The growth of Indian nationalism accelerated after World War 1. Gandhi emerged as a leader of the masses and employed nonviolent civil disobedience campaigns like non-cooperation and salt marches to protest British rule. Tensions also grew between Hindu and Muslim communities, eventually leading to the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 amid widespread violence that displaced millions and took over a million lives. India and Pakistan gained independence but the partition came at tremendous human cost.

1. The Growth of Mass
nationalism

2. 1858
British take political control
of India

3. Causes of Indian nationalism:
1. discontent with British rule.
2. Discrimination by Britishers.
3. Arise of great leaders.
4. new print culture.
5. nationalist orgs.

4. Nationalism (Growth)
 After 1919 the struggle against British rule
gradually became a mass struggle , involving
peasants , tribal , students and women in
large number and occasionally the factory
workers .
 After the first world war the situation of India
was gradually changed . They have a huge
rise in defence expenditure . The government
in turn increased the taxes .

5. Nationalism
 General people have great difficulties . On
the other hand , the business groups reaped
fabulous profits .
 many soldiers understand the exploitation of
people done by Britishers and they oppose
colonial rule in India .
 In many other ways Indians were inspired for
nationalism.

6. Indian National Congress
 1885
 1st
– Indian elite only
 1920s – mass
movement (Gandhi)
 moderate
 constitutional
methods
Alan Octavian Hume, founder of Indian
National Indian National Union, which
became INC

7. Swadeshi Movement
 early 1900s
 Swadeshi = “one’s own country,” self-
sufficiency
 boycott British goods
 Indians produce own goods
 nationalist education
 nationalism = mass movement

8. Muslim League
 1906
 seek Muslim political
rights
Muhammad Ali Jinnah – leader of
Muslim League, founder of Pakistan,
and first Governor-General of Pakistan

9. Gandhi (1869-1948)
 leader of INC, 1920s-
1930s
 nonviolence
(satyagraha)

10. Chronology - early life & training for his
future role:
 1869 – born in Gujarat
 1888-1891 – study law in Britain
 1893-1899, 1902-1915 – fight racism in SA

11. Chronology – protest against British rule
builds & Gandhi becomes Indian leader:
 1915 – Satyagraha Ashram
 1919 – Amritsar Massacre
 1922-1924 – imprisonment
 1924 – fast: Hindu-Muslim unity
 1930 – Salt March
 January 1948 – fast: Hindu-Muslim unity
 1948 – assassinated

12. The advent of Mahatma Gandhi
 In these circumstances Mahatma Gandhi
come as a mass leader . Gandhi aged 46,
arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa.
 He was already a respected leader, known
internationally . His South African campaigns
had bought him in contact with various
peoples.
 Mahatma Gandhi spent his first five years in
travelling throughout the country,
understanding the people and their situation.

13. Rawlatt Satyagraha
1) In 1919 , Gandhi gave a call for a satyagrah
against the Rawlatt act that the British had
just passed.
2) Mahatma Gandhi , Mohammad Ali Jinnah
and other felt that the government had no
right to restrict peoples basic freedom .
Gandhi ji asked the Indians to observe 6
April 1919 as the day of non- violent
opposition of this act.
3) The Rawlatt satyagrah turned out to be the
first all India struggle against the British
government

14. Khilafat Agitation
 The Khilafat issue was one such cause . In
1920 the British imposed a harsh treaty on
the Turkish sultan or Khalifa .
 Also Indian Muslim were keen that the Khalifa
be allowed to retain control over Muslim
scared places in the est while Ottoman
Empire.
 Gandhi supported this agitation and in turn
Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Shaukat Ali
supported Non cooperation movement.

15. Non cooperation Movement
 The non cooperation movement gained
momentum through 1921-1922. Thousand of
students left government schools and
collages . British titles were surrendered .
Large parts of the country were on the brink
of a formidable revolt.

16. The Happenings of 1922-1929.
 Gandhi abruptly called off the non cooperation
movement due to the Incident of Chaura Chauri
on February 1922.
 The formation of Rashtriya Swaymsevak Sangh
(RSS) and the communist Party . These parties
have very different ideas about the country.
 The decade close with the congress resolving to
fight for purna Swaraj in 1921 under
presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru consequently
independence day was celebrated on 26
January 1930- in all India.

17. Gandhi and followers on the Salt March

18. On the beach at Dandi, the end of the Salt
March

19. The March to Dandi
 In 1930 Gandhiji declared that he would lead
a march to break salt law.
 Gandhi and his followers marched for over
240 miles from Sabarmati to the costal toen
Dandi where he break salt law on 6 April
1930.

20. Quit India and Later
 The British must quit India –Gandhi told the
people. He said do or die in your effort to fight
with British . And in response over 90,000
people were arrested.

21. Issues in the Indian nationalist movement
 method – nonviolence vs. violence
 religion – Hinduism vs. Islam
 women’s rights
 Q of westernization/modernization

22. Towards Independence and Partition
 From the late 1930s, the league began
viewing the Muslims as a separate “nation”
from Hindu.
 1937 seemed to have convinced the league
that Muslims were minority and would always
play second role.
 After the failure of cabinet mission the Muslim
league decided on mass agitation and
announced 16 august 1944 as direct action
day.

23. Partition
 Many people were killed during the partition.
Million were forced to flee their homes.
Partition also meant that India changed ,
many of its cities changed and a new country
– Pakistan – was born.
-------------------------------------------------------
 So the joy of our country's independence
from British rule come mixed with the pain
and violence of partition.

24. Independence
August 14, 1947 –
Pakistan (Muslim majority)
August 15, 1947 – India
(Hindu majority)

25. India before (left) and after (right) 1947

26. Post-Independence Violence
 Hindu vs. Muslim
 1 million deaths
 12 million relocated
 Gandhi’s fast  success

27. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)
 1st PM of India (1947-
1964)
 goal: modernize India,
via socialist economics
& democratic politics

28. Thank You