Child Development

Child Development
Psychology Subject

Week 1
Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory & Behaviourism

1
Behaviorism
❏ Behaviorism is a psychological theory of human
development that posits that humans can be trained, or
conditioned.
➢ It is to help respond in specific ways to specific stimuli
and that given the correct stimuli, personalities and
behaviors of individuals, and even entire civilizations,
can be codified and controlled
Example :
- A child learns that if she cries, she will get a response.
And, she might figure out that a certain specific
behavior will really get a response, such as throwing a
temper tantrum, which no parent enjoys and wants
over as quickly as possible
Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory
★ Convinced that social interactions with adults and
more learned peers along with culture is able to
facilitate a child’s potential for learning
★ Each culture, provides "tools of intellectual
adaptation” allow children to use their abilities to
adapt to their respective cultures including in
classrooms.
Example:
One culture teaches children to play with toys, while
the other encourages them to play outdoors.

2
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
● Society bring huge contributions to individual development.
● Culture is signiﬁcant in learning
● Language is the root of culture
● Individuals learn and develop within their role in the community.
● Example: In language learning, the ﬁrst words we speak to our peers or adults are for
communication, but once mastered, they are internalized into "inner language."
Behaviorism
● Focuses on the behavior that can be learned.
● A theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
● Behavioral change occurs when individuals form associations between their actions and their
outcomes.
● Example:As a sister, Abby wanted her brother Zhin Ann to score well for his exam, so she add more
cookies for him so that he will continue to study smart and score well for his exam.

3
Behaviorism
● Learned through interaction with the
environment with a process called
conditioning.
● Classic conditioning, operational
conditioning, observation.
● For example: a student get good grades in
exam and rewarded with a sweet so the next
time he will again try to get good grades so he
can get sweet (Operational Conditioning).
● Learning is an inherently social process.
● Views human development as socially
mediated process in which children acquire
their cultural values, beliefs and problem
solving strategies through collaborative
dialogues with more knowledgeable
members of society.
● Emphasizes on the role of social interaction
in the development of cognition.
● For example: children are taught at the early
stage of their childhood to read, speak,
playing instrumental objects and be
respectful when interacting with others.

4
● Culture is signiﬁcant towards
learning as it can help the
individual develop and adapt
within the community
Example :-
The mother tongue of an individual
can help them gain knowledge and
learn more effectively.
Behaviorism
- Theory of learning based on the idea
that all behaviors are acquired through
conditioning.
- Classical conditioning is a technique
frequently used in behavioral training.
- Example: When you come home wearing
a baseball cap, you take your child to the
park to play. So whenever your child see
you come home with baseball cap, he is
excited because he has associated your
baseball cap with a trip to the park.
- Operant conditioning is a method of
learning that occurs through
reinforcements and punishments.

5
Behaviorism
● This theory focuses on the behaviour which is
learned because of a consequence.
● It can be categorized into classical conditional,
operant learning and observation. - Watson and
Skinner
● Law of effect in animal experiments -Thorndike
● Classical conditioning in dog’s saliva and the
ringing bell - Pavlov
● Operant learning in giving rewards or
punishments - Skinner
● Observation in Bobo doll and the imitation of the
child - Albert Bandura
Believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at
large were responsible for developing higher-order functions.
● Children are born with basic biological constraints on
their minds.
● But, each culture provides "tools of intellectual
adaptation”
○ Allow children to use their abilities in a way
that is adaptive to the culture in which they live.
● Example
○ One culture emphasize memory strategies such
as note-taking
○ Another culture might use tools like reminders
or rote memorization.

6
Vygotsky Sociocultural theory believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large were responsible for
developing higher-order functions. It is based upon the idea that a learner's environment plays a crucial role in his/her
learning development
Vygotsky scaffolding is part of the education concept "zone of proximal development"it he set of skills or knowledge a student can't do
on her own but can do with the help or guidance of someone else. Teachers encourage students to do with clarifying indirectly .
Behaviourism- It's a learning theory according to the idea that all the behaviour is learn by cthe conditioning.
Conditioning occurs by environment.
Three types of the behaviorism - Classical Conditioning, operant conditioning and observation
Classical conditioning- Classical conditioning is a process commonly used in behavioural therapy. Example, before I
sleep I will set the alam because when I hear the sound of the bell ring the next morning I will automatically wake up.
Operant conditioning - is a learning process whereby deliberate behaviors are reinforced through consequences.For
example students tend to do and finish their homeworks and tasks because they know they will be rewarded by for example
some marks, some gifts
Observation - Observation learning is referred to shaping, modeling and reinforcement. For example, a child watched a
classmate get in trouble for hitting another child and he learned by observing this interaction that he should not hit others
classmate.

Cystic Fibrosis is a hereditary disease that affects the lungs and digestive system.
The body produces thick and sticky mucus that can clog the lungs and obstruct the pancreas.
Interferes with pancreatic function by preventing enzymes from properly breaking down food, potentially leading to malnutrition.
Cystic Fibrosis
Treatments
Symptoms
❖ Salty-tasting skin
❖ Persistent coughing
❖ Poor weight gain in spite of
excessive appetite
★ Airway Clearance Techniques (ACT) > helps to loosen and get rid of
mucus from lungs.
★ Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)
> allow for proper flow of salt and fluids on the surface of the lungs,
thinning the thick mucus.
Causes
CF is an inherited condition. For someone to have CF, they need to inherit the defective gene from
both of their parents. People with only one copy of the defective gene are called carriers. They do
not have the condition or its symptoms. To have the disease, both parents must be carriers.

Shane was born in the summer of 2016 the first birth facility in a pediatric hospital specifically designed for mothers carrying babies with
known medical problems requiring immediate treatment.
Because CF is an “invisible” illness, Shane appeared healthy at first. But a sweat test shortly after he was born confirmed the prenatal tests that
he had cystic fibrosis. Jessica and Greg began to focus on the future.Once he was born something changed for us,” Jessica says. “I think it was
because we were confident in the care he was getting. Dr. Allen told us to focus on the things that are within our control. Don’t go looking for a
cure, but focus on taking care of Shane, doing his chest physical therapy, giving him his enzymes, loving him, and treating him the same as we
did our daughters when they were infants. It was phenomenal advice that we remind ourselves of on a regular basis.They were also reminded
of the significant advancements taking place in the treatment of CF, which added to their confidence in Shane’s medical team.
Jessica and Greg learned how to perform Shane’s CF chest physical therapy at home 45-minute sessions per day that focus on manually
clearing the mucus in his lungs. As time went on, the couple found ways to adapt the sessions to make them more effective and easier. For
example, they substitute their own cupped hands instead of percussor cups when doing his chest PT. They also put on his favorite shows
(these days it’s the Wiggles, Topsy and Tim and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse) and, most days, he doesn’t put up a fight.
They also learned early on that Shane’s pancreas does not produce enough enzymes to help his body digest fats, proteins and carbohydrates.
Each night, Jessica breaks open each of the 15 to 18 capsules Shane will require for the next day’s feedings and distributes the tiny beads into
pill cups. This saves time and allows Shane’s 10-year-old and 8-year-old sisters to help with the preparations adding the enzyme beads to his
food.
As for Shane, he is a happy toddler. “He is walking and talking and getting himself into a lot of mischief,” Jessica says. “He’s a little teaser, he
likes to make people laugh … and he always has a smile on his face. We are truly blessed to have him as our son.”
Cystic Fibrosis

Thalassemia is a blood disorder which passed from parents to children through genes.it happen when the body doesn't make enough of a protein called
hemoglobin, an important part of red blood cells.
Causes: it caused by mutations in the DNA of cells that make hemoglobin —the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body
Symptoms: Fatigue,Weakness,Pale or yellowish skin,Facial bone deformities,Slow growth,Abdominal swelling, Dark urine
Different types of thalassemia:
● beta thalassemia, which includes the subtypes major and intermedia
● alpha thalassemia, which include the subtypes hemoglobin H and hydrops fetalis
● thalassemia minor
Treatment: Doctors use three regular therapies. Blood transfusions, iron chelation (ke-LAY-shun) therapy, and folic acid supplements are
included in these procedures. Other therapies have been developed, or are being tested, but are much less commonly used

Real case story
The lady name is Chanapa Tantibanchacha. She is 28
years old and live in Baltimore, Maryland, Chanapa work
in the Food and Drug Administration as a officer.
Chanapa grew up in a small town in Arizona that is still
home to her parents. Her parents discovered when she
was 8 months old that she had thalassemia.
She began to lose hair as an infant, became fussy about
eating, and her skin got unusually pale. No one else had
thalassemia in her family, and her parents were unaware
that they were carrying one of the genes that causes
thalassemia.The diagnosis came to everyone as a shock.
Thalassemia signs and symptoms can include:
Fatigue
Weakness
Pale or yellowish skin
Facial bone deformities
Slow growth
Abdominal swelling
Dark urine

Down Syndrome
- It is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. The person has three copies of chromosome 21,
instead of the usual two copies, in all cells.
Causes
- It’s caused by an abnormal cell division that occurs during the development of the sperm cell or the egg cell.
Medical complications often accompany Down Syndrome
- Hearing loss
- Poor vision
- Obesity
- Hip problems (dislocation)
- Chronic Constipation
Treating Down Syndrome
- No cure for Down Syndrome.
- Special education teachers and therapists will help your child learn:
- Sensory skills, social skills, self-helps skills, motor skills, language and cognitive abilities.
Symptoms
- Short neck
- Small head and
ears
- Poor muscle tone
- Bulging tongue

Turner syndrome
● Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects approximately 25
to 50 in every 100,000 girls born each year.
● Known as 45,X, monosomy X and Ullrich-Turner syndrome.
Cause :
● Normally, a female has 2 X chromosomes in each cell. Turner
syndrome occurs when all or part of one X chromosome is missing.
● It can affect development before and after birth.
Symptoms:
★ The main features of Turner syndrome are being short stature and
having infertility (due to underdeveloped ovaries).
❖ Difficulty feeding in infancy, problems with hearing or eyesight,
problems with coordination, puffiness of the hands and feet, slower
sexual development, and problems with the heart, liver or kidneys.

Diagnosis
● Test for Turner syndrome before a baby is born if the
ultrasound or other prenatal tests show signs of Turner
syndrome. Sometimes a girl can have Turner syndrome
and not have the condition diagnosed until childhood or
puberty.
● Whoever has been diagnosed with Turner syndrome will
need to have medical checks to make sure they are staying
healthy and will need hormones to replace those that
normally come from the ovaries. If a woman with Turner
syndrome wants to have children, she will probably need
some help with her fertility.
Turner syndrome increases the risk of some other medical
conditions such as:
● coeliac disease or gluten intolerance
● bowel diseases
● diabetes
● low thyroid hormone
● osteoporosis
● hearing loss

Sickle Cell Anemia
Overview Symptoms Causes Treatments
Sickle cell anemia is an
inherited red blood cell
disorder in which they
aren’t enough healthy
red blood cells to carry
oxygen throughout
your body.
● Anemia.
● Episodes of pain.
● Swelling of
hands and feet
● Frequent
infections
● Vision problems
Caused by a mutation
in the gene that tells
your body to make
iron-rich compound
that makes your blood
red and enables RBC to
carry O2 from your
lungs throughout your
body (hemogoblin).
● Medications
such as
Hydroxyurea,
and
Pain-relieving
medication.
● Blood
transfusion
● Stem cell
transplant.

Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Overview :
● A genetic condition where a boy will born with an extra ‘X’ chromosomes.
● Men with Klinefelter’s syndrome usually have problem trying to have a child.
Symptoms
● Symptoms of Klinefelter vary with age
Babies
1. Weaker muscles
2. More quiet than usual
3. Slower to learn to sit up, crawl, and talk.
Children
● A hard time making friends and talking about feelings
● Low energy levels
● Problems learning to read, write, and do math
● Shyness and low confidence.

Teenagers
● Larger breasts than normal
● Less facial and body hair, and it comes in later
● Less muscle tone, and muscles grow slower than usual
● Longer arms and legs, wider hips, and a shorter torso than other boys their age
● Puberty never comes, comes later, or doesn’t quite finish
● Small penis and small, firm testicles
● Taller than usual for the family
Adults
● Infertility (can’t have children because they can’t make enough sperm)
● Low sex drive
● Low testosterone levels
● Problems getting or keeping an erection.

Causes :
● Either the egg or
the sperm that
came together to
create you had an
extra X
chromosome.
● An extra X
chromosome in
every cell
Diagnosis :
● Prenatal screening.
Testing after a healthcare
provider notices abnormal
growth during childhood,
puberty or throughout the
teen years.
● Done by a blood test
called karyotype
Treatment :
● Testosterone
replacement
therapy
● Speech and
language
therapy

Week 3
Child’s Sensation, Perception, Motor
Development and Learning

1
Child’s sensations https://youtu.be/q1xNuU7gaAQ
Child's motor development https://youtu.be/dvp9RfVaKkc
Child’s perception https://youtu.be/gnArvcWaH6I
/ Child learning https://youtu.be/Uyf8vQn90Yg

2
/ Motor skills - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuVkkhpiHTA
Child Development - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fojOMDS-PqI
Perception - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqYgU6CjGds
Child Learning - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hn0O_L6lfI
Child Sensation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Q3E-jTngAo

3
Motor, Sensory & Perception Development in Infancy & Childhood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR2BseDSUQg
Child’s sensation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXXiyIGqliE
Child’s Motor Skills - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuVkkhpiHTA
/ Child’s Perception - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEkXskJl99g
Child learning - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uyf8vQn90Yg

4
Child Senses - https://youtu.be/O2-x-dLb_KM
Child Perception - https://youtu.be/sqYgU6CjGds
/ Child Learning - https://youtu.be/xWgjwwvt9_w
/ Child Gross Motor Development - https://youtu.be/xd802M7NFJs

5
Child Motor Development
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xd802M7NFJs
Child Perception
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqYgU6CjGds
Child Learning
https://youtu.be/t4o4t4Xfaig
/ Child Sensation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kY5z0zMU23k

6
Child motor development
https://youtu.be/ZGv8olaNdk8
Child perception
https://youtu.be/HBW5vdhr_PA
Child learning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edr2aL9Mjys
Child sensation
https://youtu.be/J46nuKWvhV0

Week 3
Pros & Cons of Child’s Learning Centers

1
Swimming Lesson @ Happy Fish Swim School
Located in Damansara
Pros Cons
● Water Familiarisation
Children will learn how to explore in and around the
water safely.
● Breath Control
Children will learn how to hold their breath when verbal
and kinesthetic trigger is given.
● Trauma-Free Submersion
Children will develop confidence in submerging
underwater and discover the freedom of buoyancy.
● Free Floating
Children will learn how to float without assistance to the
ledge of pools or between adults.
● Independency
Children will learn how to swim between adults, grabbing
shirts to pull themselves up, turn and swim back to the
ledge and get out of the pool, all by themselves.
● The programme tend to be expensive.
● The children must wear snugly fitting swim diapers, and the
parents must wear appropriate swim attire in the swimming
pool.
● Require the presence of parents.
The parents cannot leave their children there and go to
work. They will have to sacrifice their working hours and
doing house chores.
● Safety concerns
- Such as swallowing too much water and exposure to cold
temperatures.
- If the children is not feeling well, they will be not able to
attend the swimming class.
- Expert entities disagree about whether early swim lessons
can prevent drowning or not.
- Many babies lack the neurological maturity to grasp the
concepts presented in swim classes.

2
Pros
➢ Improves hand and eye coordination and
motor skills
➢ Stimulates baby's senses
➢ Provides an interesting diversion in their
daily routine
➢ Boosts cognitive development
➢ Encourages freedom and movement
Cons
● Safety concerns whether the place is baby
proof
● Separation anxiety
● Less affordable
● Learned behaviour
● Child gets sick often
Baby Jumper Gym
★ Located at Publika Shopping Gallery. It is an early learning centre for kids mainly focus on right-brain
development through fun and games in their playschool sessions.
★ Their teaching method combines music, movement and a whole range of brain stimulation activities.
★ They have activities like jumping on mini trampolines, jump into ball pits and making cardboard cars
★ BJG has also been named ‘Best Baby Development Center’ and ‘Recommended Playschool’ by
BabyTalk Magazine.

3
POP PIANO MUSIC ACADEMY
● Located in Publika Shopping Gallery, Kuala Lumpur
● Emphasizes Play By Ear Piano teaching with Pop Piano improvisation for kids
● This academy’s aim is also to help kids learn to play their favourite songs.
PROS
1. Improves children’s attention span
2. Improves children’s motor skills
3. Playing piano reduces stress
4. Playing music instruments such as piano
improves children’s creativity and
problem solving skills
CONS
1. The practice time itself.
2. Piano instrument and the classes are
costly.
3. Children could be prone to mental illness
as there are possibilities that they could be
compared to their peers who are making a
better progress than them.

4
Young Chefs Academy
- Located at Desa Sri Hartamas, 50480 Kuala Lumpur
- unique culinary experience which offers cooking classes to children aged 3 to
17 in a safe environment that encourages discovery and creativity.
- Each class and event incorporates supplemental subject matter which ties
into each theme.
Pros
- Self-fulﬁllment
- Room of Creativity
- Learning different
culture
- Respectable
- Availability Job
Cons
- Risky
- Expensive Training
- Poor pay
- Demanding Job
- Stressing

5
● Fun
● Improve level of creativity
● Improve coordination skills
● Meet new friends
● Better to control own emotions
● Time Consuming
● Costly
● Mental Issues
● Need to spend extra more time to get the
ideal instrument
Peekaboo Music Academy
● Located at Taman Desa, Kuala Lumpur
● Brought educations for children from newborn to 7 years old
● Aspiring music learners in a wide range of musical instruments such as piano,
ukulele, including voice.
● Offer a Junior chef programme, which allow kids to learn different skills.
(Creating a dish and Handle Kitchen tools )
Pros Cons

6
Cons
1. May not lead to learning
2. Children still need guidance
3. Could lead to social bullying & exclusion
4. Could be unsafe in some instances
5. Is not always the best approach
Dramatic play supports children’s development- Engaging in dramatic play improves the
growth of young people. Predending improves social skills, makes kids more mindful on their
own thoughts, and encourages common language and problem solving As a child-centered play
activity, dramatic play is most successful, where the children are in control of the storey and
decide individually how to act it out.
Pros
1) Relief from emotional tension
2) Children feel powerful
3) Language development
4) Teaches conﬂict resolution
5) Understanding symbolism,building
ingenuity
6) Recognising what is real and what is
fantasy

Week 6
Messy Play beneﬁts child development
(cognitive, physical and emotional)

1
Cognitive :
The children will use their
senses to understand their
surrounding. For example,
they use their eyes to see the
objects and recognise that
them as toys or their parents;
they use their nose to smell
the food and recognise
whether if it is their favourite
food.
Physical :
The children will then move
their bodies either to nearer or
away from the objects or their
family. If the toys are new to
them, they will try to take it
and feel it if it is soft or hard,
for example, hands-on
activities help children to
compare textures and
temperatures and to develop
their sense of touch.
Emotional :
The children will show their
feelings by smiling if they are
happy or crying if they are sad
or angry or hungry. There is no
“right way” in messy play. Give
your child positive feedback.
For an example, say “wow! Look
at those colors!”. This gives her
freedom to express herself and
helps building self-esteem and
conﬁdence.
Messy play : Also known as sensory play, it is the term for any activities allowing children to
work with their hands to create a controlled mess. Often involving traditionally messy ingredients
like paint, sand, slime, water, clay or mud, it is geared toward exploring feelings and imagination.

2
Messy Play- Also known as sensory
play, is the term for any activities
allowing children to work with
their hands to create a controlled
mess. Often involving traditionally
messy ingredients such as paint,
sand, slime, water, clay or mud, it
is geared toward exploring
feelings and imagination.
Benefits
Cognitive - It encourages children to
interact with their environment and
learn about the objects around them.
Physical - It helps the child to develop
their motor skills and help them
develop better muscle strength.
Emotional - It helps them to obtain a
better understanding of their
emotions and help gain better control
of them like joy and frustration.

3
Messy play- Messy play is the way that encouraging children to learn about the raw material such
as mud, sand, water and paint without restrictions. It also allow your child to mess thing up so
they can use their senses in a logical and educational way.
Cognitive-Messy play is the basis for early STEM learning. Using hands-on play, children get a feel for experimentation by
seeing for themselves how things work. They learn valuable science skills like cause and effect, problem-solving and the scientific
method. They can also learn basic math skills like classification, sorting, matching and more.
Physical -Using the hands and fingers promotes fine motor development such as finger dexterity, hand strength and shoulder strength.
These skills are the building blocks for future handwriting. Using the senses of balance and body awareness enhance gross motor skills.
Emotional- emotional is the ability that let child to express and understand their feelings. And it's also to let them maintain or
make them emotion in a good condition in order to avoid bad emotion. This also can let them to learn how to control their
emotion.

4
● Also known as sensory play
● It can be any form of activities and
it allows children to work with their
own hands to create a controlled
mess.
● Ingredients Involved: Paint,
sand,slime,water ,clay or mud.
Cognitive
● Learn valuable science skills like cause and effect,
problem-solving and the scientific method.
● Learn basic math skills like classification, sorting,
matching
Physical
● Practice controlled movements that require
hand-eye coordination
Emotion
● Help them recognize and name their emotions and
figure out how to avoid getting upset in the future.
Messy Play Benefits

5
Messy Play
Allows children to make a controlled mess so, they can use their senses in a logical and educational way. While the idea of
making a huge mess often puts parents off, the beneﬁts of messy play are huge and totally worth the minimal inconvenience.
This includes rice play, jelly on plate, oats or cereal play, chocolate mud and kinetic sand.
Cognitive - helps develop brains bridge nerve connections and assists children in learning differences and similarities. The use of
sensory material creates hands-on, self-directed and self-centred play, and it encourages discovery and development. This approach
appeals to children who have different learning and thinking styles. It develops and enhances memory.
Emotion - Encourage children to work together and cooperate in group play or one-on-one play. They learn about personal
boundaries, understanding someone else's ideas and views, and they have the opportunity to express their own.
Physical - Using the hands and fingers promotes fine motor development such as finger dexterity, hand strength and shoulder
strength. These skills are the building blocks for future handwriting. Using the senses of balance and body awareness enhance gross
motor skills.
Creative Development - It leaves the child in control of the outcome and they have the freedom to explore and test different
theories. This can boost their self-confidence and also encourage them to find new ways to do things by using their imagination and
creativity.

6
Messy Play
● Term for any exercises permitting
children to work with their hands to
make a controlled wreck.
Frequently including customarily
chaotic fixings like paint, sand,
ooze, water, mud or mud, it is
intended for investigating emotions
and creative mind. Messy play
allows children to have freedom
which brings out their creativity.
Benefits:
● Curiosity: One of the great things about
childhood is the sense of freedom you have.
Experimentation is something to be encouraged
through all stages of our lives.
● Fine Motor Skills: Movements that use small
muscles in the fingers, hands and forearms but
they aren’t fully developed until around 8 years
old. Actions such as grabbing and gripping will
strengthen the muscles and improve those skills.
● Communication: In terms of communication,
they are able to express their likes and dislikes as
well as offering affection and empathy to other
children who may be feeling down/crying.

Week 8
Children need to play in nature, because...

1
A - Play is the most fundamental part in child development as it allows children to explore the world be it
in the nature or in the kitchen. Play is a child's context for learning as it nurtures children’s curiosity. It
enables children to explore and make sense of the world around them, and develop their imagination
and creativity.
B - Spending time in nature can help kids to get expose to the nature. They will be able to feel everything
in nature with all their senses. Young kids will see the sand ﬁrst before touching it. They will also try to
see if it is possible to make something with their hands, which develop their thinking skill. On the same
time, they can smell what the sand is like. Sometimes, they might accidentally taste the sand and then
express their emotions. Other than that, they can hear the sound of the sea waves, the noise of the crowd
and the animals at the beach. This will give them an idea of what it is like how to enjoy and have fun at the
beach.
C - By playing in nature children’s able to express they emotions by make a noise- shout and play with
other children, free to explore and move such run, jump, roll and more. Moreover, nature create a sense
of peacefulness to children’s.

2
Learning through play, appears to be a simple notion, but has profound meaning.
It helps children make sense of the world around them through discovery, allowing
them to develop cognitively, socially, emotionally and physically.
Piaget’s Stages of Play
Viewed play as integral to the development of intelligence in
children. His theory of play argues that as the child matures,
their environment and play should encourage further
cognitive and language development.
● Functional play
● Constructive play
● Symbolic/Fantasy play
● Games with rules
Vygotsky’s Cognitive Development
❖ Kids need to be comfortable in their natural environment
sometimes it might be dirty when they tend to play in sand
❖ That is how they discover thing and by discovering new things
the tend to develop their learning skills.
❖ As they are in a new environment they make new connections
it can be their friends, teachers, and parents too.
❖ Also, they are able to learn and develop within their role in the
community.
For example, when they tend to utter their first words to their peers
they learn to communication. This helps them to be a collaborative
and cooperative person as well.

3
A: Children can learning through playing. Kids can view, enjoy playing through the nature such
as sand. They can use sand to build the castle. Children will think that water is came out from
the tape because they haven't see waterfall, beach and river before. Even children see animal
also be so happy. As parents and teacher, we encourage them bring children to zoo, jungle so
they can more interact and view the environment and nature because it can help their health
and physical development.
B: Learning through experiencing , children learn the nature in a productive way, they learn
about environment and their surround by direct interact with them. So this method let them to
have an idea about what they have in nature
C: Children can learn when they playing, kids can learn things through observation. They will
look at people and imitate it. Besides, environment and the people around them will direct
inﬂuence them

4
A: Learning through play helps
kids understand and learn about
the objects in their environment
by encouraging them to interact
and examine the objects around
them.
B: Children learn and gain
experiences through play.
Playing in nature gives
children free rein to their
imaginations.

5
A: Allowing children to play in the nature gives them the freedom to
experience things and enjoy things. They get to learn about different
facts and it allows their imagination to run free.
B: Playing in nature provides them the opportunity to learn based on
what they observe. This also enhances children’s intelligence as they
are able to learn without much guidance. In other words, they learn
based on their own experience.

6
A
● Children need to play in nature
because they will learn to discover
new knowledge by themselves.
● Can foster their creativity
● Only through nature, children can
understand more about the
knowledges that they owned.
B
● Children needs to play in nature
because it is important for their
healthy development, peacefulness
and would beneﬁts them.
● It’s a different way for the child to
acquire information and learn.
● They will be able to understand
more when they discover thing on
their own.

Week 11
What’s your personal needs for friends and peers?

A
● Child - friendly, helpful, get along well,
always keep in touch, always play games
together in a large group after inviting others
to join along
● Adult - responsible, honest, patience, can get
along well, can talk about anything, friendly,
helpful, keep in touch anytime, good in giving
explanation if I am very lost at something,
enjoy exchanging ideas
● *Hardly can accept those with two-sided
faces, bully, betray, jealous others
B
● Child
○ Fun to be with
○ Friendly
○ Approachable
○ Understanding
● Adult
○ Reliable
○ Open-minded
○ Respectful
○ (I’m ﬁne with anyone honestly)

A
As a child: Be friends with everyone
except for people who bully others.
(school)
As an adult: Compatible personality, be
honest and sincere to people
B
As a child: I befriend everyone, i didn’t exactly
looked for anyone. Everyone is a good friend if
they are my friends. (I was the bad friend lol)
As an adult: I don’t think i have the needs to look
for more friends although i don’t mind making
some. As long as they have good personalities,
honest, not two faced, all’s good.

A
As a child:
-sharing their toys
-doing everything together
As an adult:
-understanding
-honest
-someone who listens and not judge
-funnyyyy
B
As a child:
- Invite me to play along
- Share their snacks and toys
- Know how to take turns when playing
As an adult:
- Promotes a positive outlook on life
- Brings out the best in each other
- Good at managing disagreements
- Share the same sense of humour
- Have a big heart and is generous

A
As a child:
● Friendly, sharing food and toys, can play
together all the time
As an adult:
● Friendly, responsible, honest and kind,
effective listener, if I need you, you must with
me, understand my position and we can travel
together and make fun together. When I am
sad she need to accompanying me.
● In don't want my friend like same guy that I
like.
B
As a child:
- Friendly, kind, sharing toys to play,
As an adult:
- Must be a honest person, kind,
understanding, listen without judging
anyone, and funny.

A
As a child:
sharing snack and drink , sharing their
toys, doing everything together
As an adult:
Loyalty
Honesty
Understanding
B
As a child :
I be friend with everyone without caring if they are
good or bad. Because for me, as long as they are
there for me and wants to share their food or toy
with me, they’re considered my friend.
As an adult :
I’d look for a friend who is honest, supportive,
understanding and the one that won’t leak out my
secrets. Having only one is more than enough. :D

A
As a child: I would say an individual who is
loyal to people in his/her surroundings. It is
okay if that person may not be able to
provide help at all times as long as he or
her will stay by my side at the end of the
day through the good and bad times
As an adult: No difference from child.
Actually one additional criteria which is
honesty. That person can be self-centered
or selfish but as long as he or she is an
honest person, someone who I know who
is trustworthy, then it would be a great
pleasure for me to have that friend.
B
As a child : i would prefer someone who is
energetic and also outgoing. Also prefer
some who is genuine and also able to be
there whenever i need them
As an adult : I prefer someone open minded
and also someone who is responsible and
also know how to have fun in the correct
way.

A
As a child, i need friends that will play
with me and talk to me.
As for now, i just need friends and
peers that support me and won’t
betray me. Understand what I want,
can motivate each other.
B
As a child, I just need a friend that
have a lot of fun thing can play with
them.
As a adult, just hope there have
somebody can talk with

A
As a child, I’ll just tag along with my
brother and befriend anyone to have fun.
As an adult, I’ll look for people who I’ll
trust and who’ll help me when I’m in
need. Also people I can have fun and
spend time with.

Questions for Guest Speaker
Nutritionist
Q1. What is the healthier food for kids?
Q2.What kind of nutritional approach would you
take to help children who are at risk of
developing diabetes and in chronic disease
Q3. what kind of vitamins is necessary for babies?
Q4. What kind of healthy food should I consume
on a daily basis in your opinion Miss? How do one
overcome his/her addiction of junk food?
Q5. What is the intern training like to be a
qualified nutritionist? Is it in pharmacy, hospital
or diet center? Is it always working together with
doctors or requires to do a lot of article
reviewed? How do I know if I'm getting all the
nutrition I need at red zone during this
pandemic?
Early Child Educator
Q1. I want to be an Early Child teacher and do you have
any advice for me because I want to be ready. If
children fight in front of you how you overcome it?
Because they are young. How to make children follow
the instructions?
Q2. Have you ever identified learning disabilities within
your students? How did you go through that situation?
Q3. How do I provide aid to children who could be
having social anxiety after getting publicly humiliated?
What is the best method to educate children especially
those who are making slower progress than others?
Q4. What is the toughest and easiest to be the educator?
Q5. How to handle kids throwing tantrums? What are the
reasons for a kid to throw tantrums?

Questions for Guest Speaker
Nutritionist
Q6. Is it possible for diet to cause a side effect on teenagers
or during their puberty period?
Q7. What food or method can prevent blood pressure to
become low?
Q8. How many calories should a child consume in a day ? Will
it increase if they play sports ?
Q9. How much protein does a child need?Is it okay to give the
same foods to child every day if they are healthy?
Q10. What kind of nutritional approach would you take to
help children who are at risk of developing diabetes?
Q11. can drastic weight loss have a negative effect on an
individuals health ?
Q11. Is it normal to not remember what we ate yesterday and
the day before ? 2. Is it important to keep track of what we
eat?
Early Child Educator
Q6. What to do if child is insecure?
Q7. How will you exercise patience when interacting with
children?
Q8. What is the difference between good and bad sugar ?
What is the acceptable amount of sweet treats to give a child
?
Q9. How do you describe a perfect learning environment for
a child?
Q10. what are the skills needed as a early childhood educator
?
Q11. What is your view on sex education for children in
Malaysia?
Q12. Do you think that technological appliances play a great
role in the development of the new generations? 2. What is
your say on, YouTuber parents who show their children on
camera ?

Child Development

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