This document summarizes international experiences with water sensitive cities through case studies of 8 cities on 3 continents. It discusses the challenges of urbanization, water, climate change, and increased vulnerability facing cities. Case studies include Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, New Orleans, New York City, London, Rotterdam, and Singapore. The document outlines key elements to transition cities to become more water resilient, including analyzing vulnerabilities and opportunities, setting goals and adaptation strategies, and implementing measures through planning and action.
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FloodCoP Oct 2015 Nanco Dolman - Towards water resilient cities
1. Nanco Dolman MSc BLArch
Amsterdam, 4 November 2015
Towards water resilient cities
Building on international experiences
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Water for Enhanced Urban Liveability
๏ฎ Distill international experiences for Water Sensitive Cities
๏ฎ 8 case studies on 3 continents
๏ Different positions in Water Sensitive Cities framework
๏ Based on project experience
๏ฎ Present effectiveness, implementation and way forward
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Bangkok
New Orleans
New York
Singapore
Rotterdam
London
HCMC
Jakarta
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City challenges
๏ฎ Today, 3.5 billion people - half of humanity โ live in cities
๏ฎ In 2030, 60% of the global population will live in cities
๏ฎ In 2015, 80% of the megacities is located in river deltas
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Some key challenges to urban liveability
(CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, 2012)
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Water challenges
๏ฎ 90% of disasters are water-related
๏ฎ Different threats
๏ Flooding from rivers and sea
๏ Disruptions from precipitation
โข Storm water overwhelms the drainage system
โข Periods of droughts
๏ Groundwater and subsidence
๏ Heat
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Increased pressure
๏ฎ Sea level rise
๏ฎ Change precipitation patterns
๏ฎ Longer periods of heat and drought
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Projected Sea Level Rise (IPCC)
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The case studies
๏ฎ Restore imbalance of the urban water cycle
๏ฎ Solutions proposed following WSUD
๏ Integrating water with urban planning
๏ In dialogue challenges can be addressed
๏ Smaller scale measures to restore (some of) the balance
๏ฎ Disasters often initiate a response
๏ Understanding the drivers
๏ Building back smarter
๏ Facilitating stakeholders dialogue
๏ฎ Learn from experience
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Thailand: Bangkok
๏ฎ Roughly 7 million people
๏ฎ Chao Phraya River, Gulf of Thailand
History
๏ฎ Historicaly โliving with waterโ
๏ Floating markets
๏ Houses on stilts
๏ฎ Waterways filled
๏ฎ Bangkok: a sewered city
Challenges
๏ฎ Exponential population growth
๏ฎ Increase in challenges
๏ Deforestation
๏ Subsidence
๏ Flood events
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Bangkok: initiative
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๏ฎ โBangkok Water Adaptive City 2045โ
๏ฎ Dialogue with city stakeholders and
universities
๏ฎ Series of workshops with stakeholders
๏ฎ Students from Thailand, Singapore,
Netherlands
๏ฎ Opportunity for Bangkok to leapfrog to an
advanced stage of the WSC framework
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Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh City
๏ฎ Roughly 13 million people
๏ฎ Saigon River, East (Vietnam) Sea
History
๏ฎ Limited effective drainage system
๏ฎ Expansion towards the sea
๏ฎ Ho Chi Minh City: a sewered city
Large international plans & support
๏ฎ Ho Chi Minh City Moving towards the
sea
๏ฎ Mekong Delta Plan
๏ฎ Struggling with implementation
๏ฎ Needs are more basic
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Jakarta - NCICD
๏ฎ Stage 1 Protection until 2020
๏ Short term coastal protection
๏ฎ Stage 2 Protection until 2030
๏ Integrated sea dyke construction with new land
reclamation
๏ฎ Stage 3 Protection until 2040
๏ Construction of multi-purpose sea dyke at Jakarta Bay
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Sewered cities: lessons learnt
๏ฎ First steps to explore WSUD
๏ฎ Created awareness; attention for challenges and city planning
๏ฎ Facilitated dialogue among stakeholders
๏ฎ Governance unable to support changes
๏ฎ More direct solutions required; ambition for no-regret measures
๏ฎ Need for knowledge transfer and capacity building
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USA: New Orleans
๏ฎ Katrina (2005) illustrated the vulnerability of a delta city
๏ฎ Now a 100-year hurricane protection system
๏ฎ Drainage infrastructure is inadequate for challenges.
๏ฎ Result of drainage water management strategy
๏ฎ Broken infrastructure and subsidence
๏ฎ New shared approach required
๏ฎ With the Urban Water Plan, New Orleans can
๏ฎ address urban water challenges
๏ฎ and make better use of its water assets
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USA: New York City
๏ฎ Sandy 2012
๏ฎ $50 billion damages; 2nd-costliest hurricane
๏ฎ Government response; series of initiatives and strategies
๏ฎ Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency (SIRR)
๏ฎ Green Infrastructure plan
๏ฎ Rebuild by Design
๏ฎ Technically sound strategies
๏ฎ Strong focus on awareness; get stakeholder buy-in
๏ฎ Grassroot involvement; implementation at local level
๏ฎ Challenge: coherence fragmented approach
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A stronger, more resilient New York
๏ฎ Floods and extreme storm water surplus
Bloomberg: โA floodwall doesnโt have to be just a wall, it can be part
of an elevated park or boardwalk, and still block flood watersโ.
๏ฎ Enhance urban liveability - green infrastructure
Planting more trees on streets and rooftops to absorb water or
divert it to higher-capacity sewers.
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Rebuild by Design
๏ฎ Design competition for the Sandy-affected region
๏ฎ Ten teams with the worldโs best engineers and architects
๏ฎ Ideas regional (and global) replicable
๏ฎ Funding available to get the top ideas implemented
๏ฎ An opportunity for a more overarching plan
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๏ฎ Managing risks and increasing
resilience, the Mayorโs climate
change adaptation strategy,
October 2011
๏ฎ Water society & The Blue Ribbon
Network, The London Plan 2011;
โallowing a large number of
citizens to live, work and play
safely on the water is a strategic
aim of the London Planโ
๏ฎ Water ecology โ green
infrastructure and open
environments: the all London
green grid, supplementary
planning guidance to the London
Plan 2012
๏ฎ Water olympics โ Queen Elizabeth
olympic park 2030
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Urban green-blue grids
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The Netherlands: Rotterdam
๏ฎ Rotterdam protected: 10,000 yrs level of protection
๏ฎ Urban Water Plan
๏ฎ Rotterdam Adapation Strategy
๏ฎ 5 year planning
๏ฎ CBA and often checks on performance
๏ฎ Several projects realized (Green Roofs program, water plazas)
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Rotterdam Adaptation Strategy
๏ฎ Water system under control
๏ฎ Pilots are being evaluated
๏ฎ Regular checks
๏ฎ Need for updated CBA
๏ฎ Strategy consolidated after
5 years
๏ฎ Awareness
๏ฎ Creates jobs
Heat risk map - 2050
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Evaluation and effectiveness
๏ฎ For every city a specific approach is required
๏ฎ Different social background
๏ฎ Integration of many disciplines
๏ฎ Other climate effects
๏ฎ Not all measures are evaluated, weighted
๏ฎ For most water challengesโฆ
๏ฎ Governance is key
๏ฎ Political will and community ownership is vital
๏ฎ WSUD is a challenge
๏ฎ Requires an event to initiate
๏ฎ Requires persistence and funding
๏ฎ Challenges often underestimated or not understood
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Urbanization Policy Framework
Planning, Connecting, and Financing CitiesโNow (World Bank, 2013)
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Key elements in transitioning towards
water resilient cities
A. Analyse โ urban system and its environment
๏ฎ Vulnerabilities
๏ฎ Opportunities
B. Aim โ drawing up ambitions
๏ฎ Goals and challenges
๏ฎ Planning adaptation strategy
C. Act โ implementation in planning & sensing
๏ฎ Choosing adaptation measures
๏ฎ Securing & realization in daily practice
NB; adaptation is always tailored!
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Thank you for
your attention
Next week on UNISDR โ
PreventionWeb
Q&A Water Resilient Cities;
http://www.preventionweb.net
/experts/ask/session/46333