१ फाल्गुन, २०७८ प्रविधिमार्फत फोहोर व्यवस्थापन गर्ने गरी पूर्वी चितवनका चार नगरपालिकालाई प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ । सफा उर्जा नामक गैरसहकारी संस्थाले चार पालिकाबाट निस्कने फोहोरको सामुहिक व्यवस्थापन गर्ने गरी प्रस्ताव गरेको हो । कार्यक्रममा सफा उर्जाका निर्देशक डा रामहरि पौडेलले फोहोर व्यवस्थापनमा पालिकाहरुको अवस्थाका कार्ययोजना प्रस्तुत गरेका थिए । https://echitwanpost.com/163834/2022021316/12/46/ फोहोरमैला व्यवस्थापनका चुनौतीः इतिहासदेखि वर्तमानसम्म https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/07/1160574 लेखक सफा ऊर्जाका निर्देशक हुन्। उक्त कम्पनीले हालसालै पूर्वी चितवनका चारवटा नगरपालिकामा (रत्ननगर, खैरहनी, कालिका र राप्तीमा फोहोर सम्बन्धी आधिकारिक तथ्यांकका लागि विस्तृत सर्भे गरेको छ। भरतपुर महानगरपालिकामा फलफूल मन्डीको फोहोरलाई व्यवस्थापन गरी प्रांगारिक मल बनाउने काम लिएसँगै मेडिकल वेस्टको बारेमा समेत वास्तविक सर्भे गर्दैछ।)

1. Feasibility Study Of ‘Integrated Resource Management In Nepal’
Milan Chowk, New Baneshwar
P.O.Box 19446, Kathmandu, Nepal
Prepared by Dr. Ramhari Poudyal
Board of Director

2. Why We Are Here?
विश्वका आधा जनसंख्या सहरी क्षेत्रमा
बसोबास गर्दछन्।
सन् २०५० सम्ममा ६.३ अबद मान्छे सहर
पस्नेछन् राम्रो भविष्यको खोजीमा।
यो ठ
ू लो जनसंख्यालाई सहरमा कसरी
व्यिस्थित गने भन्ने चुनौती यवतखेर
विश्व समुर्ायमा र्ेस्खन्छ।
The world generates 2.01 billion
tonnes of municipal solid waste
annually, with at least 33 % of that—
extremely conservatively—not
managed in an environmentally safe
manner.
2

3. To save our mother nature “Let’s take care of our earth as the
way she takes care of us”
Worldwide, waste generated per person per
day averages 0.74 kilogram but ranges
widely, from 0.11 to 4.54 Kilograms.
When looking forward, global waste is
expected to grow to 3.40 billion tonnes by
2050
Solid waste–related emissions are anticipated
to increase to 2.38 billion tonnes of CO2-
equivalent per year by 2050 if no
improvements are made in the sector.
3

4. There is a positive correlation between waste generation and
income level.
Daily per capita waste generation in high-income countries is
projected to increase by 19 percent by 2050, compared to low
and middle-income countries where it is expected to increase
by approximately 40% or more.
The total quantity of waste generated in low-income countries
is expected to increase by more than three times by 2050.
Plastic waste pollutes our land, rivers, oceans killing wildlife,
damaging ecosystems, and harming job sources like fisheries
and tourism?
4

5. Projected Waste Generation, By Region (Millions Of
Tonnes/Year)
5

6. Waste Collection Rates, By Income Level (Percent)
6

7. Global Waste Composition (Percent)
7

8. Global Treatment And Disposal Of Waste (Percent)
8

9. नगरपालिकाहरूको डम्पिङ साइट
पवछल्लो समय नेपालका वसमसारहरू अवतक्रमणको चपेटामा पर्ै गएका छन् । सहरी क्षेत्रका ओवसला र र्लर्ल क्षेत्र अवहले
फोहोर विसजदन थिल बनेका छन् ।
अवधकांस नगरपावलकाहरूको डस्िङ साइट नर्ी, वकनार, धान खेत र र्लर्ल क्षेत्र बनेका छन् । यसले जलीय जैविक
विविधतालाई असर गनुदको सािै त्यसमा आवित प्रजावतहरूलाई पवन असर गरेको भने हुन्छ । उद्योगको फोहोर नर्ीमा फाल्ने
प्रिृवि बढ्र्ो छ ।
वसमसारमा आवित चराहरूको संख्या घट्र्ो छ । यसमा वनभदर रहने िन्यजन्तुहरू घट्न िालेका छन् । तराई क्षेत्रमा हुने नर्ीजन्य
पर्ािदको अत्यवधक र्ोहनले पानीका स्रोतहरू सुक्न िालेका छन् । यसले त्यहााँ आउने चराप्रजावत लगायतका सरवसृप
जीिहरूलाई पवन प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाि र्ेस्खएको छ ।
वसमसार क्षेत्र जीिनका नसदरी हुन् जहााँ भोवलको मानि जातीको भवबष्य फ
ु ल्छ र फल्छ। कठै ! मानि जावत आफ्नै जीिनको नसदरी
मासेर वबकासको छलांग मारेको गुड्डी हाकी रहेको छ। भत्काई रहेको छ पुरातात्वीक क्षेत्र, मासी रहेको छ वसमसार। पुरररहेको छ
ऐवतहावसक पोखरीहरु, अवतक्रमण गरर रहेको छ सहरका हररत क्षेत्रहरु।
https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/opinion/735711-1644203308.html 9

10. Chitwan - Located In The Centre Of Nepal
10

11. स्माटट सहरमा पूर्ाटधारका तत्वहरू
11
–पयादप्त पानी आपूवतद
–वबजुली आपूवतदको आश्वासन
–सरसफाइ, ठोस फोहोर व्यिथिापनसवहत
–र्क्ष सहरी गवतशीलता र सािदजवनक यातायात
–वकफायती आिास, विशेष गरी गररबहरूका लावग
–कडा आईटी कनेस्िवभटी र वडवजटलीकरण
–शासन, विशेष गरी ई–शासन र नागररकको सहभावगता
–हररयाली िातािरण र जैविक विविधता
–नागररकहरूको सुरक्षा र सुरक्षा, विशेष गरी मवहला,
बालबावलका, अपाङ्ग र बूढा मावनसहरू
–स्वास्थ्य र वशक्षा ।
Rapid urbanisation and inexorable mass movement of
people towards urban areas create an unsustainable
setup.
It is expected that by 2050 the world's population will
reach 9.5 billion with more than 66 % living in cities.

12. Total Population Daily waste generation (ton/day)
Ratnanagar 82,224 26.073
Rapti 67225 21.314
Kalika 49,138 15.585
Khairahani 66,033 20.936
Total 264,620 83.89
Average Waste Composition (% by weight)7 Organic 74
Reusable/Recyclables 23.67
Others (Including Hazardous Waste) 2.33
PROJECT LOCATION
Province Province 3
Land Availability Yes
12
Silent Feature Of The Proposed Project

13. Proposed Site For Solid Waste Management
13
The proposed site for Resource
Management is shown here in the
Google map
This location is very centre for the
nearby municipalities as well.
We have the contract for lease up
to 25 years.
We can extend the area according
to our future requirements.

14. 14
Project Component / Technology
Anaerobic Digestion • Mesophilic (35-38 degree Centigrade) / Thermophilic (above 50degree centigrade),
• The methane gas will be compressed, bottled and sold to the local market
• Compost will be formed and sold to the local market as organic fertiliser
Market assessment
Project Demand
Scenario
• There is pressure on municipalities to Improve and modernise the collection
methods and disposal technology.
• There is a need to reduce the pressure on waste disposal practices and prices
• 80% reduction in the current volume of waste going to the landfill site, which will
extend the life of the landfill site in the future.
• The creation of renewable energy and other environmental benefits

15. Development Modality
1 DEVELOPMENT MODALITY Public-Private Partnership
2 Role of Government of Nepal ▪Facilitation ▪ Acquisition of land ▪ Security ▪ Project Monitoring
3 Roles Private Sector ▪ DPR ▪ Project Development ▪ Investment & Infrastructure development
▪ Operation and Management ▪ Project transfer after concession Period
4 Development Period
a Pre-Construction Period
b. Financial Closure
c. Construction Period
d. Concession Period
▪6 Months
▪ 6 Months
▪ 3 Years
▪ 25 Years
15

16. Financing Project
16
1 Total Project Cost
(Including IDC)
5.50 Million (USD)
2 Interest Rate 12%
3 Equity IRR 15.08%
4 NPV Equity 0.345 Million (USD)
5 Debt Equity Ratio 70:30
Financing solid waste
management systems is a
significant challenge, even more
so for ongoing operational costs
than for capital investments, and
operational costs need to be taken
into account upfront.
Lower-income countries spend
less on waste operations in
absolute terms, with costs of about
$35 per tonne and sometimes
higher, but these countries
experience much more difficulty in
recovering costs.

17. 17
Typically, local governments cover about 50% of investment costs for waste systems, and the remainder
comes mainly from national government subsidies and the private sector.

18. Project Features
18
Name of Municipality Total Population Daily waste generation (ton/day)
Ratnanagar 82,224 26.0714
Rapti 67,225 21.3115
Kalika 49,138 15.58
Khairahani 66,033 20.93
Total 264,620 83.88
Average Waste Organic 74
Composition (% by weight) Reusable/Recyclables 23.67
Others (Incl Hazardous Waste) 2.33
Project Components Source Segregation Collection
Transportation Recycling
Processing Disposal

19. Population of Municipalities
19

20. WASTE GENERATION PER DAY
20

21. AVERAGE WASTE COMPOSITION (% By WEIGHT)
21

22. 22
Source Segregation

23. 23
Waste Minimization Pyramid
Waste minimization plans will help
minimize the waste from the
preliminary stages and at source.
Generally, 4R’s
(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and
Recover) principles are in practice

24. 24
Tentative Land Requirement For Sanitary Landfill Site Management
Municipality Total
Population
Total
Waste
organic matters (Food waste,
vegetable/fruit waste, green
leaves, animal excreta,
slaughter waste, Straw,
bamboo, woody waste, dry
leaves, etc.) [74%]
Reusable /
recyclable (Metal,
paper, glass, plastic)
[28.15%]
Others (including
hazardous waste)
[0.32%]
Ratnanagar 82,224 26.07 19.29 6.17 0.61
Rapti 49,138 21.31 15.77 5.04 0.50
Kalika 49,138 15.58 11.53 3.69 0.36
Khairahani 66,033 20.93 15.49 4.95 0.49
Total 264,620 83.88 62.07 19.86 1.95

25. 25
Quantity And Composition Of Waste
Product Quantity/day Approximate rate
(NPR./KG)
Possible Market /area of use
Compressed Biogas(Kg) 2309 85 Restaurants, Hotels, etc.
Sale of fertiliser (Kg) 993.12 15 Agro market
Pesticides (liter) 8272.69 8 Agro Market
Reusable & Recyclables
(Kg)
16881 8 Scrap collection center and
Industry

26. SWOT Analysis
26

27. ● Weakness
 Lack of awareness .
 Misconception about landfill site .
 Lack of environmental knowledge .
 Technical deficiency .
 Lack of funding
● Threats
 Opposition from the local people because of the lack of understanding to differentiate between
processing and landfill.
 Lack of investment in infrastructure due to economic crisis .
 Poor management .
 Workers Strike
27

28. ● Opportunities
 Cost recovery of solid waste management related services .
 effective establishment of market for different end products
 Co-partnership with local waste management company like Obifert,
 Global partnership with young local various sector of experts.
● Strengths
 Improved hygiene and cleanliness .
 Source of Income for Sub-Metropolitan/Municipality (as some royalty has to be paid by the
developer) .
 There will be no annual solid waste management cost for concerned authority .
 The partner municipalities have one kind of informal consent among themselves to develop the
project .
 Source Segregation
28

29. 29
Project Requirement
Particulars Amount in USD
Land -
Civil Structure 484,900
Machinery 4,315,608
Others 48,490
Interest During Construction 639,965
Total Project cost 5,488,962

30. Cost Composition
30

31. 31
Investment Pattern
Component Percentage Amount In USD
Equity 30.00% 1,646,689
Debt 70.00% 3,842,273
Total 5,488,962

32. 32
The total Resource collection of Ratnanagr package
% of composition
Organic 62 74.00%
Reusable/Recyclables 20 23.68%
Inert 0 0.00%
Others (Including Hazardous Waste) 2 2.32%
Total 84

33. 33
Collection of the Resources
Household Collection Efficiency
From To
Efficiency
0 year 3 year 0%
4 year 13 year 50%
14 year 28 year 60%

34. 34
Output
Output Per day Output in KGS
Output- Gas 2309
Output - organic fertilizer 993.12
Output- Reusable/Recycles 16881
Output – Pesticide 8272.69
The output is assumed to increase at the rate of 2.06% per annum, based on the
population growth rate.

35. Map of Ratnanagar
35

36. Map of Rapti
36

37. Map of Kalika
37

38. Map of Khairahani
38

39. Conclusion
39
“A Journey of thousand miles begins with a single step.” - Chinese Proverb
● Without the first step, the aim of walking those millions of step will be
just an aim and not an objective.
● Nepal is probably the most beautiful country of the world hence the
overwhelming views of beautiful Himalayas and the cultural and
traditional ethnicity.

40. Executive Summary
40
1. Resource management is one of the critical problems globally.
2. Municipalities in Nepal face Rapid Urbanization, rising population growth,
skyrocketing modern throwaway culture, reduced landfill capacity, and
increasing disposal costs have made this issue a foremost challenge in recent
years.
3. This is going to be shoddier in the coming years.
4. So, we must recognise this challenge and prepare ourselves for a better
future.
5. In light of the above situation, We Safa Urja is here to help our local
municipalities to enhance the resource Management with very updated
technologies of the world.

41. Executive Summary
41
6. The primary purpose of this study is to reflect the current scenario of waste
management in proposed locations.
7. It includes Ratnanagar Municipality, Rapti Municipality, Kalika Municipality, and
Khairahani Municipality of Province 3 and to document the technical and
economic viability of the project.
8. The study included both primary and secondary data collection methods.
9. Preliminary data were collected through visiting each municipality and speaking
to the local peoples, stakeholders, the mayors, deputy mayors and other local
government officials, whereas the secondary data were collected from different
sources like Government reports, Plan and policies of additional years from the
Planning Commission, Central Statistical Bureau, Journal articles and other
verifiable and credible sources.

42. 10. This project seems best suited to be developed in a public-private partnership
(PPP) model where GON will help get the necessary land for the project,
including the ground for developing transfer stations, processing plants, and
landfill sites.
11. Furthermore, the developer also tries their best to get suitable lease land for
the immediate starting of the project.
12. The developer will then develop the entire infrastructure necessary for the
smooth implementation of the project and will operate the project for 25 years,
which will then be transferred to GON in good operating condition.
13. The study looked into the technical and financial aspects of this project.
14. It concluded that the project is technically and financially viable with the total
expected cost of around 5.5 Million USD (including interest component during
construction period) and Equity IRR of 15.08%. P 42
Contd..

43. ● Within these years, Nepal’s lack of proper resource management and the
Himalayas full of plastics and other non-degradable wastes have taken the
spotlight over Nepal’s beautifulness.
● If a proper solution is not taken as soon as possible, Nepal’s proudness and
economy could see a noticeable reduction.
● Lack of innovative initiatives in the country is a handicap that the young
generation should start filling the breeze with.
● In light of above, we are here gathering more than 100 young local people come
together to face this challenge.
43
Final Remarks

44. Contd..
● Nepal hasn’t taken any initiative yet. With this scope, Resource Management
as a long-term solution for the undergoing problem could one of the most
effective, low cost and viable option.
● With an appropriate amount of agreements with the 4 municipalities, it has
been proven that within a few years, the project will be totally amortized with
the company obtaining important amount of benefits.
● This feasibility study concludes with the positive viability of the project
obtaining interesting amount of benefits and helping the mother earth to
remain as green as always.
44

45. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), 2011 (Population projected based on growth rate of Dhanusa District @ 1.35%).
ADB, 2013, ResourceManagement in Nepal: Current Status and Policy Recommendations (average per capita waste generation taken 0.317
kg).
Based on a study conducted by ADB in 2013, the total waste generation of Ratnanagar is 0.312tons/day.
ADB, 2013, ResourceManagement in Nepal: Current Status and Policy Recommendations (average per capita waste generation taken 0.317
kg).
ADB, 2013, ResourceManagement in Nepal: Current Status and Policy Recommendations
Towards sustainable municipal organic waste management in south Asia, A guide book for policy makers and practitioners, ADB, 2011
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS),2011, Population Monograph (Growth rate @2.06%)
ADB, 2013, Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current status and Policy Recommendations (average per capita waste generation taken 0.317 kg)
ADB, 2013, Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current status and Policy Recommendations
ADB, 2013, Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current status and Policy Recommendations
ADB, 2013, Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current status and Policy Recommendations
World Bank, 2072, Public-Private Partnership Policy https://www.britannica.com/technology/solid-waste-management
References