presentasi tentang materi pertemuan ke 1

1. Kharisma Reza.
Dexie R.
Cicilia Intan
Gracia Cindy.
Novitasary S.
Romeana.
Human Development

2. Focus Question.
 How do learners differ in their stage development?
 What are five aspects of human development that
should guide curriculum planners?
 What is the “problem of the match,” and how does it
influence curriculum planning
 What are the salient characteristics of learners’
cognitive, psychosocial, and moral development?

3. Human development
 Human development throughout the life span is a
significant basis of the curriculum.
 Now, with the increasing significance of lifelong learning,
curriculum planners must also focus attention on human
development during early childhood, middle age, and later
manurity.
 Knowledge of human development enables curriculum
planners to design curricula that are shaped, in part, by the
nature and needs of individual learners.
 The concept of stages of human development is a useful
tool for understanding the needs of learners at various
levels of education, but it cannot define the development of
any one learner at particular age.

4. Five aspects of human development
 The biological basis of
individual differences
Physical Maturation
Intellectual development
and achievement
Emotional growth and
development
Cultural and social
development

5. Piaget’s Model of Cognitive
Development
 Piaget (1936) was the first psychologist to
make a systematic study of cognitive
development.
 Before Piaget’s work, the common
assumption in psychology was that children
are merely less competent thinkers than
adults. Piaget showed that young children
think in strikingly different ways compared to
adults.
 To Piaget, cognitive development was a
progressive reorganization of mental
processes as a result of biological
maturation and environmental experience.

6. Piaget believed that children think differently than
adults, and stated they go through 4 stages of cognitive
development.

7. Erikson’s theory out famous theory the development of
psychosocial. This development theory is one of the best
personality and psychology theory.
Erikson believes that personality development provided into
some stages.
Erikson's psychosocial development level provided in
8 levels to be passed since infancy to adulthood.
These are the stages :
Erikson’s Model of Psychosocial Development

8. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age Stage Important Event
Infancy
Birth to - 18 months
Trust vs Mistrust Feeding
Early childhood
18 month - 3 years
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Toilet training
Play age
3 - 6 years
Initiative vs Guilt Independence
School age
6 - 12 years
Industry vs Inferiority School
Adolescence
12 - 18 years
Identity vs Role confusion Peer relationship
Young adulthood
19 - 40 years
Intimacy vs Isolation Love relationship
Middle adulthood
40 - 65 years
Generativity vs Stagnation Parenting
Late adulthood
65 – Death
Integrity VS Despair Reflection on and acceptance of one’s life

9. Kohlberg and Giligan’s Models for
Moral Development.
 In “The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Moral
Education” Kohlberg states that moral principles are
ultimately “principles of justice”, and that at each
stage of moral development the concept of justice is
reorganized.
 Carol Giligan, at one point a colleague of Kohlberg’s,
believe that his research depends too heavily on
studies of men and women’s moral judgements are
more likely to reflect care and concern for others.
 In “”Woman’s Place in Man;s Life Cycle” Giligan
examines these two understanding of responsibility
and relationships, while the male perspective is based
on right and rules.

11. Conclusion
 1. Although stages of human development can be ide-
ntified, no two individuals are same.
 2. Knowing how development occurs in each of these
areas helps curriculum planner and teachers identify
two important curriculum criteria that should be reflec-
ted in the curriculum: individual differences and contin
uity, measurable, and sustainable in learning.

12. For your attention!
Thank You