This document provides an overview of human anatomy and cell biology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body function. It describes the levels of organization in the human body from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. Key topics covered include the main anatomical regions of the human body, anatomical terminology, anatomical planes and directions, and the structure and components of a basic animal cell.

1. The Human
Body: An
Orientation
NUR 201
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2. Topics:
 What is anatomy?
 Regions of the human body
 Anatomical Vocabulary
 Planes of the body
 Cell anatomy
3D Models at Flat Pyramid (2010). Guide for Selecting Human Anatomy 3D Models. General Format. Retrieved from: http://www.flatpyramid.com/3d-news-blog/guide-for-selecting-
human-anatomy-3d-models 2

3. What is Anatomy?
 Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts
(where are they and what do they look like)
 Gross or macroscopic (what we can see)
 Microscopic (what we need a microscope to see)
 Physiology – the study of the function of body
parts (what do they do?)
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4. Organization of the Human Body
Cells
3D Models at Flat Pyramid (2010). Understanding Microbiology: The Use of Cell and Anatomy 3D Models. Retrieved from: http://3dmodelblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/14/understanding-microbiology-
the-use-of-cell-and-anatomy-3d-models/
Gastroenterology Consultants of Greater Cincinnati (2011). General Format. Retrieved from: http://www.giconsults.com/gi-tract.cfm
Jane, D. (2011). Anatomy and Physiology: Tissues. General Format. Retrieved from: http://nursingcrib.com/anatomy-and-physiology/anatomy-and-physiology-tissues/
Schneider’s Children’s Hospital Division of Human Genetics (2011). General Format. Retrieved from: http://training.schneiderchildrenshospital.org/peds_html_fixed/peds/genetics/mitochon.htm
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
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5. Back and Trunk
 Consists of:
 Torso
 Thorax (Chest)
 Abdomen
Dohrn, M. (2011). Plastic Model of Human Torso, Science Photo Library. General Format. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/317222/enlarge
Regions of the Human Body
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6. Regions of the Human Body
Head and Neck
 Consists of:
 Eyes
 Ears
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 What organ is found in the
Head and Neck region?
Graphic Pulse, Inc. (2011). Sagittal Head Anatomy. General Format. Retrieved from: http://www.graphicpulse.com/medill/wsag.html 6

7. Extremities (Limbs)
 Upper extremity (upper
limbs): shoulder, arm,
forearm, wrist, and hand
 Lower extremity (lower
limbs): hip, thigh, leg, ankle,
and foot
Regions of the Human Body
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8. Anatomical Position
 Used as a standard reference
in the medical profession
The anatomical position is
described as follows:
 The body stands erect, with
heels together
 Upper limbs are at the sides,
with the palms of the hands
facing forward
 The head faces forward
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9. Anatomical Vocabulary
 To understand Anatomy and Physiology you must
learn anatomical vocabulary
 What is a scientific term?
 Some words consist of a PREFIX, ROOT and SUFFIX
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10. For Example: Names
 chosen to identify structures properly
 identify structures according to shape, size, color,
function, and/or location
 e.g. “BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE”
 BI = two
 CEPS = head (shape)
 BRACHII = of the arm (location)
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11. Planes of the Body
 A 3-dimensional (3D) object
can be divided with three
sectional planes:
 Sagittal
 Horizontal
 Frontal
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12. Directions
 Superficial: near or relatively close to the body surface
 Deep: farther from the body’s surface
 Medial: towards the midline of your body
 Lateral: away from the midline of the body
 Proximal is closer to body or main part
 Distal is further away from the main part
 Anterior (ventral): the front
 Posterior (dorsal): the back
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13. Anatomy of an
Animal Cell
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14. The cell
 “building blocks” of the human body.
4 four basic concepts:
1. Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
2. Cells are produced by the division of other cells
(mitosis)
3. Each cell maintains homeostasis (balance)
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15. Components of an Animal Cell
 Nucleus
 Contains DNA
 DNA carries all the instructions to build and operate a
body
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16. Components of an Animal Cell
 Cell Membrane – surrounds and separates cell from
the environment (the container)
 Cytoplasm – fluid inside the cell
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17. Components of an Animal Cell
 Mitochondria (Plural)
 Produce most of the energy required by the cell
 Endoplasmic Reticulum – moves things through the
cell.
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18. Mitosis
 Cell Mitosis: refers to the division of cells
 One cell will become two cells
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19. Homework!!!
 Draw out a basic animal cell BY HAND.
 Label:
 Nucleus
 Ribosomes
 Lysosomes
 Mitochondria
 Cell Membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 DUE: Sunday, January 15, at the BEGINNING of class.
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