The document discusses the electric vehicle market and related topics. It provides an overview of the size of the electric car market, raw materials used in batteries like lithium and vanadium, countries mining these materials, and companies manufacturing electric cars. It also addresses issues around developing infrastructure like charging stations and ensuring adequate battery and raw material supply as adoption of electric vehicles increases.

1. Wave of the Future –
ElectricVehicle –April
2018
By: PaulYoung, CPA, CGA
Date: April 17, 2018

2. PaulYoung -
Bio • CPA, CGA
• Academia (PF1, FA4 and MS2)
• SME – Risk Management
• SME – Close, Consolidate and Reporting
• SME – Public Policy
• SME – EmergingTechnology
• SME – FinancialSolutions
• SME – Supply Chain Management
• SME – Planning and Forecasting
Contact information:
Paul_Young_CGA@Hotmail.com

3. Agenda
 Electrical Car Market Size
 ElectricalCar Raw Materials
 Electrical Car Battery Market
 Lithium
 Vanadium
 Canada Lithium andVanadium Development
 Plug-in Stations
 Manufacturers of Electrical Cars
 Comments

4. Summary
 Low adoption of electrical cars
 Lack of infrastructure (plug-in stations)
 Battery life (mileage)
 Ontario government policies
 Electrical car sales are still only 2% despite Liberal government
incentives
 A performance audit needs to be done on charging stations
 Liberals continue to mismanage moneys!
 Source
 https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/01/global-electric-car-sales-
will-top-2-million-in-2018-and-china-will-top-1-5-million.html
 http://torontosun.com/news/provincial/ont-electric-car-charging-
program-was-screw-up-ev-drivers#comments

5. ElectricalCar
Market
 Source: https://cleantechnica.com/2016/06/05/electric-car-sales-increased-
42-globally-q1-2016/ or
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/13/electric-car-sales-
set-to-pass-2m-landmark-globally-by-end-of-2016

6. ElectricalCar
Raw Material
 Source - http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Electric-
Automobile.html

7. Electrical
BatteryCost
 http://www.industryweek.com/energy/electric-cars-soon-will-cost-less-gasoline-autos-research-
shows?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+IWNews+%28IndustryWeek+Most+Recent+News%29&sfvc4enews=42&cl=article_1
_b&NL=IW-07
Now research from Bloomberg New Energy Finance
indicates that falling battery costs will mean electric
vehicles will also be cheaper to buy in the U.S. and
Europe as soon as 2025. Batteries currently account for
about half the cost of EVs, and their prices will fall by
about 77% between 2016 and 2030, the London-based
researcher said.
“On an upfront basis, these things will start to get
cheaper and people will start to adopt them more as
price parity gets closer,” said Colin McKerracher, analyst
at the London-based researcher. “After that it gets even
more compelling.”

8. ElectricalCar
Battery
Source - https://cleantechnica.com/2015/05/06/10-biggest-electric-car-battery-
manufacturers-are/

9. Lithium
Mining
 Australia
 Chile
 Argentina
 China
 Zimbabwe
 Portugal
 Brazil
 United States
Source - http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/energy-
investing/lithium-investing/top-lithium-producing-countries/

10. Vanadium
Mining
 China
 South Africa
 Russia
 Brazil
 Source - http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-
investing/industrial-metals-investing/vanadium-investing/top-
vanadium-producing-countries-china-south-africa-russia/

11. LithiumSupply
Source - http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Could-A-Lithium-Shortage-De-Rail-The-
Electric-Car-Boom.html
Indeed, says Nevada Energy Metals (SSMLF:US)
executive Malcolm Bell, “It may be time to start
worrying about a shortage, but it’s not a question
of whether we have enough lithium—it’s a
question of tapping into new reserves. Those who
don’t see the supply wall looming, will hit with a
resounding thud. Those who start tapping into
new reserves will be extremely well-positioned for
the future.”
From where everyone is standing right now, it
may seem that the world’s got a fair amount of
lithium. According to global estimates by the U.S.
Geological Survey, there is enough lithium in the
world – 13.5 million metric tons of it – to last us
over 350 years in batteries.

12. Canada
Lithium
Vanadium
 So far, so rosy. But plans to mine elements such as lithium have
been around for decades in the NorthwestTerritories, without
much progress. Nor are lithium mines suddenly guaranteed
winners with the advent of electric cars. In late 2014, despite being
labelled the "only significant lithium producer in North America," a
new lithium mine in Quebec abruptly closed after hitting a range
of problems. Among those issues was a delay processing the
lithium — and this is where Daniela Desormeaux, a Chile-based
lithium expert, voices concern for N.W.T. startups. Source -
http://www.kitco.com/commentaries/2015-10-12/Critical-
Elements-Corp-Putting-Canada-on-the-map-of-Lithium-
Producers.html or http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/tesla-
batteries-lithium-cobalt-nwt-mining-1.3536796
 Canada hosts vanadium deposits in locations such as Manitoba,
Ontario and Quebec.Total reserves are unknown at this time, but
plenty of companies are working in the country to develop
projects. Source - http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-
investing/industrial-metals-investing/vanadium-
investing/vanadium-mining-in-canada/

13. Raw Material
Supply
 http://www.livemint.com/Industry/2B1nhG2ijJfvYaUxW913zM/Lithium-supply-may-be-key-to-governments-electric-vehicles.html
• Lithium Reserves are limited
• Lithium batters are used in cell phones and energy storage

14. Who is
manufacturing
electrical cars?
Source - https://insideevs.com/february-2018-plug-electric-vehicle-sales-report-card/ or
http://www.gbm.scotiabank.com/English/bns_econ/autoflash.pdf
Electrical cars account for 2% of the
world market.There is a long way to
go before electrical cars are
mainstream with people around the
globe

15. Ford Motor
Company
 http://gm-volt.com/forum/showthread.php?287289-Theoretical-Breakthrough-in-Carbon-Fiber-Production!/page3 or http://www.thedrive.com/sheetmetal/10393/ford-says-brands-first-all-
electric-vehicle-will-be-affordable-have-better-range-than-tesla-model-3
Ford is planning to make this their first affordable, mass-
produced electric car, which would essentially be Ford’s
response toTesla working towards the Model 3, just a
different form factor. Ford claims that its technology has
the perceived capability of reaching a range of 300 miles
on a single charge, which rivals the Model S and
outperforms the Chevy Bolt by nearly 65 miles. As for
hybrids, it is expected to eclipse the Ford Focus Electric
battery-only range threefold, and do nearly the same
with the Nissan Leaf.

16. New Pickup
 http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/environment-and-safety/canadian-
designed-electric-pickup-truck-makes-debut-at-toronto-trade-show-194046/
Capable of travelling 300 km on a single charge, this truck
features a dual-motor, a fully-electric powertrain, all-wheel
drive, a carbon fibre reinforced steel space frame and a high-
current power socket for tools.
The company says the Bison’s off-road capabilities allow for 54
per cent hill start and 21 per cent hill climb at full load.

17. GM and
ElectricalCars
Source - https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/10/gm-shifting-to-all-electric-cars-and-have-20-new-all-electric-models-by-
2023.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+blogspot%2Fadvancednano+%28nextbigfuture%29

18. Truck Plan
Source - http://www.industryweek.com/leadership/buffett-backed-byd-open-electric-truck-plant-
canada?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+IWNews+%28IndustryWeek+Most+Recent+News%29&sfvc4enews=42&cl=article_8&N
L=IW-07

19. Buses
Source - https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/procurement/ontario-
begins-first-of-its-kind-40m-electric-bus-tests-211692/
The trials are part of a national coordinated effort to
advance zero emissions transit technology.
The project combines manufacturers, transit agencies,
utilities, funding partners, research teams and technology
developers to ensure a world-leading demonstration trial
with TransLink in Vancouver, B.C., and now with
Brampton Transit and the Regional Municipality of York,
with Brampton Transit the first to initiate and champion the
national trial planning process back in 2016.

20. Canada
Startup
Source - http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/manufacturing/canadian-electric-car-maker-
inks-manufacturing-deal-chinese-firm-202378/
VANCOUVER—Vancouver’s Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. announced
Oct. 2 it has signed a manufacturing agreement with Zongshen Industrial
Group Co., Ltd.—a motorcycle manufacturer based in Chongqing, China—to
produce 75,000 of its SOLO electric vehicles over the next three years.
This uniquely shaped single-seater car is powered by a 16.1 kilowatt hour
lithium-ion battery, has a range of 160 km and a top speed of 130 km/h.
The manufacturing agreement with Zongshen calls for the production of 5,000
SOLOs in 2018; 20,000 in 2019; and 50,000 in 2020.
The company started taking orders for the SOLO in 2016, and Electra
Meccanica says it has so far amassed orders for over 20,000 units.
“We are thrilled that Zongshen has joined us in leading the clean energy
charge and partnered with us in the production of our innovative, new SOLO,”
said Jerry Kroll, CEO, Electra Meccanica. “We have thousands of orders on
the books and we now have the manufacturing capacity to begin filling these
orders for our customers.”
The SOLO’s anticipated manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) comes
in at a modest $19,888, and the company is currently taking refundable $250
reservations on its website. New deliveries are currently scheduled to be
fulfilled in Q4 2018.

21. Plug-in
Stations
 Ontario – source -
https://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2016/07/13/ontario-
plugs-electric-car-plan-with-expanded-charging-network.html
 Electrical boom drive need for plug-in stations – source -
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/electric-car-charging-station-
congestion-1.3518353
 Market trends – Plug-in Stations -
http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1102160_top-six-trends-
in-plug-in-electric-cars-through-2020
 MFG plug-in stations -
https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/financing/ontario-
charging-station-manufacturing-plant-jolt-canadas-electric-car-
industry-210535/

22. Issues with
Plug-in
Stations
Source - https://www.fleetcarma.com/obstacles-seamless-ev-charging-2017/
Since North American cities continue growing rapidly, any
plan to boost electric car adoption must include accessible
charging stations for the public. By “accessible,” we mean
free to access (without parking lot fees) and easy to find
(as you would a gas station). To overcome this challenge,
major cities have started cooperating with charging station
providers and other stakeholders.
• Who is going to fund these stations
• Who is going to pay for these stations
• How long does it take for the battery to recharge
• How will both battery and charging stations handle temperature changes
• What impact will plug-in stations have the grid

23. Membrane
less flow
battery could
allow electric
car refueling
by replacing
electrolyzer
 https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/06/membraneless-flow-battery-could-
allow-electric-car-refueling-by-replacing-
electrolyzer.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campai
gn=Feed%3A+blogspot%2Fadvancednano+%28nextbigfuture%29
A technology developed by Purdue researchers could provide
an “instantly rechargeable” method that is safe, affordable
and environmentally friendly for recharging electric and hybrid
vehicle batteries through a quick and easy process similar to
refueling a car at a gas station.
The innovation could expedite the adoption of electric and
hybrid vehicles by eliminating the time needed to stop and re-
charge a conventional electric car’s battery and dramatically
reducing the need for new infrastructure to support re-
charging stations.

24. Comments
 Carbon footprint with electrical cars has been reduced
 Cost
 Plug in stations
 Require power source
 Required wiring to connect to a battery
 Access to plug-in stations
 Batteries require Lithium and/orVanadium
 Metals have to be extracted, refined and fabricated
 Aluminum lightweight
 Aluminum has to be extracted, refined and fabricated