Poster Review for PTSD: - Introduction (Definition, Prevalence for adults, children and veterans, the invisible PTSD) - Types of diseases and symptoms - Risk Factors - Complications - Treatment - Conclusion

1. POSTER REVIEW
for PTSD
Physiological Psychology Group Assignment

3. Content
Introduction
Definition
Prevalence
The Invisible PTSD
Types of Disease and Symptoms
Risk Factors
Complications
Treatment

4. 1 - Introduction

5. A type of mental health problem under anxiety disorder.
Some people develop it after going through or witnessing
horrible life events in any stage of life.
People may lose control, causing them to be afraid.
Common to think back the sad memories or struggle to sleep.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Introduction

6. Introduction
The conditions
maybe still
persistent and cause
troubles in their life.
Most people
begin to feel
better after a
while.
Some people's
symptoms may start
later and disappear
over time.
Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3

7. Based on the U.S. population, around 7-8%
of the adults will have PTSD at some point
in their lives; around 8.6 million of them
have PTSD within a year.
Prevalence for Adults
Introduction

8. Accidents
Combat
Physical assault
Disaster
To witness injury or death
Sexual assault
Child sexual abuse
Female
60% - Trauma
10% - PTSD
Male
50% - Trauma
4% - PTSD
Prevalence for Adults

9. Events
Sexual or physical abuse or other
violent crimes.
Disasters
Car crashes, fires, floods, or school
shootings.
Other events
War, a friend's suicide, or seeing
violence in the area they live.
Prevalence for Children and Teenagers
Neglect
65%
Physical abuse
18%
Sexual abuse
10%
Mental abuse
7%
Child
Protection
Services

10. Serving in military - combat
Between 11%-20% served in Operations Iraqi
Freedom or Enduring Freedom
12% served in the Gulf War with desert storm
About 15% served in Vietnam
Prevalence for Veterans
Introduction

11. Military sexual trauma
Sexual harassment (55% women and 38% men)
Sexual assault (23% women)
Can occur during
Peacetime
Training
War
Prevalence for Veterans
Introduction

12. There is a need to raise such awareness to the public.
It is celebrated in June, specifically on the 27th together
with the teal ribbon colour for PTSD awareness.
Advanced brain imaging technology (MRI, PET, SPECT,
MEG) can contribute with accurate diagnosis and
effective treatment.
The Invisible PTSD
Introduction

13. Smaller hippocampal
volume in the
magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
images is found in
PTSD sufferers.
There is an
impairment in
regulating the
emotional responses
to fear and stress.
The Invisible PTSD
Smaller hippocampal volume in a patient with PTSD (right)
relative to a non PTSD subject (left) as shown in MRI images.

14. Positron emission
tomography (PET)
images showed
higher mGluR5
receptors in PTSD
subject than healthy
control subject.
The glutamate levels
are changed by
glutamate, a
chemical messenger
of brain signals.
The Invisible PTSD

15. PTSD sufferers have more
cortisol inflammation,
which may impair mental
performance, lower pain
sensitivity, and emotional
regulation.
A stress hormone, known
as cortisol, is scattered
constantly within the
brain, causing the "fight
or flight" panic reaction
more often, because it is
easily tricked into an
alarmed state.
The Invisible PTSD
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images
showed the differences between healthy, PTSD, traumatic brain
injury (TBI) and PTSD Comorbid with TBI Perfusion Patterns.

16. The images of
magnetoencephalography
(MEG) showed that veterans
with PTSD had significantly
stronger neural activity in
prefrontal, sensorimotor,
temporal regions, bilateral
amygdalae, parahippocampal
and hippocampal areas.
Conversely, healthy veterans
had stronger neural activity
in the bilateral occipital
cortices.
The Invisible PTSD
3D renditions showing brain regions with significant resting-state neuronal
activity in combat veterans without PTSD (top row) and with PTSD (bottom row).
Group differences in resting-state neuronal activity between combat
veterans with and without PTSD were found in several brain regions.

17. 2 - Types of disease & the symptoms

18. Symptoms According To DSM-V
Portraying physiological cues which are noticable and
reoccurance of unpleasant memories,
Intrusion Symptoms
Having difficulties in to have any form of interactions in
external environment due to idstressing perceptions or
emotions concerning any related trauma.
Avoidance

19. Continued
Constantly dwelling on negative thoughts and having bad
perception on oneself.
Negative Alteration In Mood and Cognition
Inability to apprehend emotions which would result in
uncontrollable anger or outburst
Alterations In Arousal And Negativity

20. Types of PTSD
Interpersonal trauma such as
physical abuse or secual trauma. In
other words, being placed in a
dysfunctional, abusive
environment
Victim-Related Trauma
Survivor from scenarios where
individuals narrowly escape from
dangerous situations
Natural-Disaster Trauma
Getting overwhelmed with
mistakes from the past which
could affect individual's present or
future well-being
Perpertrator Guilt

21. Types of PTSD
Enduring any abusive treatments
which would instill fear within
individuals. People who have PTSD
in this category are generaly
children who are abused.
Survivor Trauma
Developing fear through enternal
engagement in environment or
even comprehending the trauma or
experience from others through
interactions.
PTSD Not Otherwise
Specified

22. 3 - How it related?

23. Risk Factors
Women and older individuals are
found to be more susceptible to
PTSD symptoms
Women & age
Lack of social support leads to
greater, more harmful PTSD
symptoms and it affects
adherence to treatment.
Social support
Past psychiatric problems and
exposure to trauma increases a
new mother's susceptibility to
PTSD development.
Psychiatric
background

24. Complications
Mothers may experience a poor
delivery while babies may not be
of a healthy weight.
Somatic pain such as headaches
and arthritis is more prevalent
amongst individuals with PTSD.
Physical
PTSD is highly associated with
self-harm behaviour.
PTSD symptoms + anticipatory
rumination leads to more
depressive symptoms.
Psychological

25. 4 - Treatment

26. Treatment:
Psychotherapies
a. Focus on mind and feelings
b. Help to regulate uncontrollable emotions, thoughts and behaviors patterns.
c. Redefine negative beliefs.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
a. Evidence-based treatment & based on concept of Emotion Processing
Therapy (EPT)
b. Imagine the traumatic situation again to face their fearness
c. Form new understanding &combine with their traumatic feelings
Prolonged Exposure (PE)
Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
a. Reconstruct perception to change negative views of traumatic events.
b. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) as concept, focus on association between the
traumatic events, emotions, thoughts and behaviors.

27. Treatment - Medications
- Decreasing most of the PTSD symptoms yet it
could not help the patients to fully recover.
Sertraline
- A type of tranquilizer.
- Help to calm down and be more able to
realize the real thoughts and feelings.
Quetiapine

28. Treatment - Side effects
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Vomiting
Sertraline
- Global aphasia (Elderly)
- Dizziness
- Dry mouth
Quetiapine

29. Conclusion
01 PTSD may happen to anyone although it is invisible, yet it can be
measured by the advanced brain imaging technology, and hence the
awareness is celebrated in June with teal ribbon.
02 Types of diseases and symptoms are important
to be recognized for PTSD.
03 Being aware of the risk factors and complications related to
PTSD is important in preventing potential physical and
psychological harm.
04 PTSD can be improved by using psychotherapy (e.g., CBT, CPT
& PE) and medications (e.g., sertraline & quetiapine), even if side
effects were existed.
05 Necessary social support should be implemented by
providing appropriate and sincere form of affection would be
effective to overcome PTSD without any medication

30. THE END
Thank you for listening!!!