The Relevance of Urban Resilience for Strategic Planning in Coastal Metropolitan Regions: A comparative study of Taiwan and the Netherlands

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The Relevance of Urban Resilience for Strategic
Planning in Coastal Metropolitan Regions:
A comparative study of Taiwan and the Netherlands
Peiwen Lu
PhD candidate in Dept. of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology
Julianalaan 134, 2628BL, Delft, The Netherlands

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I. Theoretical framework
Timeframe
1 2 3 4
II. Research structure
III. Current results
IV. Issues and discussions

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The uncertainty of
climate disturbances
enhance and reframe
the concepts in
planning decision-
making.
Climate relevant concepts
I. Theoretical framework
Cross-national comparison
Governance and implementations
Transnational
comparison offers
a broadened view
of strategic spatial
planning
How well can and
does planning
strategies address in
planning practices?

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Climate relevant concepts
I. Theoretical framework
Cross-national comparison
Governance and implementations
ADGER, W. NEIL 2000. Social
and ecological resilience: are
they related? Progress in
Human Geography, 24,
347-364.
FOSTER, KATHRYN A. 2006.
A Case Study Approach to
Understanding Regional
Resilience. In: FOSTER, K. A.
(ed.) Annual Conference of the
Association of Collegiate
Schools of Planning, Fort
Worth. Texas.
IPCC 2001. Summary for
Policymakers to Climate
Change 2001: Synthesis Report
of the IPCC Third Assessment
Report. Wembley.
SCHLAGER, E. 2007. A
comparison of frameworks,
theories, and models of policy
processes. In: SABATIER, P. A.
(ed.) Theories of the policy
process. Boulder: Westview
Press.CEC 1997. The EU
Compendium of Spatial
Planning Systems and Policies-
Regional Development Studies
28. Luxembourg.
NADIN, VINCENTand
STEAD, DOMINIC 2008.
European spatial planning
systems, social models and
learning. disP-The Planning
Review, 172, 35-47.
SABATIER, PAUL A. 1998. The
advocacy coalition framework:
revisions and relevance for
Europe. 5, 1, 98-130.
HEALEY, PATSY 1997. An
Institutionalist Approach to Spatial
Planning. In: HEALEY, P., et al.
(eds.) Making Strategic Spatial
Plans-Innovation in Europe.
London: UCL Press.
ALBRECHTS, LOUIS 2004.
Strategic (spatial) planning
reexamined. Environment and
Planning B: Planning and
Design, 31, 743-758.
FALUDI, ANDREAS 2000. The
Performance of Spatial Planning.
Planning Practice and Research,
15, 299-318.
HEALEY, PATSY 1997.
Collaborative planning. Shaping
places in fragmented societies,
London, MacMillan.
HEALEY, PATSY 2006. Urban
complexity and spatial
strategies : towards a relational
planning for our times, New
York, Routledge.
ALBRECHTS, LOUIS, et al.
2003. Strategic Spatial Planning
and Regional Governance in
Europe. Journal of the
American Planning
Association, 69, 113-129.
LINNENLUECKE,
MARTINAand GRIFFITHS,
ANDREW 2010. Beyond
Adaptation: Resilience for
Business in Light of Climate
Change and Weather Extremes.
Business & Society, 49,
477-511.
WHITE, IAIN 2010. Risk,
resilience and spatial planning.
Water and the city: risk,
resilience and planning for a
sustainable future Oxon:
Routledge.

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Resilient
concepts
policy-making implementations
Resilient
concepts
policy-making implementations

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Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Kaohsiung,
Taiwan
Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Rotterdam Kaohsiung
Water
Planning
Water
Planning

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Whether and how resilient concepts
take into account in various contexts of
decision-making for flood risk
management?
In terms of flooding issues, how well
can and does the interpretation of
strategic planning address on both the
institutions and implementations?
Resilient
concepts
policy-making implementations
YIN, ROBERT K. 2003. Case
study research: design and
methods, Thousand Oaks,
London, New Delhi, Sage
Publications, Inc. .

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Water
Planning
Rotterdam III. Current results
Source: Foster (2006)

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Water
Planning
Rotterdam III. Current results
Stage
Assessment criteria How well can and does city
assess its vulnerabilities to
disturbances and its capacity for
responding to disaster?
Overarching Question
The capacity (actors, policies, processes, relations and
resources) to:
-monitor current conditions
-predict regional trends and patterns
-identify and assess the probability of risks and disturbances
-set up ‘priorities’ based on risk assessments and probabilities
-learn from the lessens in the past
-invest and develop scientific scenarios for risk assessments
-communicate findings (concepts, skills, actions) in planning
policy
-collaborate decision-making in different levels of governance
Measures/ Indicators
(refer to FOSTER, 2006)

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Water
Planning
Rotterdam III. Current results
Stage
Readiness criteria How well can and does city
ready itself to response the
assessments and potential
disturbances?
Overarching Question
The capacity (actors, policies, processes, relations and
resources) to:
-forecast
-authorise and mandate infrastructural actions
-coordinate readiness actions
-innovate and propose economic-benefit actions
-imply and enhance actions
-rise up public awareness and preparation education
Measures/ Indicators

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Water
Planning
Rotterdam III. Current results
Stage
Response criteria How effectively, in absolute and
relative terms, does city respond
to actual disturbances?
Overarching Question
How well does city respond in terms of,
-react at appropriate (not under- or overreacting) level to
disturbance
-contain and minimise physical, economic and social damage and
other negative outcomes resulting from disturbance
-sustain viable, cost-effective levels of service delivery
-leverage and use effective networks of internal and external
relations
-demonstrate effective leadership in authorising, coordinating,
communicating and taking actions to response the disturbance
-perform capable relations to other places that have similar
disturbances
-frame the nature and response to the disturbance in media and
other communication outlets
Measures/ Indicators

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Water
Planning
Rotterdam III. Current results
Stage
Recovery criteria How effectively, in absolute and
relative terms, does the region
recover from the disturbance and
learn from its lessons and
insights?
Overarching Question
How well does the region recover from disturbance in
terms of,
-repair systems damaged in the disturbance
-the speed of return to expected levels of regional functioning
-the quality of back-up systems needed to bridge recovery period
Measures/ Indicators

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structureWater
Planning
Rotterdam III. Current results
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations

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Water
Planning
I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
III. Current results
Rotterdam
In spite of different approaches
and interests, planning decision-
making in the city of Rotterdam
has considered in the first two
stages of preparation resilience.
Instead of learning from previous
experiences, the uncertainty of
climate-related floods causes
planning decision-making move
closer and closer to knowledge-
oriented predictions and scientific
scenarios. Knowledge formation
therefore becomes crucial in
planning decision-making in this
era.
Rotterdam’s empirical study
indicates the multi-level
collaboration seems to be the central
issues in spatial planning for
proposing climate strategies.
The municipality is particularly
active in cooperation with national
(climate knowledge projects),
provincial (water resistant projects),
and international (experience
exchange with other delta cities)
levels. Local authorities aim to
produce a joint circumstance which
enhances the city’s flood risk
preparation meanwhile sets up water
expertise image for economic profits.
Officially, water is
proclaimed as an
ordering element, yet
actual spatial
developments still
follow lines of
economic and social
priorities as executed
by institutional
powers.

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Water
Planning
I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
III. Current results
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Regard to water issues, planning
decision-making approach is very
different between Tainan and
Kaohsiung, which also shape the
physical environment variously.
Water
Planning
Kaohsiung
& Tainan

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Water
Planning
I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
III. Current results
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Water
Planning
Kaohsiung
& Tainan
Traditional flood management The spatial-water-adaptive flood management
In terms of water and spatial characteristics
Pumping, dikes, drainage Natural retention and storage
Rapid drainage Retaining (maximum) location-specific water
Sectoral objectives Integrated with spatial development
Reactive, protective and strength Proactive, adaptive and resilience
Standardised and uniform Local-based strategies in diversity
Precise and fixed Blur and hard to estimate
(refer to Wolsink, 2008)

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Water
Planning
I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
III. Current results
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Water
Planning
Kaohsiung
& Tainan
Traditional flood management The spatial-water-adaptive flood management
In terms of governance characteristics
Control Open
Technocratic (professional sectors) Societal anticipation (groups of interests)
Juridical procedure focus Societal development process focus
Hierarchical, centralised, close and
exclusive
Collaborative, decentralised, open and
participative
Communication to explain Communication as mutual learning for decision-
making
Monistic Pluralistic

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The 1990s
The 2000s
The 2010s
In terms of water and spatial characteristics
Traditional flood
management
The spatial-water-adaptive
flood management
In terms of governance characteristics
Traditional flood
management
The spatial-water-adaptive
flood management
Pumping, dikes,
drainage
Rapid drainage
Reactive,
protective and
strength
Standardised and
uniform
Precise and fixed
Sectoral objectives
Open
Technocratic
(water sectors)
Societal anticipation
(the NGOs)
Juridical
procedure focus
Hierarchical, centralised,
close and exclusive
Collaborative, decentralised,
open and participative
Communication to explain
Monistic
Control
Pumping, dikes,
drainage
Rapid drainage
Reactive,
protective and
strength
Standardised and
uniform
Precise and fixed
Sectoral objectives
Open
Societal anticipation
(the NGOs)
Collaborative, decentralised,
open and participative
Natural retention and
storage
Retaining (maximum)
location-specific water
Proactive,
adaptive and
resilience
Societal development
process focus
Communication as mutual
learning for decision-making
Pluralistic
Kaohsiung

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The 1990s
The 2000s
The 2010s
In terms of water and spatial characteristics
Traditional flood
management
The spatial-water-adaptive
flood management
In terms of governance characteristics
Traditional flood
management
The spatial-water-adaptive
flood management
Tainan
Pumping, dikes,
drainage
Natural retention and
storage
Rapid drainage Retaining (maximum)
location-specific water
Integrated with spatial
development
Reactive,
protective and
strength
Proactive,
adaptive and
resilience
Standardised and
uniform
Local-based strategies
in diversity
Precise and fixed
Control
Technocratic
(engineers+planners.)
Societal development
process focus
Hierarchical,
centralised, close and
exclusive
Collaborative, decentralised,
open and participative (within
the gov.)
Communication as mutual
learning for decision-
making (within the gov.)
Monistic
Pumping, dikes,
drainage
Natural retention and
storage
Rapid drainage Retaining (maximum)
location-specific water
Integrated with spatial
development
Reactive,
protective and
strength
Proactive,
adaptive and
resilience
Standardised and
uniform
Local-based strategies
in diversity
Precise and fixed
Control
Technocratic
(engineers+planners.)
Societal development
process focus
Hierarchical,
centralised, close and
exclusive
Collaborative, decentralised,
open and participative (within
the gov.)
Communication as mutual
learning for decision-
making (within the gov.)
Monistic

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The 1990s The 2000s The 2010s
The Meinung
Reservoir issue
(1992)
Academics
Annual
floodings(20
09)
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Kaohsiung
Hydraulic
engineers
Hydraulic
engineers
Hydraulic
engineers
NGOs and local
groups
Academics
NGOs and local
groups
Planning
decision-­‐making
Hydraulic
engineers
The STSP
project (1996)
Tainan
Hydraulic
engineers
Planning
decision-­‐
making
Academics
Hydraulic
engineers
Planning
decision-­‐
making
Academics
NGOs
and local
groups
(Healey, 1997; 2007)
Annual
floodings
(2009)

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I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
III. Current results
In spite of having the same
national framework, local policy
making process in two
municipalities has massively
different.
In Tainan, planners and decision-
makers take resilient concepts,
regarding to their own sketchy
understandings, in policy-making
and flood-resistant programmes.
In Kaohsiung, resilient concepts
are considered as arguments
fighting for hydraulic professions.
It is often taken by local groups,
academics and NGOs to
negotiate with the government.
Regarding to strategies for
flood risk management,
planning policies in Tainan
generally direct the
implementations.
However, implementations in
Kaohsiung not always follow
the direction of spatial policies.
Spatial developments in
Kaohsiung still mainly follow
lines of national decisions,
economic and social
preferences as the priority.
Water
Planning
Kaohsiung
& Tainan
Planning decision-making in
Tainan has closer collaborations
with hydraulic sectors (after the
STSP project) than in Kaohsiung.
However, it is technocratic and
exclusive within the professions.
In Kaohsiung, a shifting paradigm
in flood management occur since
the late 2000s. Planning decision-
making now is open and
pluralistic while lacks of practical
strategies.

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Resilient
concepts
policy-making implementations
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
IV. Issues and discussions
I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
III. Current results
Does Dutch cities share the similar
context of decision-making for flood
risk management?
Planning matters

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IV. Issues and discussions
I. Theoretical framework
II. Research structure
III. Current results
The Netherlands Taiwan
Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations
Tainan
Kaohsiung
XX
Rotterdam