANAPHASE I
• Tetrads are separated as
homologous chromosomes
are pulled to opposite poles
of the cell
• (Remember: the
chromosomes are still
actually sister chromatids)
TELOPHASE I
• Cytokinesis may occur and
two HAPLOID cells
containing sister
chromatids are produced
• A brief period of
interkinesis occurs
INTERKINESIS
TELOPHASE I
A short interphase
like stage between
divisions
PROPHASE
II
MEIOSIS
Fase I
Fase II
SEPARATES SISTER CHROMATIDS
PROPHASE II
• Nuclear membranes disappear
• Nucleoli disappear
• Spindle fibers form
• Chromatin coils to form chromosomes
• What does this remind you of ?
• Prophase II is basically the same as
mitosis prophase x 2
METAPHASE II
• In metaphase II the two cells line up their
chromosomes in the middle of the cell in a
straight line at equator
• Again this is the same as mitosis
metaphase - only two cells are doing it
• Each cell is doing it with only 1
chromosome of each kind, not pairs
ANAPHASE II
• During this phase the centromeres of the
chromosomes in the two cells divide and
sister chromatids move to opposite poles
of the cells
• Very mitosis-like again
TELOPHASE II
• Final act of meiosis
• Nuclear membranes reappear
• Nucleoli reappear
• Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin
• Spindle fibers disappear
• Cytokinesis occurs to produce a total of 4
haploid cells (N)
Meiosis : Summary of reduction division
Phases of spermatogenesis (i.e., meiosis in males)
Matrikulasi transport membran dan reproduksi sel

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Matrikulasi transport membran dan reproduksi sel

  • 1.
  • 3. MEMBRAN SEL * STRUKTUR: -LIPID(LEMAK) -PROTEIN -KARBOHIDRAT * FUNGSI : -BATAS PEMISAH -PELINDUNG/SELUBUNG -LALULINTAS MOLEKUL (PERMEABEL SELEKTIF
  • 4. 1.Danielli dan Davson (1930-1940) : triglyceride lipid bilayers (permukaan yang berhadapan dengan air) 2.Robertson (1950) : electron micrographs Struktur membran
  • 5. -Bilayer lipid -Lipid bersifat AMFIPATIK dengan kepala polar HIDROFILIK yang menghadap ke luar dan ekor HIDROFOBIK menghadap ke dalam -Portein (hidrofilik) terbenam dalam bilayer lipid (protein transmembran) dan dipermukaan bilayer lipid (protein perifer)→ model mosaik fluida Membran Sel
  • 6. FLUIDA MEMBRAN -Gerakan fosfolipid di permukaan membran (a) -Fluida membran menurun → banyak asam lemak tidak jenuh (bag. Ekor)(b.1) -Fluida membran meningkat → asam lemak jenuh (b.2) dan kolesterol (c)
  • 7. SISI MEMBRAN : -Bag. Luardan dalam -Distribusi lipid, protein dan karbohidrat → asimetris -karbohidrat → oligosakarida -berikatan dengan lipid → glikolipid -berikatan dengan protein → glikoprotein
  • 8. TRANSPOT MEMBRAN SEL -Permeabel selektif -Permeabel bilayerlipid -Protein transpot, bersifat hidrofilik a. selektif b. ATP c. enzimatik d. transduksi sinyal (reseptor) Gula, asam amino, nutrien, O2, CO2 dan mineral : Na, K, Ca, Cl CO, CO2, O2, air dan etanol Gula
  • 9. Protein transpot Selektif - ATP Enzimatik Transduksi sinyal Difusi dipermudah oleh protein spesifik
  • 11. Transpot pasif : Proses difusi Proses osmosis Difusi : perpindahan zat pekat ke kurang pekat Osmosis : difusi zat melalui membran permeabel selektif
  • 12. KESEIMBANGAN TRANSPORTASI AIR (osmoregulasi) -Pada sel tanpa dinding -Pada sel berdinding Isotonik Hipotonik hipertonik
  • 14. Transpot aktif : zat terlarut melawan gradien konsentrasi rendah ke tinggi ATP
  • 15. PERBANDINGAN : TRANSPOT PASIF - AKTIF
  • 16. EKSOSITOSIS & ENDOSITOSIS Eksositosis : sekresi materi dengan cara menggabungkan vesikula dengan membran Endositosis : masuknya materi dlm sel dengan cara menggabungkan vesikula dengan membran sel Fagositosis Pinositosis Endositosis(reseptor)
  • 18. Water relations and cell shape in blood cells
  • 19. Water relations in a plant cell
  • 21. Reproduksi protista berbeda dengan sel hewan lainnya Jamur spora→ Tanaman biji→ Hewan telur→ Protista sel tunggal→ Sel anak mempunyai membran, sitoplasma dan inti→ Inti mengandung DNA yang identik
  • 22. Salah satu protista adalah amoeba Amoebas sangat tipis, membran sel fleksibel→ Bergerak dengan menjulurkan sitoplasma keluar membran dan membentuk pseudopods ("false feet") Di dalam sel terdapat ruang sbg organ percernaan
  • 23.
  • 24. REPRODUKSI SEL • MITOSIS → sel somatik • MEIOSIS → sel seks atau gamet (spermatozoa dan ovum)
  • 25. MITOSIS Interfase Profase Metafase Anafase Telofase 1. Terjadi sintesis protein; kromatin dan inti nampak jelas; replikasi DNA 2. Kromatin tebal → kromosom; membran inti melebur; sentriol bergerak pada sisi yang berlawanan dan serabut spindel mulai terbentuk 3. Kromosom yang dihubungkan spindel ada di tengah 4. Kromosom memisah menuju ke kutub yang berlawanan 5. Kromosom kembali berbentuk kromatin; speindel melebur; membran inti nampak; sentriol replikasi; terbentuk membran sel baru
  • 26. Cell Reproduction Interphase (before Mitosis) Early Prophase Prophase Late Prophase Transition to Metaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
  • 27. PROPHASE I • SYNAPSIS - the pairing and bonding together of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads • Homologous chromosomes consist of one maternal and one paternal chromosome
  • 28. PROPHASE I CROSSING-OVER: • Exchange of chromatid segments within tetrads to produce new allele combinations • Nonsisters cross over, break, and rejoin • Increases genetic variety VIEW OF NUCLEUS AND TETRADS
  • 29. CROSSING -OVER • Notice the exchange of segments that has happened in two places on the larger homologous pair • This is crossing over
  • 30.
  • 31. METAPHASE I • Tetrads line up in the middle of the cell in a straight line at equator • Spindle fibers attach to only 1 kinetochore of each centromere
  • 32. ANAPHASE I • Tetrads are separated as homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell • (Remember: the chromosomes are still actually sister chromatids)
  • 33. TELOPHASE I • Cytokinesis may occur and two HAPLOID cells containing sister chromatids are produced • A brief period of interkinesis occurs
  • 34. INTERKINESIS TELOPHASE I A short interphase like stage between divisions PROPHASE II
  • 35. MEIOSIS Fase I Fase II SEPARATES SISTER CHROMATIDS
  • 36. PROPHASE II • Nuclear membranes disappear • Nucleoli disappear • Spindle fibers form • Chromatin coils to form chromosomes • What does this remind you of ? • Prophase II is basically the same as mitosis prophase x 2
  • 37.
  • 38. METAPHASE II • In metaphase II the two cells line up their chromosomes in the middle of the cell in a straight line at equator • Again this is the same as mitosis metaphase - only two cells are doing it • Each cell is doing it with only 1 chromosome of each kind, not pairs
  • 39.
  • 40. ANAPHASE II • During this phase the centromeres of the chromosomes in the two cells divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cells • Very mitosis-like again
  • 41.
  • 42. TELOPHASE II • Final act of meiosis • Nuclear membranes reappear • Nucleoli reappear • Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin • Spindle fibers disappear • Cytokinesis occurs to produce a total of 4 haploid cells (N)
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45. Meiosis : Summary of reduction division
  • 46. Phases of spermatogenesis (i.e., meiosis in males)