The document discusses several infectious diseases including malaria, typhus, and hemorrhagic fever. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission mechanisms, epidemiology, symptoms, and prevention strategies for each disease. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and spread by body lice. Hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg are viral infections transmitted through contact with infected animals or people. Prevention involves identifying and treating infected individuals, controlling vectors, vaccinations, and isolating patients.
3. Circulation of the parasite in
zoonoses
animal arthropods animal
Human Human arthropods Human
4. Malaria
u it is an infectious disease caused by protozoa (Plasmodium
falciparum) and is characterized by typical attacks of fever with the
correct frequency, development of anemia, hepatosplenomegaly
u Pathogen - Type Protozoa, class Sporozoa, family Plasmodiuae,
genus Plasmodium
u Species: P. ovale (3-day), P. falciparum (tropical), P. vivax (3-day), P.
malariae (4-day), P. knowlesi
5. Epidemiology of malaria
u The source of the pathogen - the patient, the parasite
u Transmission mechanism - transmissible;
u Possibly - when transfusing infected donor blood, when using
insufficiently sterilized instruments, transplacental
u Carrier - a female malaria mosquito of the genus Anopheles
u Seasonality - summer-autumn, in the tropics - all year round
u Susceptibility - high
6. PREVENTION OF MALARIA
u Sanitary protection of the territory of the state from import (quarantine
infection)
u Registration required
u Full identification of the sources of the pathogen and their treatment
(registration of all persons who came from areas disadvantaged by
malaria; dispensary observation for 2 years with mandatory
parasitoscopy; preventive and anti-relapse courses; prohibition of
donation)
u Sterilization of instruments
u If a patient or carrier is found, a parasitoscopic examination of family
members is performed
u Anti-mosquito measures (reclamation, use of insecticides, repellents)
u Chemoprophylaxis
7. Typhus
u Acute infectious disease caused by Provachek's rickettsiae.
Manifested by fever, intoxication, specific rashes, lesions of the
nervous and cardiovascular systems, hepatosplenomegaly.
u Epidemic typhus
u Sporadic (recurrent) typhus (Brill's disease)
8. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TYPHOSIS
u The source of the pathogen - a sick person (last 2 days of
incubation, during the entire period of fever, 2 days after its
cessation)
u Transmission mechanism - transmissible (vector - clothing, sometimes
head lice), in the laboratory - through the conjunctiva of the eye
u Susceptibility - general
u Seasonality is the cold season
u Factors contributing to the spread - social upheaval, population
infestation ("military", "hungry", "prison")
9. Features of Brill's disease
u Recurrence of previously transmitted typhus
u Epidemiologically -
lack of lice and the source of the pathogen
mostly elderly people get sick, more often city dwellers
there is no seasonality
u Clinically -
the course is easier
the period of fever is shorter
roseola rash or absent
10. Prevention of typhus
u Early diagnosis and hospitalization of the patient
u Medical supervision of contacts in the cell -
51 days for typhus: 21 days (maximum incubation period) + 30 days
(lifespan of infected lice) and 25 days for Brill disease:
daily thermometry, examination for pediculosis, sanitation, chamber
disinsection of the patient's belongings, serological examination of
persons who had a fever in the last 3 months.
In case of an outbreak - daily yard patrols of all residents of the
settlement
u Fight against pediculosis
u Specific prophylaxis - vaccination according to epidemiological
indications (chemical typhoid vaccine)
emergency prophylaxis - antibiotics + butadione
11. HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
Acute viral natural focal infections, characterized by fever,
hemorrhagic syndrome, lesions of various organs
u Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
u Hemorrhagic fever Crimea-Congo
u Omsk hemorrhagic fever
u Hemorrhagic fevers Lassa, Marburg, Ebola (contagious)
u Yellow fever
12. Epidemiology
u The source of the pathogen - rodents, in addition to the Crimean
Congo fever - wild and domestic animals, mites, for Ebola and
Marburg fever - monkeys. With contagious fevers, a person is also
contagious.
u The transmission mechanism is transmissible (through ticks and
mosquitoes), with GGNS - also dust, food, contact; with contagious
GG - drip and contact (through non-sterile instruments); possible
nosocomial outbreaks and secondary diseases in families (ONI).
13. Anti-epidemic measures in case of detection
of a patient with quarantine infection
(contagious hemorrhagic fevers)
u immediate isolation of the patient and his treatment;
u discharge of patients after clinical recovery;
u identification and hospitalization of persons suspected of ONI in a
makeshift hospital;
u detection and isolation for the maximum incubation period (17
days) in the isolator of all those who came into contact with the
corpses of the deceased or their belongings (in the absence of
clinical symptoms);
u establishment of territorial quarantine;
u daily yard rounds of all inhabitants of the settlement unfavorable on
ONI (with thermometry);
u disinfection measures (including - disinsection, deratization)
u according to epidemiological indications - vaccination against
yellow fever
