Talk program in the Department of applied Science with Chemical Engineering students and faculties of Tribhuvan University, Pulchwok Campus, Nepal on 21st July 2023.

1. Solid Waste Management in
Nepal and role of Safa Urja
Presented by
Dr Ramhari Poudyal,PhD.,MIET

2. “To save our mother nature “Let’s take care of our
earth as the way she takes care of us”
As of 2021, the
world generated
over 2.01 billion tons
of municipal solid
waste annually.
At least 33% of
that waste was not
managed in an
environmentally safe
manner,
It is estimated that
up to 8 million metric
tons of plastic reach
the planet's oceans
each year.

3. Projected waste generation, by
region (millions of tonnes/year)

4. Waste collection rates, by
income level (percent)

5. positive correlation between waste
generation and income level.
• The positive correlation between waste
generation and income level is often
confirmed in the literature; as disposable
income and living standards rise,
consumption habits tend to follow, and the
amount of waste generation grows
accordingly (Keser et al., 2012).

6. there is a positive correlation
between waste generation and
income level.
Daily per capita waste
generation in high-income
countries is projected to
increase by 19 percent by
2050, compared to low- and
middle-income countries
where it is expected to
increase by approximately 40%
or more.
The total quantity of waste
generated in low-income
countries is expected to
increase by more than three
times by 2050.
Plastic waste pollutes our
land, rivers, oceans - killing
wildlife, damaging

7. Global waste composition (percent)

8. Global treatment and disposal of
waste (percent)

9. What is the waste hierarchy UK?
विश्वका आधा जनसंख्या सहरी
क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्दछन्। सन्
२०५० सम्ममा ६.३ अबद मान्छे
सहर पस्नेछन् राम्रो भविष्यको
खोजीमा। यो ठ
ू लो जनसंख्या
लाई सहरमा कसरी व्यिस्थित गने
भन्ने चुनौती यवतखेर विश्व समुर्ायमा
र्ेस्खन्छ।

10. The waste hierarchy sets out the priority
order for managing waste materials based
on their environmental impacts.
In simple terms, the preference is always
to avoid producing waste in the first place.
Opportunities to safely reuse or recycle
materials are preferable to disposal.

11. Waste-to-energy

12. Waste-to-energy
• Waste-to-energy plants burn municipal
solid waste (MSW), often called garbage
or trash, to produce steam in a boiler, and
the steam is used to power an electric
generator turbine. MSW is a mixture of
energy-rich materials such as paper,
plastics, yard waste, and products made
from wood

13. Available WtE Technologies
Technology Description Reference
Incineration
Burning waste at high
temperatures to produce
heat, which then generates
steam to drive turbines
and produce electricity.
[1]
Pyrolysis
Thermal decomposition of
organic materials in the
absence of oxygen to
produce a gas or oil, which
can be used for power
generation or converted to
other products.
[2]
Gasification
Partial oxidation of waste
at high temperatures to
produce a synthetic gas
(syngas), which can be
used for power generation
or further refined into fuels
and chemicals.
[3]

14. Available WtE Technologies
Technology Description Reference
Anaerobic Digestion
Biological breakdown of
organic waste in the
absence of oxygen,
producing biogas (mostly
methane), which can be
used directly for power
generation or converted to
natural gas.
[4]
Plasma Gasification
Using plasma torches to
gasify waste at extremely
high temperatures,
resulting in syngas, which
can be used for power
generation or other
applications.
[5]

15. Global scenario of Waste to Energy
Country
Solid Waste
Management
Example
Approximate Cost
(per ton) Reference
Sweden
Waste-to-Energy
Incineration (e.g.,
Stockholm)
Varies based on
location
[1]
How Sweden is
Successfully Turning
Waste to Energy |
Earth.Org
Japan
3R Approach
(Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle)
Varies based on
initiatives
[2]
Germany
Mechanical-
Biological
Treatment (e.g.,
Munich)
Varies based on
location
[3]
Singapore
Waste-to-Energy
(e.g., Semakau
Varies based on
technology
[4]

16. Global scenario of Waste to Energy
Country
Solid Waste
Management
Example
Approximate Cost
(per ton) Reference
Denmark
Source Separation
and Recycling (e.g.,
Copenhagen)
Varies based on
initiatives
[5]
India
Waste-to-Energy
(e.g., Okhla Plant,
Delhi)
Varies based on
technology
[6]
China
Waste-to-Energy
(e.g., Shenzhen)
Varies based on
technology
[7]
United Kingdom
Waste-to-Energy
(e.g., London
Waste-to-Energy)
Varies based on
location
[8]

17. Waste to Energy Technologies

18. Role of SDGs

19. Circular Economy

20. ‘सही समयमा काबदन उत्सजदन नघटाउने हो
भने पृथ्वीका हरेक जीिको अस्ित्व
खतरामा हुनेछ।’ पयादिरणविर््

21. नर्ीको स्वच्छता
Bagmati few decades ago Bagmati Now a days

22. फोहोरमैला व्यवस्थापनका चुनौत ीः
इततहासदेखि वततमानसम्म

23. History of solid waste management
in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Date Details
1919 Safai Adda was established and
sanitation duties were provided to the
workers, which was later renamed as
Municipality Office
1980 Nepal received its first solid waste
management aid from GTZ
1984 A landfill was constructed at Gokarna
to manage the waste of Kathmandu
Valley.
1988 The solid waste act was introduced to
control the haphazard dumping of
solid waste, which covered three
cities of Kathmandu Valley.
1994 The Gokarna landfill site was closed
and waste was dumped nearby the

24. History of solid waste management
in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Date Details
2005 A new landfill was operated at Sisdol.
2011 Introduced solid waste management
act, which focuses on waste
minimization.
2019 The Five Year Plan 2019/2020 has set
a goal for processing the waste
generated in Kathmandu Valley by
establishing a modern sanitary landfill
site at Banchare Danda by 2023
2022 The construction of ‘Cell One’ of the
Banchare Danda landfill site was
completed and waste was dumped at
the Banchare Danda Landfill site for
the first time on May 24, 2022.

25. Lesson learned from other
countries

26. Japan’s Town With No Waste
• The village of Kamikatsu in
Japan has taken their
commitment to sustainability to a
new level. While the rest of the
country has a recycling rate of
around 20 percent,
• Kamikatsu surpasses its
neighbors with a staggering 80
percent. After becoming aware
of the dangers of carbon
monoxide associated with
burning garbage, the town
instated the Zero Waste
Declaration with the goal of
being completely waste-free by
2020.
• Would you be able to live
a zero-waste lifestyle?

27. Park run to 6 Marathon

28. Solid waste scenario in Nepal
• The total municipal solid waste generation
of Nepal is about 1,435t/d with 317
gram/capita/d (ADB2013).
• Kathmandu Valley generates the highest
amount of solid waste in Nepal
(KhanalGiriandMainali 2023.

30. Scenario of Bharatpur
• Bharatpur constituted 32.52 tons of household
solid waste and 6.82 tons of commercial waste per
day, of which 80 percent was organic although
only 25 percent of it was collected for disposal.
• From the 2017/2018 fiscal year, the city has
devoted roughly four percent (NPR 32.45 million)
(NPR is the currency in Nepal. 1 USD ~ NPR 104)
of its budget for municipal waste management
while the remaining balance needed for waste
management services comes from fees charged
from households and businesses for the service.

31. Waste Composition of Bharatpur
in%

32. Waste Composition in%

33. • The average daily waste generation of institutional
wastes was at 4.0 kg per school and 1.4 kg per office.
Similarly, the average daily waste generation of
commercial waste was at 1.4 kg per shop and 5.7 kg
per hotel or restaurant.
• Household waste is estimated to contribute about
50%–75% of the total municipal MSW generated,
which was estimated at 317 g/capita/day.
• Based on these per capita waste generation figures
and the population in 2011, the total MSW generation
from the 58 municipalities was estimated at about
1,435 tons/day and 524,000 tons/year.

34. Integrated Resource management

35. ‘फोहोरमैला व्यिथिापन ऐन, २०६८
• को पररच्छे र्–२ फोहोरमैला उत्पार्न, सङ्कलन,
न्यूनीकरण तिा वनष्काशन सम्बन्धी व्यिथिाको र्फा ३
पेज ५ अनुसार फोहोरमैलाको व्यिथिापन गनद विवभन्न
व्यिथिा गररएको छ।
• यसमा थिानान्तरण क
े न्द्र (टर ान्सफर स्टेशन),
ल्याण्डवफल साइट, प्रशोधन प्लान्ट, कम्पोष्ट प्लाण्ट,
बायो ग्यास प्लाण्ट लगायत फोहोरमैलाको सङ्कलन,
अस्न्तम विसजदन तिा प्रशोधनका लावग आिश्यक पने
पूिादधार तिा संरचनाको वनमादण तिा सञ्चालन गने
व्यिथिा छ।

36. • यसका सािै, फोहोरमैला सङ्कलन क
े न्द्र, थिानान्तरण
क
े न्द्र िा प्रशोधन थिलमा फावलएको िा रास्खएको
फोहोरमैला िा सरसफाइको वसलवसलामा जम्मा भएको
फोहोरमैलाको प्रबन्ध गने िा क
ु नै पवन वकवसमबाट
प्रयोग गने वजम्मेिारी थिानीय वनकायको हुने व्यिथिा
पवन उक्त र्फामा गररएको छ।
• सािै नगरको िातािरणलाई स्वच्छ, सफा र हराभरा
रास्खराख्न नगरले लगानी गनुदपने अिथिा उल्लेख छ।

37. • एउटा अनुसन्धानअनुसार हरेक वर्न ३० वमनेट
साइकल चलाउने मान्छे को वर्माग साधारण
व्यस्क्तको भन्दा बढी
सविय हुन्छ र वर्मागको
शस्क्त बढ्ने सम्भािना पवन
१५ र्ेस्ख २० प्रवतशतले बढ्छ |

38. अगावि बढ्न प्रक
ृ वतको पूजा

39. An example of a choice set

40. • जनगणना अनुसार- ३.१% पररिारसंग कार, भ्यान,
जीप छ २७.३% संग मोटरबाइक छ ३५.२% संग
साईकल छ ३४ .४ % संग क
े वह पवन छै न पैर्ल
यात्री छन् खोइ साइकल लेन र पैर्ल यात्रीको
सिक सुरक्षा ?

41. Banchare Dada

42. Role of SAFA URJA
• Safa Urja is a company that has been
actively involved in solid waste management
in Bharatpur, Khairahani, and Ratnanagar
Municipalities in Chitwan, Nepal.
• The company specializes in producing ‘SAFA
MAL’ organic compost from the municipal
waste collected from these municipalities.
• Their role in the solid waste management
process includes the following:

43. • Waste Collection: Safa Urja collaborates with the
municipalities to collect municipal waste from
households and businesses in Bharatpur, Khairahani,
and Ratnanagar.
• Waste Segregation: The company ensures proper
segregation of waste, separating organic waste
suitable for composting from non-recyclable waste.
• Composting Facility: Safa Urja operates a composting
facility where the organic waste is processed to
produce ‘SAFA MAL’ organic compost.
• This compost is used for agricultural purposes,
promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly
practices.

44. • Recycling and Resource Recovery: Safa Urja also
focuses on recycling and resource recovery from the
municipal waste to minimize the amount of waste sent to
landfills.
• The involvement of Safa Urja in organic compost
production plays a significant role in reducing the
environmental impact of solid waste and promoting
sustainable waste management practices in Bharatpur,
Khairahani, and Ratnanagar Municipalities.
• Safa Urja is providing training for waste sorting, Health
and safety.
• up cycle the waste by giving special training from one of
the Indian organization EKOKARI very soon.

45. Our Products

46. At the exhebition

47. Up cycle

48. Our Technolgy

49. Survey

50. Training and awareness

51. FOCUSED AREA
Renewable Energy
Eco system
Water
/Energyconservation
Waste to fertilizer /
Energy Management
Affordable Health
Sustainable /Circular
economy

52. References
• “Kaza, Silpa; Yao, Lisa C.; Bhada-Tata, Perinaz; Van Woerden,
Frank. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste
Management to 2050. Urban Development;. © Washington, DC:
WorldBank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30317 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30317
• https://safaurja.com/
• A review of comparative study on solid waste management practices in four
different cities in Asian countries
• Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy
Recommendations
• https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30366/solid-waste-
management-nepal.pdf
• COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CHITWAN
HOSPITAL AND BHARATPUR HOSPITAL OF CHITWAN DISTRICT

53. • Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), 2011 (Population projected
based on growth rate of Dhanusa District @ 1.35%).
• ADB, 2013, Resource Management in Nepal: Current Status and
Policy Recommendations (average per capita waste generation
taken 0.317 kg).
• Based on a study conducted by ADB in 2013, the total waste
generation of Ratnanagar is 0.312tons/day.
• ADB, 2013, ResourceManagement in Nepal: Current Status and
Policy Recommendations (average per capita waste generation
taken 0.317 kg).
• ADB, 2013, ResourceManagement in Nepal: Current Status and
Policy Recommendations
• https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramhari-poudyal-phd-
9b122261/details/featured/

54. Thank You!
• Thank you for listening
• Email rhpoudyal@gmail.com
• ramhari.poudyal@safaurja.com