Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Psychology
Psychology Subject

Week 1
What do you think about the
scenario?

1
A: (Perception) Maybe Amy likes to walk pass the campus which has the grass area for a bit of exercise
and get some fresh air just like other people. It could be the day that students are taking their transcript
results. (Attention) Amy saw someone familiar, it could be her friend. (Memory) She recognizes her
friend, his name, the movie and her appointment. (Reasoning) She couldn’t talk for long, because she
has to go for her appointment.
B: They seem like a close friends and Amy decided to catch up with that guy on a movie which they
could possibly watched it together last night before leaving for her appointment.
C: I see two people walking around their campus. They seems to be talking with each other happily,
and they look like close friends to me.
D: They are friend and they are talking about the movie they watched last night and for meanwhile
Amy suddenly remember she need to go for the Advisor’s office and then she ends up the conversation
to leave for arrived there on time.

2
A Memory - Amy talks about the movie she watched last night with her friend
A Decision Making - Amy decided to say goodbye to her friend and heads off toward her advisor’s office because she
has an appointment
B Perception - Amy recognizes her friend when she was walking across campus and they conversed with each other
about the movie they saw last night.
C Attention - Amy is focus to her own plan, & she realizes the topic she going to chat with her friend is not that
important than the appointment, so she make the decision to heads off the advisor’s office, but the attention turning
causing she overlook her friend, which sometimes could be disrespectful in other’s mind.
D Amy want to go for appointment and she meet her friend but the attention of appointment is more than attention of
her friend so she go for appointment after she meet her friend. Thought is that appointment more important. Decision
making: go for appointment. Memory: She remember that she has an appointment.
E Thought - Amy was able to think about the contents of the movie she saw last night and discuss it with her for
friend for a short moment of time while simultaneously thinking about the appointment she has to head to.

3
A: She try to remember her friend name while across the campus . They recall something very funny
about the movie were they watched last night. (Memory).
B: Amy walked across the campus after lunch and she saw her best friend (Attention), Jason
(Perception). She stopped (Perception) and recalled the horror movie they had watched yesterday
(Memory). They started to discuss with each other (Language) about the movie yet she gotta go
because (Reasoning) she remembered her meeting with her advisor (Memory) which about her next
term schedule (Attention).
C: She talks about the movie they watched last night this is memory and suggest it to him to watch that
movie(perception ) but she decided to say bye because she focused on her plan which is meet her
supervisor to talk about her project paper (attention)

4
A - she is trying to get to her appointment as fast as she can (decision making)
B - she recall that she have an appointment( memory)
C - She recalls about the scenes of the movie (memory), before remembering that she
probably recalled the name of her friend as soon as she recognized her (perception).
D - Her friend captures her attention and they discuss the movie that they watched
yesterday when she walk across the campus (attention)
E - Amy is able to see the campus and walk out. She sees her friend and can hear her (
perception) Amy remembers that she has an appointment at the advisors ofﬁce and also
remembers the movie they watched last night ( memory). She focuses on going to the ofﬁce
while having small talk about the movie ( attention). Amy is able to understand her friend in
the language that is being spoken and can reply to her ( language). While walking she has
decided to end the conversation by saying goodbye so she will be able to go for her
appointment (reasoning).

5
A - Which campus are they across? (Perception) Look like they are
study in UK
B - Her friend captured Amy’s attention and reminds her of the
movie that they watched together yesterday, while she’s walking
across the campus. Attention & Memory.
C - What language they spoke each other? (Language)
D - Reasoning and Decision making. Amy had to leave for a
appointment

Week 1
History of Cognitive Psychology

1
Cognitive laboratories
were beginning to be
built
In the 1980s and 1990s
serious efforts were
made to ﬁnd
corresponding neural
components that were
linked to cognitive
constructs.
1950s
Cognitive psychology
began to take form as a
new way of understanding
the science of the mind.
Research discoveries in
memory, learning, and
attention as well as ideas
outside of the mainstay of
experimental psychology
were mainly focused on.
HISTORY OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
The emergence of
professional journals
devoted to cognitive
psychology such as
● Cognitive
Psychology
● Cognition
● Memory &
Cognition
Cognitive psychology
became predominant in
the 1960s
By the 1960s, cognitive
psychology had
experienced a
renaissance
In 1960, Miller founded
the Center for Cognitive
Studies at Harvard
1960s 1970s 1980s

2
● History of Cognitive Psychology
History
● In 1800s, Paul Broca discovered the area of the brain where language
is produced.
● Carl Wernicke discovered the area of the brain where language is
comprehended.
● From 1920s to 1950s, behaviorism was the predominant theory of
psychology.
● When Noam Chomsky critique behaviorism, he suggested cognitive
psychology as a better way to approach the study of the mind.
● The father of cognitive psychology - Aaron Beck, he wrote extensively
on this branch of study.

3
1885,
Ebbinghaus
forgetting curve.
Humans start losing
the memory of
learned knowledge
over time.
1821-1894
Helmholtz theory
Trichromatic color
vision - The manner
in which the visual
system gives rise to
the phenomenological
experience of color.
1890
Functionalism
theory
Focus on the
function of the
mind.
Behaviourism
All languages contain
similar structures and
rules (a universal
grammar), that children
everywhere acquire
language the same way,
and without much effort,
seems to indicate that
we're born wired with the
basics already present in
our brains.
General Problem
Solver
1972, Newell and
Simon contributed the
theory of the
individuals solve
problems through a
problem space via
heuristic search. This
theory remains at the
core of our
understanding of how
individuals approach
unfamiliar problems.
1948: Norbert Wiener published Cybernetics
and Tolman showing that animals had
internal representation of behavior
1956: Birth of
Cognitive
Psychology
1960: Miller founds
the Center for
Cognitive Studies
1968: Process models
of memory Atkinson &
Shiffrin’s Multi-Store
Model

4
History of cognitive psychology
● Cognitive psychology began with utilizing cognitive approaches towards psychological problems. It
was used by psychologist such as Wilhelm Wundt, Raymond Cattell and William James during the
late 1800’s and early 1900’s
● Behaviorism was the dominant school of thought in psychology until the 1950s
● Between 1950 and 1970, the tide began to turn against behavioral psychology in favor of topics such
as attention, memory, and problem solving. It's often called the cognitive revolution
● In the 1980’s and 1990’s serious efforts were made to find corresponding neural components that
were linked to cognitive constructs

5
● In 1960, Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard was
founded by Miller with Jerome Bruner, a famous
cognitivist developmentalist.
● In 1967, Ulric Neisser (founder of Cognitive Psychology)
publishes “Cognitive Psychology”, which marks the
official beginning of the cognitive approach.
● Cognitive psychology began to take form as a new way of
understanding the science of the mind during the late
1950s.
● Research in verbal learning and semantic organization led
to the development of testable models of memory and
cognition, providing another empirical base for the study
of mental processes.
Cognitive Revolution
● In 1950s, Cognitive Psychology as a brand new of
understanding the science of the mind.
● These are research by memory, learning, attention
and etc.
● In 1956s, a seminar paper present by Noam
Chomsky, Jerome Bruner, Allen Newell and Herbert
Simon, and George Miller.
● At the same time, Cognitive psychologists rejected
the traditional, simple theory of mind, but in many
cases still insist on the scientific methodology
developed in the early twentieth century.

4

Week 2
Based on sensation,
how do you know (suspect) when you have Covid-19?

1
Smell
Here are some symptoms of Covid-19 through
the sense of smell:
- Blocked nose
- Suffocation of breathing
- Loss of smell
- Shortness of breath
- Runny or stuffy nose

2
TASTE
● Common symptoms of COVID-19 include a loss of taste.
● It’s believed that people with COVID-19 will likely experience loss of taste as a consequence of
having loss of smell.
Sensation
● Loss of taste is caused by the interruption in the transfer of taste sensations to the brain,
or by a problem with the way the brain interprets these sensations.
Perception
● When someone loses his or her taste, the brain organizes and interprets the sensory
information as COVID-19 symptoms
● Thus, the individual will take the COVID-19 test.

3
Sight
Based on data, doctors believe that 1%-3% of people with COVID-19 will get conjunctivitis, also called
pinkeye.
Eyes can be dry and tired, and it's not uncommon to gain an eye infection.
Symptoms
Red
Swollen
Itchy

How the conjunctivitis happened?
- When the virus infects a tissue of eye called conjunctiva, which covers the white part of your eye
or the inside of your eyelids, and cause an eye infection.

4
Touch
● Muscles pain, Aches, Itchy. Example : Lim will know that he have covid-19 when he touches some part of his body and
mostly felt his muscles pain or itchy.
● Stomach ache (diarrhoea). Example : After a normal meal, Layla start to have diarrhoea more than twice a day.
● High Fever (38°c above) . Example, Lily go to the grocery mall to buy the basic need and before Lily enter the shop and
she need to scan the infrared thermometer to check her temperature and her temperature is 38°c.
Perception
● People avoid touching objects and having contact with others as it is known that it contributes in spreading the virus.
● People will always sanitize or wash their hands after accidentally touches some people’s hand out there or something at
public.

5
Sense: Hearing
Example: We will receive the phone call from the hospital that someone who
might be in the surrounding that others got the positive case at the workplace,
because we are staying together with that person. After we have gone to the
hospital to have the test done, we will have to wait for another call again to see if
our test results are positive or negative. Once the we have picked up the phone,
we will hear the test result from the hospital.
Perception: If we learn that it is positive, then we will start to feel worry, sad and
afraid.
Symptoms: Tinnitus, hearing loss

Week 3
Bottom-Up or Top-Down
Processing?

1
1. I realized that my mother’s amniotic
ﬂuid broke and the baby was about to
be born.
2. A person's face is pale and I think
he/ she is sick.

2
On a cooking game show, the contestants
need to participate in a “Blind Taste” test
as part of the challenge. They have to
guess what they were eating without
seeing what the chefs are going to put in
their mouth.
Minnie sent an important document to her
boss and proceed to hit 'Send'. Only after the
message has been sent for 3o seconds, she
felt uneasy and proofread it once again and
spotted three typos in the ﬁrst few sentence
which then made her expressed a sigh.

3
When Beca went on a picnic with her friends,
she saw her another friend is at the other
side with a guy and she holding the hand
with the guy.
While I was eating at the roadside stall.
I heard a loud “BANG” and assumed
that an accident just occurred.

4
● All of the sudden i am feeling a
strange stomach pain
●

5
In a Mooncake Festival, the public is given a
chance to make a guess about the weight of
the mooncake. With such a big size of
mooncake, do you know what is the actual
weight of this big size of mooncake?
Before a patient went to have a shoulder
X-ray done, she was positioned in certain
posts. She found the positions are interesting
and felt that she were having a photo
shooting instead!

1
Broadbent’s Filter Model
➢ Broadbent suggested that our capacity to process information is limited in terms of capacity, and our selection of
information to process takes place early on in the perceptual process.
➢ All stimuli are first processed based upon physical properties that include color, loudness, direction, and pitch. Our
selective filters then allow for certain stimuli to pass through for further processing while other stimuli are rejected.
➢ According to Broadbent the meaning of any of the messages is not taken into account at all by the filter.
➢ All semantic processing is carried out after the filter has selected the message to pay attention to. So whichever
messages restricted by the bottleneck is not understood.

2
Selective attention ( Treisman's Attenuation Model)
★ Treisman agrees with Broadbent's theory of an early bottleneck ﬁlter. However, the difference is
that Treisman's ﬁlter attenuates rather than eliminates the unattended material.Attenuation is
like turning down the volume so that if you have 4 sources of sound in one room (TV, radio,
people talking, baby crying) you can turn down or attenuate 3 in order to attend to the fourth.
This means that people can still process the meaning of the attended messages.
★ When were in a noisy environment ,we still pay attention to the sound we wanna listen to.
★ For example if you are in a situation where your mum is yelling at you for breaking a vase but
you have your earphones on. And you have the choice to choose which would sound better .

3
Treisman attenuation theory: Dictionary Unit
What is Dictionary Unit?
- stores words, has a different threshold for activation
- more common/ important words have a lower threshold and can be
detected easily (no need come through the full force and pay attention
easily)
High
Low
Signal
strength
have
to
be
activate
Gojou
Satoru
Your
name
Dog

4
Late-Selection Model
● Deutsch and Deutsch suggests that all information in the unattended ear is processed based on the meaning,
not just the selected or highly pertinent information.
● Only the information that is relevant for the task response gets into conscious awareness.
● This model is consistent with ideas of subliminal perception
● One don’t have to be aware of or attending messages for it to be fully processed for meaning.

5
Dichotic Listening Task
● Investigated by Psychologist Colin Cherry
● Investigated how people track certain conversations while mediating other conversations.
● Participants were asked to listen to both messages at the same time and then repeat what
they heard. This is known as dichotic listening task.
● It’s easy to pay attention to one message and repeat it but, would not know the content of
the other messages.
● If the content of unattended message suddenly switched (such as switching from English
language to Bahasa Melayu language), only a few participants would notice it.

A Difficult Choice
Question: You and your family love the beach and decide travel to Bali islands. So you decide to
take five days off to go to the Bali. You and your family was so excited especially your sister and
brother. As soon as you arrived the Bali island, a storm was looming on the horizon and the water
looked choppy. Your mother tells your brother and sister that they can prepare for swimming.They
run down to the beach. Suddenly, you hear your brother and sister scream. You realize they are both
caught in a strong current and might be swept out to sea. You are a good swimmer and you know
you just can save one person either your sister or brother.
Answer: I will find the lifeguard or the man that is good in swimming help me save my brother and I will
save my sister. The reason is this is a very difficult choice for me and I don’t want lost both of them so I
will think a great idea which is find help from other people.

Hit and Run
Question: Late one night you are driving home in a bad rainstorm. A drunk reels
out in front of your car and you try to stop, but hit him. Nobody sees you. The guy
looks and smells as if he is homeless. You check to see how badly he is hurt and
realize he is dead. You have never even had a speeding ticket and are an upright,
professional, with a family and are well-known and respected in your community.
Do you make a report anonymously, confess your crime, or drive on home and
forget about it, knowing no one is going to pursue the death of a homeless drunk?
Answer: I'll report it and tell the police what happened. I choose to report it
because I did run over the homeless man, even if I didn't mean to. No one knew,
but it was wrong to run away, and my conscience would be troubled

Sarcastic friend
Question : Your friend has a great sense of humour. However, sometimes his jokes involve making fun
of others in inappropriate ways. He will point out a physical flaw or look for something odd or different
about a person and make an unkind comment. You feel uncomfortable when your friend does this. Do
you say something or just laugh along with him?
Answer: I would be feeling uncomfortable and might irritated with his action, because I think that
making fun of others is not a funny things to be talk about even thought that he as my best friend, I also
will told to him that is inappropriate to make fun with others because everyone worthy of being
respected.

Pass or fail?
Question: You are failing a class you were required to take but
totally hate. You have an online exam. If you fail the exam, you
will fail the class. You can cheat without anyone knowing. Do you
do so and pass the class?
Answer: I would rather fail because if I pass by cheating, the
grade would not mean anything and I would feel guilty for it for a
really long time. As a student, it is my responsibility to at least try
therefore I’d rather try my best and fail than passing without any
effort.

Telling a Secret
Question: Your friend tells you that they committed a crime. They explain that they
are having trouble sleeping at night and feel you are the only one they can trust with
their confession. A few days later, you read in the paper that someone has been
arrested for your friend’s crime. Do you:
● Go to the police and tell them what you know?
● Encourage your friend to confess and warn him if he does not do so, you will tell?
● Say nothing because you will not betray a friend’s conﬁdence?
Answer: I would encourage my friend to confess what he had done to the authorities
and I will warn him that if he does not confess i would have to turn him in myself.
However, my conscience would deeply trouble me to keep such a “secret" only
because the friend conﬁding in me, trusts only me but i have to do what is right

An Office Theft
You are in charge of the petty cash at the oﬃce. However, a co-worker is responsible for making a weekly trip to the
bank to make the business deposit and obtain petty cash for the following week. In a conversation with your mutual
supervisor, you are asked if the increase in the petty cash amount was enough. You, however, have not seen any
additional money. You realize your co-worker has been pocketing the additional money. What would you do?
Answer: I would firstly confront them and make them realize that they are doing something that is considered as
illegal and horrible. Then, if they admit to their mistakes, I would then give them a second chance to make up to it
by giving them a maximum of two days to transfer the money back to the company but if they refrained, i would
have to immediately reach out to the supervisor and have them go through the situation by the law where he or she
would face criminal charges.

The Unfaithful Friend
You go out with your husband for dinner at a new restaurant you have not frequented before. It is in
a part of town you rarely visit. You are shocked to see your friend’s spouse having dinner with a very
young, attractive person. From the way they are behaving, it is obvious they are more than friends.
The couple ﬁnish their meal and leave without seeing you. They behave very aﬀectionately on the
way out the door
Question
❏ Tell your friend, knowing you probably will not be believed and that it may ruin your friendship?
❏ Say nothing about seeing the couple as it is none of your business; they may even have an open
relationship?
Answer : I would tell them regardless of whether or not they believe me and even if it means ruining our
friendship. I wouldn’t want to keep something like this all to myself without telling them. It‘s better for me
to tell it to them rather than having a random person they don’t even know say it and it would be terrible to
call myself a “friend” but not tell them things as crucial as this. If they tell me that they were in an open
relationship i would tell them that i didn’t mean to bombard into their private life as i was only concerned.

Midnight Death
Question:
You have worked years to be successful in your father’s business. You felt you were obligated to take over
as he worked his whole life to build the business left to him by his father. However, the large businesses in
town have seriously cut into profits and for several years you and your family have just managed to scrape
by.
Your father’s health has declined and he has been hospitalized. He has a substantial life insurance policy
that expires at midnight. If he dies before midnight, you will inherit enough money to pursue a career you
have always dreamed of and provide adequately for your family.
Answer:
Actually, I am not able to make any of the decision for other people, even though my parents. I cannot
allow myself to be that selfishness, especially killing the father who grow me up, but I am sure that, if I
can handle my father’s business, I shall be an independent individual.
Therefore, I know no matter how many times I hesitating, I will make the decision to tell my father the
truth, with no choices to choose, whether dead in this midnight or future, as this is not a question that the
human-being can do, but the fate. Family is everything in my life, love and tolerance them in any
situation.

Third Strike
Question: Your teenager has had a rough few years. First came an arrest for shoplifting. The item was of little value, so it was
only a misdemeanour. Then your teen was with some friends who were smoking pot and driving too fast. Your teen has
promised they are turning over a new leaf and seem to be on the right track, doing better in school, coming home by curfew,
and generally having a much better attitude. Now you get a call from the local police station saying your son was with a group
of kids who broke into a liquor store and stole beer. Do you go to the station and see how you can get your teen out of this
jam or let him accept whatever consequences befall him?
Answer: I will go police station to see him, and ask him why he want to do those things. After having the answers, I will tell
him about my experiences and the reasons I want to change so badly at that time. I will not choose to let my son to accept
everything without someone telling him right or wrong and also with the reasons. I do not want my son to feel himself alone
and no one can help him along with his problem (considering this might indirectly caused my son to be more rebellious in
future time). Children might be wrong in their life because of immature. Hence, they need a life guidance to tell them why
but not only scolding. Everyone have their own mindset and feelings, you cannot force anyone to have an exactly same mindset
with you, it is ok for you to express your thoughts and feelings. Someone who understand you, they will do, this is same in
educating your children also.

Get Rich
Question: Your friend offers you an opportunity to make a great deal of money very
quickly. He has arranged to set up an off-shore account for your profits. He will not tell
you exactly how he is making this money, but you get the impression it is not exactly legal.
He only wants an investment of $500 and promises you will have enough from your
minimal investment that you will never need to work again.?
Answer: I will reject his offer, because in my perspective, what I know if the way of make
money is off-shore they is illegal. Because the money didn’t have any government or
financial supervisory authority support.

Ethical Dilemma Question
Question :
When making a purchase at a local store, you are given too much change. Do you
say something or keep quiet?
Answer :
I would tell the person that they’ve given me extra balance, because it’s not that I’m lacking
of money to accept their extra balance XD.

Ethical Dilemma Questions
Your lunch keeps missing at work. You are pretty sure you know who is taking it each day. Do you
confront them, report it to your supervisor or HR, get them back by making a cat food sandwich, or just
keep quiet?
Get them back by making a cat food sandwich is too good to him/her. First, I will try to collect
information about him or her eating habits and what foods are they allergic to. After that, I will
prepare ‘special lunch’ for him or her. But this is the ﬁnal action. I will give him or her chance by
giving them hints. If I realize that him or her still doing the same, then I will proceed with this
ﬁnal action. I am not that kind that can ignore this stealing behaviour. They do wrong, so they
deserve the punishment.

Question : Your neighbour leaves their dog out in all kinds of weather. The poor
animal frequently looks like it is miserable. Sometimes it is out of water and seems
to be fed rarely. Do you report what you think is happening or stay quiet?
Answer: Yes,I would do report because if I didn’t report the dog might died. If we have
any pet or animal we should take care of it. We should keep in proper restraint
methods, suﬃcient shelter conditions and foods.
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) Selangor.

Question: Over the summer, you became friends with a person who
moved to your town. You have the same interest, like the same music
and movies, and have had a great deal of fun. However, your new
friend is not attractive and very loud. When school starts, you are
embarrassed by the way your friend acts. Do you remain friends or
drop the relationship?
Answer: No, I will not drop the relationship as I have made a bond with him. And if
others view him diﬀerently I’ll always view him as my friend

Question
You buy a pile of clothing items on sale at your favourite department store.
When you get home, you realize one of the items is not on the receipt. Do you
go back to the store and pay for it or just let it go?
Answer
I would go back to the store and pay for it because honesty is something that I
value in life. Moreover, the act of letting it go is simply stealing. Even though it’s
only one item, I won’t let it slide because I don’t want to live with guilt. Paying for
something that you buy is a basic manner in fact, it’s not something should be
praised about. I will choose to do the right thing and avoid negative behaviour
like lying and stealing as it would do more harm than good.

Ethical Dilemma Question
Question: You receive a package at your home that was delivered to
the wrong address. The shipping label indicates it is a favourite item
that you cannot afford to purchase yourself. Do you keep it or notify the
person it was intended for?
Answer: The answer to this is simple, as prestigious as that item may
be, it could be an expensive gaming console, new laptop, etc, I however
would not take things which does not belong to me and notify the
person it was intended for because I believe that honesty is the
greatest virtue and even if I am labelled as an idiot for doing so, I will
still stick to that decision without any regrets because I know that I
made the right choice.

Reward a Job Well Done
Question:
You understand the importance of teamwork in your job. You share ideas and responsibilities with your
team members on a daily basis. In your weekly team meeting with your supervisor, one of your
co-workers takes credit for a time and money saving change in operating procedures you devised. Your
supervisor erroneously thinks your co-worker came up with the change and your co-worker does not
correct the misinterpretation, but allows the boss to not only commend him, but oﬀer a bonus. Do you
go to your co-worker and demand he correct the situation, go to your supervisor and explain you should
receive the commendation and reward, or keep quiet as you do not believe in ownership of ideas?
Answer:
I won’t go to my co-worker and demand he correct the situation because I think his ideas is great so I
will choose to explain to my supervisor about the ideas. If I go to my co-worker and demand he
correct the situation, but I won’t go to my supervisor and explain I should receive the commendation
and reward because I know not every company or supervisor will oﬀer a bonus and commend.

Late one night you are driving home in a bad rainstorm. A drunk reels out in
front of your car and you try to stop, but hit him. Nobody sees you. The guy
looks and smells as if he is homeless. You check to see how badly he is hurt
and realize he is dead. You have never even had a speeding ticket and are an
upright, professional, with a family and are well-known and respected in your
community. Do you make a report anonymously, confess your crime, or drive
on home and forget about it, knowing no one is going to pursue the death of a
homeless drunk?
I will go to police station and confess because i didnt it on purpuse and it was
an accident and i should be courage and mature enough to accept the
consequences of my mistake

As a regular customer, I always go to the same food shop to buy
food to eat every day. Since then, I know who the boss is selling
which food at diﬀerent store. I seldom being too tired and
totally forget unintentionally that I have not brought any money
with me.
What I will normally do is that I will inform the boss to pay later
when I come back to order another around. But if I was in a
hurry and have totally forgotten about the payment, I will come
back and apologise to the boss and pay for the food.

The Unfaithful Friend
You go out with your husband for dinner at a new restaurant you have not
frequented before. It is in a part of town you rarely visit. You are shocked to see
your friend’s spouse having dinner with a very young, attractive person. From the
way they are behaving, it is obvious they are more than friends. The couple finish
their meal and leave without seeing you. They behave very affectionately on the way
out the door. Do you:
Tell your friend, knowing you
probably will not be believed and
that it may ruin your friendship?
Say nothing about seeing the couple as
it is none of your business; they may
even have an open relationship?

Question : You was very hungry and went to restaurant to
get something to eat, You have ordered food and you have
been waiting for a long time. The waiter came with food to
your table but it was not ur food. Will u keep that order or
you will create an argument with the restaurant manager?
Answer : I would cancel my order and make a proper
complaint towards the restaurant and also the employees
over there.

The Lifeboat
Question:
You are on a cruise and the ship encounters an unexpected storm. The
storm continues to rage and eventually you and the other passengers are
told you must head to the lifeboats and abandon ship. As people begin to
line up, you realize some lines have fewer people, some have families, and
some seem to have younger, single people. You know you are strong and
capable. Do you choose to help a group composed of three families with a
few young children, a group of seniors who obviously could use your help, or
go with the young, strong people, with whom you might have a better chance
of survival?
Answer: I think i would help the seniors

Week 8
Three Theories of Imagery

Paivio’s Dual-Coding Hypothesis
What is Dual-Coding Theory?
● According to Paivio (1986), there are two ways a person could expand on learned material:
○ Verbal associations
○ Visual imagery
● Dual-coding theory suggests that both visual and verbal information is used to represent information
● The theory assumes that there are two cognitive subsystems, one specialized for the representation and
processing of nonverbal objects/events (i.e., imagery), and the other specialized for dealing with language
Applications
Dual coding theory has been applied to
many cognitive phenomena including:
● mnemonics
● problem-solving,
● concept learning
● language
Examples of dual coding
● Diagrams
● Timelines
● Cartoons
● Graphic organizers
● Simple drawings with labels
● Infographics

Experiment Example
● In one experiment, participants saw pairs of items that differed in roundness (e.g., tomato, goblet) and were
asked to indicate which member of the pair was rounder.
● The objects were presented as words, pictures, or word-picture pairs.
● The response times were slowest for word-word pairs, intermediate for the picture-word pairs, and fastest
for the picture-picture pairs.
Types of Codes
Analogue codes -
● Retain the main perceptual features of whatever is
being represented
● Mentally represent images
Symbolic codes -
● Represent something conceptually, sometimes,
arbitrarily, as opposed to perceptually
● Mentally represent words

Real Life examples
1. E-learning , it involves both visual and verbal as there's a two way
communication between the student and teacher, and they
observe the notes given in form of slides
2. Google Maps , we get to see the map and it instructs us where to
go , so when we are driving we keep our eyes on the road and our
ears on the instructions given
Paivio’s Dual-Coding Hypothesis

Conceptual-Propositional Theory
Anderson and Bower
● Memory is not like a paragraph
● We store propositional interpretations of events, whether they be verbal or
visual, rather than the imagery components.
● They explain that concrete concepts are coded by a rich set of predicates that
bind concepts together. … “the only diﬀerence between the internal representation
for a linguistic input and a memory image is detail of information”
Anderson and Bower’s conceptual-propositional hypothesis is a good model theoretically
● The hypothesis does have trouble accounting for some imaginal processes

Images could be:
● Propositions: Essentially a verbal/symbolic thing. The feeling that you have an
image is epiphenomental, there isn’t really an image.
You saw You heard
“The goal keeper missed the ball”
Same underlying propositional representations:
● Missed (goalkeeper, ball)
Image may provide even richer information:
● Wept (goalkeeper)
● Cursed (goalkeeper)

Comparing Analog and Propositional codes
Analog Code
● Picture-like code
● Images like perceptions, retain
some sensory qualities
● Relations represented implicitly
● Simultaneous
● Diﬀerent representations for
each sense
Propositional Code
● Word-like code
● Images are descriptions of visual
scenes
● Relations represented explicitly
● Sequential
● Same representations for each
sense
Anderson (1978): concluded that “It may not be possible to decide between
imaginal and propositional representations strictly on the basis of behavioral data”

Functional-Equivalency Hypothesis
What is Functional-Equivalency Hypothesis?
- originally presented in 2005 by Stephen Hubbell
- a manipulation of images
- visual imagery, which occurs without external stimulation of the sense organs
- mostly, the physical traits of the pictures or patterns are majority similar
- Neuroscience with Functional-Equivalency Hypothesis:
> Schizophrenia
> Auditory hallucination

Mental Manipulation Of Images
Mental Rotations (Shepard & Metzler - 1971)
> displays had two similar shapes
> some pairs were similar, but rotated to various degrees
Image Scaling (Kosslyn - 1975)
> how participants scan and use images

Image Scanning (Kosslyn - 1983)
> Memorize the map by scanning the image
> Manipulate distance between items while scanning
> Measure reaction time
All the mental imaging is an
internal process with
perception of physical objects.

A
a. I like to play badminton
b. I like to eat meat
c. I’m afraid of lizards
B
a. My spice tolerance is low
b. I am not afraid of insects
c. I enjoy eating raw ﬁsh (sashimi)

A
A. I have 4 dogs
B. I can play the violin
C. I like insects
B
A. I am 153cm tall
B. I love ice cream
C. I can solve a 3x3 rubik’s cube

A
A) I like sweet things
B) I like rock music
C) I go to the gym almost everyday
B
A) I am an early morning person
B) I don't like dancing
C) I Love watching movies

A
A. I love fast food and meat.
B. I know how to play chinese
traditional instrument.
C. I have never been abroad.
B
A. I love cosmetics.
B. I prefer reading over swimming.
C. People who are overly positive
make me uncomfortable.

A
a. I like to travel around the world
b. I like to play game
c. I like to makeup
B
A. I like to listen to music
B. I like to do photography travelling
C. I like to climb

A
A) I have a sibling
B) I am actually an apprehensive person
despite my appearance.
C) Watching Youtube videos is my hobby.
B
A - Other than USA, I travelled many countries
B - One of my bucket list is to ride superbike
C - I am PADI advanced diver

A
a. I don’t like to eat cake
b. I’m introverted
c. I have 5 turtles
B
a. I have 5 hamsters
b. I loves to eat durian
c. I am a Introvert

A
A) I like to eat bread as the breakfast every
morning.
B) I don’t have interest in French language.
C) I like dessert.
B
A. I don’t like to eat meat with bone.
B. I want to learn instrument (piano, guitar,
ukulele and kalimba).
C. I do to do list everyday.

A
A. I have a pet cat
B. I like the color red
C. I like to play basketball
B
A,I like to make money
B,I like to make things by many diﬀerent wayd
C, I like to play basketball

A
A. I like the colour blue.
B. I do not like to swim
C. I love to watch movies
B
A. I read comic everyday
B. The colour I like is brown
C. The cake I like is Tiramisu

A
a. I switch accents
b. I'm good in accounting
c. I play more than 3 music instruments

Week 11
Name 3 things you can hear, then 2 things
you can see, and 1 sensation that you feel

A
3 things I can hear - phone notifications, sound of raindrops,
rotation of a ceiling fan
2 things I can see - laptop screen, a guitar in my room
1 sensation I can sense - my fingertips on my laptop’s keyboard
B
3 things I hear - fan sound, car sound & people are
talking out side of my room.
2 thing I can see - laptop screen & my room.
1 sensation I can feel - Cold breeze
C
3 things i can hear- water droplets after rain, dog barking,
birds chirping.
2 things i can see - laptop screen, the tree right in front my
house
I sensation i can feel - cold breeze after the rain stopped
D
3 things I can hear - the nurses talking, footsteps, and
the number calling machine (idk what is the right term)
2 things I can see- glass door , metal chair
1 sensation I can feel - cold chair

A
Hear: Raindrops, lecturer’s voice, typing sound.
See: Laptop screen, my phone
Sensationl: Touch the keyboard
B
Hear: Ceiling fan sensor, standing fan, lecturer’s
voice
See: Laptop screen, my room
Sensation: Comfortable soft toy
C
Hear - Droplets of rain, train moving, sounds of people talking
See - people with umbrellas, a sweet potato shop
Sensation: The socks at my feet
D
See: laptop screen, room light
Hear: rain, vehicle (ﬁreﬁghter), ceiling fan
Sensation: dryness in eyes

A
Hear - Birds chirping, sound of the television, laptop
fan noise.
See - laptop screen, notebook
Sensation - my wet hair
B
Hear - Mum’s voice, Cooking sound, Raindrops
See - Laptop screen, My phone screen
Sensation - Typing on my keyboard
C
Hear: sound of rain,cars, ambulance
See: laptop, phone
Sensation: typing by keyboard
D
Hear - Bird is thriting, the wind pass by the
leaf, Typing sound
See - Laptop screen, Coﬀee cup
Sensation - Typing my keyboard

A
Hear- People talking around the oﬃce, eating potato sound and
typing keyboard sound.
See- I see table, laptop screen and whatsapps chat
Sensation- Feel so cool in the oﬃce because of the air conditional
B
Hear- Neighbours’ conversation, bird chipping and television.
See- Laptop screen and phone
Sensation- Don’t feel anything
C
3 things I can hear- Music, rain sound, keyboard sound.
2 things I can see- laptop screen, smart phone
I sensation that I felt- tiredness after work out
D
Hear - Rain, Aircond, people talking
See - Raindrop, Laptop
Sensation - Coldness

A
Hear - vehicle pass by, rain sound, phone typing sound
See - phone & cable
Feel- bed
B
Hear - Rain drops, cars passing by, Dogs
barking
See - Rain, monitor
Feel - coldness from the rain

Week 11
Three Types of Problems

Arrangement Problem
It is a problem that requires rearranging its parts to satisfy a speciﬁed criterion.
It is presented with objects and arrange them in a way that satisﬁes the
criteria. Examples include: anagrams and the string problem.
For example: Organizing parts of like unscrambling letters to find a word or
piecing together a puzzle

Problems of Inducing Structure
Problems of inducing structure: to discover the
relations among numbers, words, symbols, or
ideas and then arrange them.
For examples: completion problems & analogy
problems
Completion Problem
- will used those linking words like but, because,
since, such as, or even to explain a definition.
“Today was a raining day, it was really_____.”
A) Hot B) Sunny C) Cold (Raining → Cold)
Analogy Problem
“Pineapple is to fruit as cabbage is to ___.”
Answer = vegetable (need to figure out the
relationship between “pineapple” and “fruit” and
apply a similar relationship to “cabbage”)
What word completes the analogy?
– Merchant: Sell : : Customer : ____ (Buy)
– Lawyer: Client : : Doctor : _____ (Patient)

Problems of Transformation / Transformation Problems
Transformation is the process of changing. Cognitive psychologists have determined
that an individual must carry out a certain sequence of transformations to achieve
specific desired goals.
It also causes major modification or shift in an individual’s thought and/or behavior
patterns.
A good example of this phenomena is the Wallas Stage Model of the creative process.
= Preparation → Internalisation → Illumination → Verification and Elaboration
Example: A sudden change in environment is difficult for an individual as it forces
them to change his/her lifestyle. That is why steps must be taken to for an individual
to be comfortable with the changes that will be made.

Making Comparisons
Online Learning vs
Classroom Learning

Online Learning
A - Can eat during class.
B - saving time, no need to spend time for traveling to attend the
class
C - Can attend anywhere but hard to focus
D - Can eat during class
E - flexibility
D - Limits creativity in students
E - Convenience, Less interactive
F - very to easy to access to learning materials
G - No need to wake up early
H - Can read the learning materials beforehand
I - accessibility of place and the time
J - students are allow to use the suitable learning pattern during the
class (e.g. I am using typing method for my notes, which will
making noise in the classroom)
Classroom Learning
A - Easily to focus when lecturer teaching
B - more active, has face to face interaction
C - More engagement during class but need travel to college
D - Improves relationship among coursemates
E - more interaction in classroom between each other
F - No network problems
G - more guidance
H - the focus environment is crucial for learning efficiency, and allow
the students to discuss physically, make sure everyone is able to follow
the learning speed.
I - Pros- can be more focus during class.
J - Less activity based learning, so it's hard to remember the topic
K - Better understanding and fun learning environment

K - no need to squeeze KTM with others (if afternoon class)
L - Don't need to rush to a certain place
M - Can do multiple tasks at a time
N - Quite comfortable as I am able to learn at my own pace in my
surrounding, feel less anxiety as I am not a sociable person and able to
save money.
O - Multitasking, Lazy, Save Travel Time,
No need iron working attire, Flexible, Comfort, Easy to access bed,
Bored (WFH long term)
P - less hassle in waiting for transportation in a long queue and riding it
have to stand, cannot sit. Need to chase with time when catching the
train.
Q - no need wake up early
R - no need to rush and we can login to class when the time comes
S - More easy and flexible to students
N - help improves our social skills
O - More interactions and can understand everyone's body language
P - Easy to understand (no matter for lecture teaching or discussion in
group)
Q - Convenient to have an interaction with Lecturers, coursemates
and students from other course as well.
R - Can discuss with friends in a snap when facing problems, Easier
to feel tired and dozing off
S - more easy to concentrate
T - can see how other students organised their food selling events and
their posters when they introduced to us
U - More interactions, Regular Lifestyle, Use their resources (ie.
WIFI, aircond etc), Travel Cost
V - Better communication with other classmates and lecturers.
W - Have smoother communication among one another

Ideal Education
What would you suggest?

A’s Suggestion
Out of 14 Weeks (Long Semester)
- 5 Online Lessons
- 5 Classroom Lessons
- 2 Self Learning Lessons
- 2 Outdoor Activity
Tasks / Assignments / Activities
- Students take turn to lead for
weekly open current topic to have
20mins discussion to kill
boredness in the middle of the
class
- Have 15-30mins breaktime
- Random Kahoot quiz for extra
credit
- Limit the number of chairs, ﬁrst
come ﬁrst serve, get students to
be on time / early.
- 1 day intern related experience
B’s Suggestion
- Have more fun activities
during an online lesson
- Should record some lessons
which are more than 2 hours
of lecture so that students will
be able watch it again later on
due to short attention span in
humans
- Have around 5 physical
classes in a semester if
possible
- Recap the whole semester
using Quizizz because it is fun
C’s suggestion
- Make online learning and
classroom learning more
interactive like having quiz,
games and more activities
during the lectures. Helps to
make the students more
attentive.

A’s Suggestion
- 60% Online learning with more
class activities/ group discussion (To
increase interactivation)
- Prefer simple presentation teaching
slides not wordy one
- 40% Classroom learning for
presentation/ practical events needs
PS: The way Ms. Giney used to teach us
is the way I prefer for online class
hahaha for real not ﬂattering
B’s Suggestion
- Making online classes more
active with trying to have
some structure which
students have active roles
during hr class
-
C’s Suggestions
For 14 weeks (3.5 months) semester:
- 1 online classes per month
- Mostly classroom classes
- More activities during online
classes that involves every
student
- Don’t watch so many videos
- 1 self learning session every 2
months

A’s Suggestion
14 Week
- Having more interesting
activity to get interest in the
topic and lesson such as quiz,
activity to understand the
topic.
- Do outdoor activity one or
twice in per semester.
- Have a break in middle of
class to refresh and digest the
lesson.
B’s Suggestion
- More interactive games like
Quizz to do exercise and revision
on the same time
- More time in self-study and
revision time
- More chance in doing publicity
tasks, e.g. Instagram Post,
Infographic, Poster and Brochure
to gain more experience.
- Provide short breaks in between
the class.
- More focus on how we can relate
the theories in real life rather
than memorizing for the test and
exam.
- More on speaking assignments
than writing essay assignments.
C’s suggestion
- Class activities, to let the
students relate the topic with
their real-life experience
- Tutorial to summarize up the
contents in the topics
- Allow students back to school, at
least twice a week, to use the
college facilities (e.g. library,
study room)
- A compulsory open-book test,
before the ﬁnal, make sure
everyone have do revision

A’s Suggestion
More interactive sessions during
lessons, the more we talk the more
we'll be assured that we understand
A mini recap session before class
about what we learnt in our previous
class
B’s Suggestion
- Have more online
activities during class
hours to help students
be more active in class
- Session to on the
camera for QnA so that
everyone participates
C’s suggestion
- Have quiz after class to
help students have a
revision
- Mini recap for previous
class before class start
- Record the lesson of
the day for students
watch it again

A’s Suggestion
-More interesting class activity
during online class
- Can rest in between class.
- More individual assignment
-More classroom learning :p
B’s Suggestion
- More Interactive class games
- Watch more fun facts video to
gain an insight throughout the
topic of the day.
- Have a break in between class
Task/Assignments :
- More Individual assignments
- More journaling assignment
- More open book test to help
student understand better of
what they’ve learnt.
- More guest speaker talk types
of assignment~~
C’s Suggestion
- More online learning quizzes
- Recap what was learnt in
previous class before starting
another class.
- Have more outdoor activities
Task/Assignments :
- More Powerpoint slides
assignments
- More tutorial
- More discussion about student
understanding
-

A’s suggestion
● I suggest to having more
outdoor class because we all
sitting at home and we easily
feel boring.
● More guidance by lecturer.
● Have 6 physical class
Task/assignment/activities
● More research assignment
● More fun class activity
● Less group assignment
● More individual assignment
● More presentation
B’s suggestion
Long semester (14 weeks)
● 5 outdoor activity
● 7 classroom lesson with
class activity
● 2 self- learning
Task/ assignment/ activities
● No research assignment
● More on report for class
activity
C’s suggestion
- Have more games and
quizzes to check our
understanding and to
have better interactions.
- Have more self study
sessions.
- Encourage recorded
lesson

A's suggestion
- Each month have at least one
week of physical classes
Task/Assignments/Activities
- Have quizzes after each lesson
More hands on learning (if
possible)
- Spilt the ratio of classes to 2:8
- If there are 10 classes within
the semester, 2 classes will be
oﬄine classes and 8 classes
will be online classes
B’s suggestion C’s suggestion
-Having some face to face classes(2 or
3 times) to improve interactions among
Lecturers and students.
-Having a little more online class
activities would be beneficial to
improve students’ concentration level.

Week 12
What / How do you reply (with logical reasoning)
when people have misconception about psychology
and your personal choice of taking this course?

A
Response :
● Psychology is about how people behave, think and
feel
● Psychology is not all about “crazy” people or mental
health issues
● We study everything about the human experience
from the basic workings of the human brain to
consciousness, memory, reasoning and language to
personality and mental health.
● We can’t read minds
● I study psychology because I want to learn more
about myself as an individual.
I would tell them:
❏ Psychology is the study of the mind, thoughts,
feelings and behaviour.
❏ Psychologist is a person who specializes in the
study of mind and behavior or in the treatment of
mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
❏ They do not have the power to read or control a
person’s mind.
❏ I choose to study Psychology because I want to
understand human behavior and their mental
process and most importantly, lend a helping
hand when they are going through a rough patch
in their lives.
B

A
Response
● psychology is mainly about how we
understand the human behaviour
● It's about how we should be attentive
and listen to people.
● Being able to empathize with
someone or what they are going
through
● It helps people be in a comfortable
space when they are to share
something that is personal.
B
First point - Everybody goes through difficult times
and everybody has their own struggles. The reason
why I choose to study Psychology is because I wish
to understand those struggles and difficulties better
so that I could help not just others but myself as
well.
Second point - To be a psychologist does not mean
that I’d be working to cure or study crazy people. To
be a psychologist would mean that I am trying to
provide people with the proper skill set to be
healthier mentally and physically as well as a proper
outlet for them to receive help and talk about their
worries.
Third point - Everybody deserves to get the
nonjudgmental help and support they need and by
studying Psychology and aiming to be a
psychologist, that is hopefully, what I would be
doing for my clients in the future.

A
Reply- If u don’t understand then
google pls， don't talk nonsense
hahahaha / I'm not a god, I don't
know what other people are thinking.
They're just sick, so please don't treat
them like monsters.
Choice- I chose this course because I
hope I can help people with stress
(many people hurt themselves or
commit suicide because of stress)
B
What i reply: Walao no leh, why you like this
one. You think i God meh can read your mind.
They are not doing crazy, they are just sick
mentally. Like how you are sick physically.
My personal choice: I wish to understand
people’s thoughts and emotions better,
especially myself.

A
● Based on the people would be
misconception about psychology, I would
be explain that psychology is a scientiﬁc
and learns about the human emotion and
not as the people learn psychology they
could read people mind.
● For my personal choice to choose this
course is I want to help myself and other
too as I want to understanding my own
mores about my emotion and others.
B
★ I would reply saying that psychology is not
necessary about “ crazy people” but it is simply
the study of the human mind and the science
behind it. Anyone that studies psychology
doesn’t have the power to read minds but they
are able to study our emotions based on our
facial expression and body movements.
★ I choose to study psychology because i want to
be able to give people hope and comfort when
they are lost, this means that i want to give
them the feeling of self acceptance and love.
Besides that, i too want to understand myself
more and the people around me even if they
are not my clients.

A
➔The myth that, Psychology can read and
control others mental, is an old story,
please come back to the real life, think
logic and believe to the science.
➔I understand that, there will be a risk to
get mental issues, but when I know that, I
really want to help someone, I can’t stop
my step to get forward, which helping
someone to ﬁnd the right career in the
future.
➔When I choose to take Psychology as my
main course, I know which type of career
that I can choose and also a target to
reach.
B
Q: You study psychology, so you know what I think now
right?
A: You study IT, are you a hacker now?
Q: You crazy ah? Study Psychology…
A: You computer meh study IT, lmao ==
Reason I chose Psychology:
- curious in human’s mind and brain (Feelings: interesting and
worth to study)
- People are so different in thinking way and behaviour
(Feelings: WHY and How the thoughts come?)
Brief and general idea:
Psychology is about cognitive, behaviour and feelings, how do
you view the world and react to it.

A
● I will explain to them psychology is not a
study crazy people mind but it can help
me to understand deeper on me and
others emotion, behavior and cognitive
● But usually I don’t explain
● My personal choice of taking this course:
because I want to have more
understand on others and I want to help
them
B
● First and foremost, the reason I decided to study
psychology is to have a deeper understanding on
humans’ behavior and cognition
● Although I may associate myself with socially
perceived “abnormal/strange human beings”, but
that does not change the fact that they are human
beings/equal to us at the end of the day.
● Those people are unfortunately a victim of
discrimination and bullying. Because I deeply
understand/have the knowledge on how they feel,
it is my duty as a fellow human being to provide
them the aid they desperately need to overcome
their dreadful situation.

A
● I will tell them the real meaning of
psychology
● Psychology can actually let us have more
clear understanding towards our
cognitive,emotion,and physical changes.
● If they do not want to hear, I will not
waste my time on them.
Personal Choice to take psychology
● To help ppl
● To understand ownself
B
● I think they are not educated yet. In fact,
there are quite a lot of courses and jobs
available these days, but many people
do not know much about them and how
they can help in contributing to the
society.
● To gain a better understanding why
people act toward certain responses in
the family, school, working area,
shopping and travelling.

A
The ﬁrst reason that i decided to study
psychology was being more expert to
understand human mind.
Second human diversity and personality type
Third understanding the stages of human
developmentand also aii can study
psychology in any where
I choose psychology over everything else because i love people
is my usual response.There’s three types of reactions, i
would get.
-“Psychology?! What’s that?” that isn’t so common
anymore. I’d explain what psychology is and what peeps in
the field do.
-“Ooo, Psychology, read my mind,please?” i still get that
despite it being too cliche. I’ll explain that we don’t read
minds
-“Nice, so are you going to be seeing crazy people for a
living?” i’ll explain to them that we can’t label people as
crazy
B

A
- Psychology is the study of the mind, its
thought, feeling and behaviour.
- The first reason why I choose psychology is
I want to understand myself, then other
people behavior, thinking, and personality.
- Nowadays people are very busy with their
own thing and they didn't spend time to
listen or talk each others, so as a psychology
we can help them.
- If people said you are working with crazy
people? I would said that people who talk
with each other, share their feelings and
emotion are perfect than you because you
don't know who you contributing to
yourself, and to this society as well.
B
● I chose psychology because I am interested
in early childhood education and the
counsellor tell me to take psychology will
make me more easier. Next, I also want to
know myself in deeper.
● I have received some funny comment and
question from my friends and students.
They thought if learn psychology we just
treat crazy patient, They might think is very
dangerous. Some of them also ask me I
learn psychology so I will know what other
people think about? So funny. But I will
explain we will learn how to observe people
body language and also we can see the
person personality through signature and
handwriting.

A
When people have misconception
I will explain to them.
Personal choice to take psychology
Understand myself, understand others.
B
If people have misconception about
psychology, I will just give them a smile. If
they keep asking then I will explain to them
what I have learn.
For me, it just is my interest, and also
because I like to communicate with my
friend with deep talk therefore I take
psychology.

A
- I’ll casually and calmly explain to them
that those misconceptions are wrong
and try to help them get a better
understanding on it.
- I choose this course because I have an
interest in learning and understanding
on how and why people act in certain
ways.
B
● I will explain them based on my
experience i have seen through and also
will help them to understand about it
more well
● I choose this course because for a long
time i was trying to understand myself
and also others and psychology can help
me get through it

Analysis
Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better
understanding of it. Breaking material or concepts into key elements and determining how the parts relate to one
another or to an overall structure or purpose
● Use analytical skills when detecting patterns, brainstorming, observing, interpreting data, and making
decisions based on the multiple factors and options available.
● Ability to work with data – that is, to see patterns, trends and things of note and to draw meaningful
conclusions from them
Examples :
- Research
- Communication
- Critical thinking
- Problem solving
- Data Analysis

Analysis
Real Life Example 1
❖ Alice has been wondering on why her boyfriend is
barely replying to her text messages.
❖ She starts to get angry on how her boyfriend treats
her which is extremely different from the past
especially his efforts.
❖ Alice then secretly checked on her boyfriend’s phone
and found out that he is texting multiple of girls in a
seductive way.
❖ Alice then analysed the entire situation by concluding
that her boyfriend is currently cheating on her and
has lost feelings towards her.
Real Life Example 2
➢ One day, I saw my friend felt depressed and unmotivated
during his work time.
➢ After he has finished work, he went to a nearby bar and
chugged down more than 3 bottles of beer in a sitting.
➢ Then, I analysed the circumstances that perhaps he had
some personal problems or is facing troubles.
➢ I reached out to him and sat down beside him. Later on, I
asked him if there is anything that he is going through, he
can just talk it out with me.
➢ He opened up to me and said he that he is facing a
problem with his relationship, where he feels helpless and
empty on the inside.

Synthesis
Example 1:
● Boba tea contains a lot of sugar.
● Ali likes boba tea and he has just been
diagnosed with diabetes.
Synthesis
Ali may have gotten diabetes because he has
been consuming lots and lots of boba tea.
Example 2:
Synthesis is thinking of new ideas by gathering the information based on your interpretation of the
information/ ideas you have encountered.
+ = 17
+ = 25
= 2 + = 8
Synthesis: Apple=6, Watermelon=11, Orange=14

Divergent thinking
Is also known as lateral thinking, is the
process of creating multiple, unique ideas
or solutions related to a problem that you
are trying to solve.
Divergent thinking is similar to
brainstorming in that it involves coming up
with many different ideas to solve a
single problem.
Basically it’s like a brain buffet of many
solutions or ideas.
Example 1: It is raining outside. Would it
be better if I take my umbrella with me
or wear the raincoat instead?
Example 2: multiple ways to use a fork
Example 3: Giving a kid blocks to see how
many shape they can create from it.
Example 4: There could be many
captions to be pick for uploading a post,
but you will only choose the one that
looks best for you.

Convergent thinking
Example 1
● The Primary colour only include Red, Yellow, and
Blue.
Example 2
● If in the school rules, the students that break the
rule should be get punishment.
Convergent Thinking:
generally means the ability to give the
"correct" answer to standard questions
that do not require signiﬁcant creativity,
for instance in most tasks in school and on
standardized multiple-choice tests for
intelligence. It is either right or wrong,
without other possibility.
The characteristics of convergent thinking
●Speed
●Accuracy
●Logic

Week 13
The Science of How We Think

A
Every day experience
● Attention
Sustained attention - Able to focus in online
classes for a continuous period.
Cognitive learning example
● Receptive Learning
Attending lectures where a person stands in
front and talks about a subject while the
audience listens, takes notes or ask questions
(which requires concentration/focus).
Every Day Experience:
● Ability to solve problems
● One may use a mental trick to calculate a faster
way to get to work instead of reasoning out the
entire sequence
Cognitive Learning Example:
● Emotional learning
● Helps people learn how to take charge of their
emotions and also understand others’.
● An employer requires to have control over their
emotions so as to handle customers and also their
superiors in a courteous manner.
B

A
How does it relate our everyday experience?
Cognitive psychology helps us to understand how we
perceive the many things we see each day according
to the sensory and perception process. For example,
sensory stimulus such as such as our laptop is taken
in by our visual receptors which is later than
perceived as in our brain as a computing device which
could help us ﬁnish our tasks.
Cognitive learning
When we wish to solve a problem, we sometimes
start to use creative thinking to ﬁnd more possible
solutions and this does not happen when we were
toddlers because we have not yet learned the many
strategies we could use to solve a problem back then.
Our brain being able to think creatively is an
indicator of cognitive learning.
How does cognitive psychology relate to our
everyday experience? Give example.
During this pandemic, everyone is expected to
work/study/shopping online. There is a transition
of getting familiar with the technology like
computer or touchscreen phones and softwares.
How it is used and cognitive learning
example?
Everyone will have to get used to the technology
when staying at home. Since it is used everyday,
so everyone is unconsciously practising and
experiencing all sorts of trials until everyone is
conditioned to it and stay in the memory.
B

A
Everyday experiences:
1. Making a judgment about something based on information you
received that your brain processes.
2. Solving problems. Is a way of how humans achieve goals.
3. Perception. This includes the senses and the processing of what
we sense and how it interacts with what we already know.
Cognitive Learning Example :
Asking a person to justify and explain their thoughts rather than
explaining in brief sentences. Example, Sam tried to justify his
behavior by saying that he was being bullied and treated unfairly by
his group of friends due to the fact that he has a different skin colour
and dissimilar background experiences.
Everyday experience
● Attention - helps us improve to be more attentive
to our surroundings.
● Memory - helps with everyday reasoning and
decision making.
● Decision making - helps with every decision by
using a step by step process.
Cognitive learning example
Sports - a good player in most sports need to learn how
to solve problems like when a basketball is ganged up
upon and much quickly figure out on how to outsmart
their opponents without getting physical which is not
part of the game.
B

A
How’s does it relate our everyday experience.
● Mental processes.
● Thinking, memory, attention, language,
learning and problem solving.
Example
Learning - The way our brain makes connection as
we learn concepts in different ways to remember
what we have learned.
Cognitive Learning Example:
Explicit Learning- When you deliberately seek
knowledge, you are learning explicitly. For example,
when you enroll in a PowerPoint course to improve
your presentation skills.
How is cognitive psychology related to our everyday
experience.
● It is related by our mental process such as our
attention, language used, memory, and our
decision making.
Example of cognitive psychology and how its used
● Making a decision based on a situation that we
are in by using our attention, language used as
well as our memory to recall the event.
Example of cognitive learning
● Thinking of a possible solution on how to solve
an equation while discussing with other
students.
B

A
The Science of How We Think: Cognitive
Psychology, how’s does it relate our
everyday experience:
● Cognitive Psychology relate to our daily
life, by consideration, solving the problem,
and decide a decision, based on our past
experience.
Example of cognitive psychology and how
it’s used as well as cognitive learning
example:
● For example, after the comparison of the
Yogurt brands, I choose to be the Bliss’s
loyal consumer, as its tastes are more
attracting me.
TheScienceofHowWeThink:CognitivePsychology,how’sdoesit
relateoureverydayexperience.
➢ It is related to our everyday experience like emotion,
memory, problem-solving, decision making and
attention.
Giveexampleofcognitivepsychology
❏ Cognitive Psychology is related to our everyday life
because we used it to make decision, we pay attention in
class, we learnt how to solve problem no matter in group
or individual.
Howit’susedaswellascognitivelearningexample.
❖ For example, our memory have 3 parts which is sensory
memory, short term memory and long term memory.
B

How does cognitive psychology relate our everyday?
A
● Cognitive psychology could be related our
everyday by our emotion. Likes we need to be
“present” in that moment, so our cognition
should be awareness.
● Cognitive psychology also help us to be
understanding how does the problem solving.
Like depends on the matter are complicated or
not, and how we perceived that need to be
resolved that matter.
B
- Cognitive thinking helps us to think about the
information that we had received.
- We used cognitive to increase understanding
about situation & come out a suitable reaction for
the specific situation.
- Cognitive psychology helps us to understand
mental process and how feelings linked with
behaviours.
- For example: Logically thinking

Cognitive Psychology:
Learning - How information taken and how learning process occurs
Memory - How we acquire, store and retrieve memory
Example:
We learn how to think logically and how to do decision making. We will be able to decide
what is our next move after we analyze all the outcomes that could occur.
A & B

A
Cognitive psychology is relevant to everyday
experience in that it describes many of the key
functions of the brain responsible for our everyday
experiences
Attention - Sometimes our cognitive processing
systems get overloaded and we have to select
information to process further.
Formation of concepts - This aspect studies
human's ability to organize experiences into
categories. Response to stimulus is determined by
the relevant category and the knowledge associated
with that particular category.
Memory - Studying human memory is a large part of
cognitive psychology. Learning thetypes of memory
covers the process of acquiring, storing and retrieving
memory, including facts, skills and capacity.
How does it relate to our everyday experience
- We use our reasoning and judgment to help
with our decision making and dictate how we
act
Examples of cognitive psychology
- Language is used to help people communicate
with others and it can also be used to pass
information and knowledge
Examples of learning psychology
- Requiring students to justify, elaborate, and
explain their points or views can help improve
their way of speech and communication skills
B

A
How does cognitive psychology relate to our
everyday experience?
Cognitive psychology is important to everyday life
because it explains many of the main brain functions
that are responsible for our daily experiences. It
reveals, for example, how we hear, experience, think,
how we solve problem and feel about our daily
activities.
Give example.
Problem solving - Our ability to solve problems is
influenced by cognitive brain functions. If our laptop
get frozen or hang while attending online classes, we
can go through a checklist of items we're familiar
with and see if we can find out what's wrong.
Cognitive learning example: Students' ability to justify,
elaborate, and clarify their points or viewpoints may be
improved by requiring them to justify, elaborate, and explain
their points or viewpoints.
How does it relate our everyday experience?
Cognitive Psychology is about how we do the decision in
term of our thinking.
Example of cognitive psychology
Learning- The students are learn with each other because some
of them are weak in different subject so they can learn each
other on it.
B

A
- Cognitive psychology plays a crucial role of
the functions of our brain for everyday
experiences such as how we act, feel and
perceive.
Example of Cognitive Psychology: Language
Processing
How it’s used: This is the study of how
language is acquired and comprehended. We
learn words, sentences and concepts of the
language through listening and reading. From
there, we apply it in our daily lives to interact
with others as well as learning other knew
knowledges or experiences.
The human brain reacts, feels , perceives to function
and help us get through our daily lives.
Everyday example :-
Memory : Short term memory
When you recall things that you’ve learned from your
previous class
B

A
Cognition is a term referring to the mental
processes involved in gaining knowledge and
comprehension.
● Logic and reasoning
Everyday examples :
● Asking students to reflect on their
experience.
● Helping students find new solutions to
problems.
● Encouraging discussions about what is
being taught.
B
Cognitive is refer to human brain function
such as thinking, knowing, remembering,
judging and problem solving.
● Emotion learning
Everyday example
● Think about what need to eat for
breakfast
● Solve the problem when the car
overheat
● Remember every Monday 12pm have
Ms Giney class until finish semester.

What’s your Cognitive Bias?
A - I am bias toward an autism people.
B - I am bias towards someone who is unpromptedly
rude towards others without any specific reasons.
C - I am bias towards a harasser
D - I am bias towards people who victimize themselves to
get attention or favor from others despite being the one
who caused damage upon others.
E - Smokers, gaslighters, rude people, people who
constantly tries to one-up others, narcissists
F - I am bias towards people who constantly think they
are right in any given situation even when they have
made a slip up, basically people who are big heads and
self proud.
G - Sex offender (Molester, Rapist, Pedophile, Incest
etc), Hostile, Abusive, Rude person
H: I am bias towards people who mistreat elderly like in
the grandma/grandpa phase
I - I am bias towards a heavy smoker, alcoholic, people
who are rude, loves to eat rabbit and loves to flirt.
J - Don’t like heavy smoke, irresponsible (abandoned
pets) and people who abuse animals.
K - Don’t like smokers/ who do not have any goals and
being lifeless/ violence/ male chauvinism/ focus on
happiness yet not realistic, accept LGBT but if girls like
me I will not accept,
L - Communicate with people that close to me only,
Don’t like smokers, I accept drink alcohol but not until
get drunk.

M - I cannot accept people who are LGBT, gay, lesbian,
smoking, gambling, harsh, abusive, alcoholic, gangster, put
their blame on the wrong person.
N - Who believes that men have more right than women
specially in recent centuries
O - I am bias that women always do things by very
convenience and like nothing everyone give them the
opportunity to do it.
P - I doesn’t like people who likes to joking around , like do
it purposely to be attack other’s weakness to be making
joke. Doesn’t like the person that doesn’t like to admit their
fault
Q - I don’t like the people who purposely do something
bad, especially they ignore others’ advices. For example:
Someone smoke in the public area, even there is a
smoking ban. A naughty guy play a fool, even the girl ask
him to get away.
R - I don’t like to talk to people who forcefully push their
own thoughts or views onto others, and also people who
make up their own headcanon and see it as a fact (even
though it’s not) during a debate or discussion. If I
encounter these people I just ignore them and leave the
conversation.
S - Unable to comprehend/accept child marriage. I have
fear towards people with red hair. There are times people
with tattoo especially on their face startle me. Dislike those
who treat marriage as a joke instead of dedication.
T - I dont like girls being abused and being downgraded. I
don't like people who who always being selﬁsh and greedy.
U - I don’t like people after drank alcohol and go back
home to abuse the child and wife. I don’t like people being
rude with their parents. I don’t like gambling people. I don’t
like any lesbian and gay. I hate selﬁsh people. I hate the
parents say boy is more useful than girl.

Questions for Guest Speakers
Biology
Q1. What are the common problems in
biology?
Q2. how does brain chemistry affect how we
feel and act ?
Q3. Will a mother’s emotions and feelings
affect the baby?
Q4. Does brain size relate to intelligence?
Q5. Why is having a strong understanding of
biology is important in our real life?
Q6. Why hot water is better than cold water?
Psychologist
Q1. Do psychologists have their own psychological
problems?
Q2. How is typical sessions like and how long are the
sessions?
Q3. What was the most strange case in your working
experience
Q4. Do psychologists get overwhelmed after listening
to people problem all the time?
Q5. What are the greatest strength of being a
psychologist?, If I often feel blue, should I find
counselor, therapist or psychologist?
Q6. Do you think psychologists play a huge role in the
society?
Q7. As a psychologist, how do you prevent or deal
with burnout? M
Q8. Why Psychologists don’t treat the person who
have close relationship with them?

Questions for Guest Speakers
Q7. Does the mental stage of a teenager
aﬀect his growth?
Q8. If I want to proceed forensic psychology,
but I have no basic knowledge in diploma, is it
okay for my decision to proceed?
Q9. How can I improve my memory ?
Q10. What is the relationship between
thinking, thoughts and molecular
interactions?
Q11. How does the brain play a role in our
daily experience?
Q12. How to regulate the menstrual period if
the duration are not punctual? (For females)
Q9. If I want to be a clinical psychologist, what is the
better way for me to achieve it? Do you have any
interested experiences with your clients?
Q10. In your opinion, what is the most important trait
a psychologist should have?
Q11. What is the biggest struggle being a psychologist
?
Q12. If I often feel numb or feelingless,what is the
ways or solutions that I can try to cheer myself?
Q13. What is your biggest achievement as a
psychiatrist?
Q14. To become a psychologist, what I need to
achieve?
Q15. If the person keep emotional how can we deal
with it?
Q16. What do you suggest to those interested to
venture into psychology do

Cognitive Psychology

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