This document provides an overview of electrical vehicles including key topics such as the electrical vehicle market size, raw materials used in electrical vehicles like lithium and vanadium, electrical vehicle battery markets, plug-in stations, and electrical vehicle manufacturers. It also discusses issues with supporting plug-in stations and tax incentives for electrical vehicles. Canada's lithium and vanadium resources and development are reviewed as well as startup electrical vehicle companies in Canada.

1. ElectricalVehicle –All
you need to know
By: PaulYoung, CPA, CGA
Date: March 6 2019

2. PaulYoung -
Bio • CPA, CGA
• Academia (PF1, FA4 and MS2)
• SME – Risk Management
• SME – Close, Consolidate and Reporting
• SME – Public Policy
• SME – EmergingTechnology
• SME – FinancialSolutions
• SME – Supply Chain Management
• SME – Planning and Forecasting
Contact information:
Paul_Young_CGA@Hotmail.com

3. Agenda
 Electrical Car Market Size
 ElectricalCar Raw Materials
 Electrical Car Battery Market
 Lithium
 Vanadium
 Canada Lithium andVanadium Development
 Plug-in Stations
 Manufacturers of Electrical Cars
 Comments

4. Introduction
 It is very important to look at different ways to control air
pollution.
 Not enough is said about toxicity when it comes to mining,
refining, fabricating, installing and recycling of lithium and
vanadium batteries
 There are issues with supporting plug-in stations
 Tax incentives to electrical cars is an issue, especially as people cry
for money for healthcare, education and welfare.

5. ElectricalCar
Market
 Source: https://cleantechnica.com/2016/06/05/electric-car-sales-increased-
42-globally-q1-2016/ or
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/13/electric-car-sales-
set-to-pass-2m-landmark-globally-by-end-of-2016

6. Electrical
VehicleSales
Source - https://insideevs.com/july-2018-plug-in-electric-vehicle-sales-report-card/ or https://www.desrosiers.ca/sales/ or https://www.scotiabank.com/ca/en/about/global-
economics/global-auto-report.html or https://insideevs.com/monthly-plug-in-sales-scorecard/ or https://insideevs.com/us-plug-in-electric-car-sales-charted-november-
2018/ or https://cleantechnica.com/2019/02/09/tesla-model-3-1-best-selling-electric-car-in-world-7-of-global-ev-market/
Total USA vehicle sales 16.5M with less than 1% vehicle sales being
electric

7. Top
Countries/Elec
tricalVehicles
Source - https://www.theaa.com/cars/news/hot-topics/top-10-
countries-selling-electric-cars-13223.html

8. Startup –
Electrical
Vehicle
 Over a 100 years ago is when we started to see Car manufacturing
of the combustion engine. It is now 2019 as such the startups in
electrical vehicle market continue to happen each day.The
problem with startups in the electrical car field is they lack
economy of scale
 https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/manufacturing/startups
-old-line-automakers-aim-to-take-bite-out-of-tesla-222782/

9. ElectricalCar
Raw Material
 Source - http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Electric-
Automobile.html

10. Anatomy of
ElectricalCar
• Metals – Steel, aluminum, nickel, copper,
• Rare Earths, vanadium, lithium
• Rubber
• Plastics,

11. Electrical
BatteryCost
 http://www.industryweek.com/energy/electric-cars-soon-will-cost-less-gasoline-autos-research-
shows?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+IWNews+%28IndustryWeek+Most+Recent+News%29&sfvc4enews=42&cl=article_1_b&NL=IW-07
Now research from Bloomberg New Energy Finance
indicates that falling battery costs will mean electric
vehicles will also be cheaper to buy in the U.S. and
Europe as soon as 2025. Batteries currently account for
about half the cost of EVs, and their prices will fall by
about 77% between 2016 and 2030, the London-based
researcher said.
“On an upfront basis, these things will start to get
cheaper and people will start to adopt them more as
price parity gets closer,” said Colin McKerracher, analyst
at the London-based researcher. “After that it gets even
more compelling.”

12. Cost
Competitivene
ss
Source - https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/sales-and-marketing/after-years-of-promise-battery-cars-about-to-go-mainstream-228289/
GENEVA—For years, there have been lots of electric cars proudly rolled out at auto shows but few on the
streets or at dealers.That could be about to change.
The electric cars under the lights at the Geneva International Motor Show promise to be the leading edge
of more affordable, longer-range vehicles that start to move battery cars out of their niche—as a product
for environmentalists willing to put up with limited range and wealthy enthusiasts of new technology
willing to pay for buzz and the robust but silent acceleration the cars offer.
Several broad underlying trends are converging to increase the likelihood that larger numbers of battery
cars will be on the roads in the next several years.
Prices are falling for batteries, consumers are turning away from diesel engines afterVolkswagen’s
emissions scandal, and governments in Europe andChina are enforcing tougher emissions rules.
As more electric cars roll off assembly lines, the trick will be getting more people to buy them. A key factor
will be price—of the battery to the manufacturer, and consequently of the car to the customer.
VolvoCar Group’s Polestar 2 and Peugeot’s new electric 208 compact are electric offerings aimed at
bringing battery-powered cars within reach of more people.The Polestar 2 launch version, expected
in 2020, starts at US$55,500 after the $7,500 U.S. tax incentive; the Europe price starts at 59,000
euros.A less expensive model is envisioned after the first year. Polestar says the model is aimed at the
same potential customers as the Model 3 electric compact from California carmakerTesla.
Tesla said last week it will close its stores and move to online sales only so it can cut costs and reach its
goal of selling the Model 3 for $35,000. Before the announcement the lowest price was $42,900.
Electrical subsidies cost
the USA treasury about
1.5B per year.

13. ElectricalCar
Battery
Source - https://cleantechnica.com/2015/05/06/10-biggest-electric-car-battery-
manufacturers-are/

14. Lithium
Mining
 Australia
 Chile
 Argentina
 China
 Zimbabwe
 Portugal
 Brazil
 United States
Source - http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/energy-
investing/lithium-investing/top-lithium-producing-countries/

15. Vanadium
Mining
 China
 South Africa
 Russia
 Brazil
 Source - http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-
investing/industrial-metals-investing/vanadium-investing/top-
vanadium-producing-countries-china-south-africa-russia/

16. LithiumSupply
Source - http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Could-A-Lithium-Shortage-De-Rail-The-
Electric-Car-Boom.html
Indeed, says Nevada Energy Metals (SSMLF:US)
executive Malcolm Bell, “It may be time to start
worrying about a shortage, but it’s not a question
of whether we have enough lithium—it’s a
question of tapping into new reserves. Those who
don’t see the supply wall looming, will hit with a
resounding thud. Those who start tapping into
new reserves will be extremely well-positioned for
the future.”
From where everyone is standing right now, it
may seem that the world’s got a fair amount of
lithium. According to global estimates by the U.S.
Geological Survey, there is enough lithium in the
world – 13.5 million metric tons of it – to last us
over 350 years in batteries.

17. Canada
Lithium
Vanadium
 So far, so rosy. But plans to mine elements such as lithium have
been around for decades in the NorthwestTerritories, without
much progress. Nor are lithium mines suddenly guaranteed
winners with the advent of electric cars. In late 2014, despite being
labelled the "only significant lithium producer in North America," a
new lithium mine in Quebec abruptly closed after hitting a range
of problems. Among those issues was a delay processing the
lithium — and this is where Daniela Desormeaux, a Chile-based
lithium expert, voices concern for N.W.T. startups. Source -
http://www.kitco.com/commentaries/2015-10-12/Critical-
Elements-Corp-Putting-Canada-on-the-map-of-Lithium-
Producers.html or http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/tesla-
batteries-lithium-cobalt-nwt-mining-1.3536796
 Canada hosts vanadium deposits in locations such as Manitoba,
Ontario and Quebec.Total reserves are unknown at this time, but
plenty of companies are working in the country to develop
projects. Source - http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-
investing/industrial-metals-investing/vanadium-
investing/vanadium-mining-in-canada/

18. Raw Material
Supply
 http://www.livemint.com/Industry/2B1nhG2ijJfvYaUxW913zM/Lithium-supply-may-be-key-to-governments-electric-vehicles.html
• Lithium Reserves are limited
• Lithium batters are used in cell phones and energy storage

19. China
 China is becoming the largest car market (Bigger than in USA)
 China has emphasized mass transit (Buses andTrains)
 China is becoming more and more urbanized.
Source - https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/11/oil-demand-is-dying-faster-than-expected-from-electric-cars-and-
buses.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+blogspot%2Fadvancednano+%28nextbigfuture%29
By the end of 2018, electric cars and buses will displace 279,000 barrels a day. At
the end of 2018, there are about 5 million electric cars.
Germany had a drop in diesel demand of 9% so far in 2018.
China is calling for the production of 2 million electric vehicles (EVs) a year by 2020, and
7 million a year by 2025. By 2025, electric vehicles would be 20% of total new car
production for China.
• Almost 50% of the refined product
is gasoline
• OPEC is looking at cutting back
production due to lower demand
• More and more cities are going to
electrical and/or hybrid
transportation equipment

20. Ford Motor
Company
 http://gm-volt.com/forum/showthread.php?287289-Theoretical-Breakthrough-in-Carbon-Fiber-Production!/page3 or http://www.thedrive.com/sheetmetal/10393/ford-says-brands-first-all-
electric-vehicle-will-be-affordable-have-better-range-than-tesla-model-3
Ford is planning to make this their first affordable, mass-
produced electric car, which would essentially be Ford’s
response toTesla working towards the Model 3, just a
different form factor. Ford claims that its technology has
the perceived capability of reaching a range of 300 miles
on a single charge, which rivals the Model S and
outperforms the Chevy Bolt by nearly 65 miles. As for
hybrids, it is expected to eclipse the Ford Focus Electric
battery-only range threefold, and do nearly the same
with the Nissan Leaf.

21. New Pickup
 http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/environment-and-safety/canadian-
designed-electric-pickup-truck-makes-debut-at-toronto-trade-show-194046/
Capable of travelling 300 km on a single charge, this truck
features a dual-motor, a fully-electric powertrain, all-wheel
drive, a carbon fibre reinforced steel space frame and a high-
current power socket for tools.
The company says the Bison’s off-road capabilities allow for 54
per cent hill start and 21 per cent hill climb at full load.

22. GM and
ElectricalCars
Source - https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/10/gm-shifting-to-all-electric-cars-and-have-20-new-all-electric-models-by-
2023.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+blogspot%2Fadvancednano+%28nextbigfuture%29

23. Truck Plan
Source - http://www.industryweek.com/leadership/buffett-backed-byd-open-electric-truck-plant-
canada?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+IWNews+%28IndustryWeek+Most+Recent+News%29&sfvc4enews=42&cl=article_8&N
L=IW-07

24. Buses
Source - https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/procurement/ontario-
begins-first-of-its-kind-40m-electric-bus-tests-211692/
The trials are part of a national coordinated effort to
advance zero emissions transit technology.
The project combines manufacturers, transit agencies,
utilities, funding partners, research teams and technology
developers to ensure a world-leading demonstration trial
with TransLink in Vancouver, B.C., and now with
Brampton Transit and the Regional Municipality of York,
with Brampton Transit the first to initiate and champion the
national trial planning process back in 2016.

25. Canada
Startup
Source - http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/manufacturing/canadian-electric-car-maker-
inks-manufacturing-deal-chinese-firm-202378/
VANCOUVER—Vancouver’s Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. announced
Oct. 2 it has signed a manufacturing agreement with Zongshen Industrial
Group Co., Ltd.—a motorcycle manufacturer based in Chongqing, China—to
produce 75,000 of its SOLO electric vehicles over the next three years.
This uniquely shaped single-seater car is powered by a 16.1 kilowatt hour
lithium-ion battery, has a range of 160 km and a top speed of 130 km/h.
The manufacturing agreement with Zongshen calls for the production of 5,000
SOLOs in 2018; 20,000 in 2019; and 50,000 in 2020.
The company started taking orders for the SOLO in 2016, and Electra
Meccanica says it has so far amassed orders for over 20,000 units.
“We are thrilled that Zongshen has joined us in leading the clean energy
charge and partnered with us in the production of our innovative, new SOLO,”
said Jerry Kroll, CEO, Electra Meccanica. “We have thousands of orders on
the books and we now have the manufacturing capacity to begin filling these
orders for our customers.”
The SOLO’s anticipated manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) comes
in at a modest $19,888, and the company is currently taking refundable $250
reservations on its website. New deliveries are currently scheduled to be
fulfilled in Q4 2018.

26. End of Rebates
Source - https://canada.autonews.com/retail/nissan-leaf-sales-collapse-ontario-after-incentive-axed
ElectricalVehicle sales for November 2018 are less
than 1% of total vehicle sales

27. BCGovt/ Rebates
AG for Ontario said these tax
incentives did nothing for
electrical vehicles. So, why is BC
going the same approach?
@jjhorgan
@Swiftie01
https://www.canadianmanufactu
ring.com/financing/b-c-budget-
includes-child-fund-climate-
plan-indigenous-revenue-
sharing-227260/

28. Plug-in
Stations
 Ontario – source -
https://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2016/07/13/ontario-
plugs-electric-car-plan-with-expanded-charging-network.html
 Electrical boom drive need for plug-in stations – source -
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/electric-car-charging-station-
congestion-1.3518353
 Market trends – Plug-in Stations -
http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1102160_top-six-trends-
in-plug-in-electric-cars-through-2020
 MFG plug-in stations -
https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/financing/ontario-
charging-station-manufacturing-plant-jolt-canadas-electric-car-
industry-210535/

29. Issues with
Plug-in
Stations
Source - https://www.fleetcarma.com/obstacles-seamless-ev-charging-2017/
Since North American cities continue growing rapidly, any
plan to boost electric car adoption must include accessible
charging stations for the public. By “accessible,” we mean
free to access (without parking lot fees) and easy to find
(as you would a gas station). To overcome this challenge,
major cities have started cooperating with charging station
providers and other stakeholders.
• Who is going to fund these stations
• Who is going to pay for these stations
• How long does it take for the battery to recharge
• How will both battery and charging stations handle temperature changes
• What impact will plug-in stations have the grid
Effectiveness/Ontario
55% of the plug-in stations were in DTToronto and the
GTA and not along major highway systems -
https://torontosun.com/news/provincial/ont-electric-
car-charging-program-was-screw-up-ev-drivers

30. Membrane
less flow
battery could
allow electric
car refueling
by replacing
electrolyzer
 https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/06/membraneless-flow-battery-could-
allow-electric-car-refueling-by-replacing-
electrolyzer.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campai
gn=Feed%3A+blogspot%2Fadvancednano+%28nextbigfuture%29
A technology developed by Purdue researchers could provide
an “instantly rechargeable” method that is safe, affordable
and environmentally friendly for recharging electric and hybrid
vehicle batteries through a quick and easy process similar to
refueling a car at a gas station.
The innovation could expedite the adoption of electric and
hybrid vehicles by eliminating the time needed to stop and re-
charge a conventional electric car’s battery and dramatically
reducing the need for new infrastructure to support re-
charging stations.

31. Comments
 Carbon footprint with electrical cars has been reduced
 Subsidizing electrical purchases is not sound policy
 Cost
 Reliability of batteries when there is change in temperatures
 Plug in stations
 Require power source
 Required wiring to connect to a battery
 Access to plug-in stations
 Batteries require Lithium and/orVanadium
 Metals have to be extracted, refined and fabricated
 Aluminum lightweight
 Aluminum has to be extracted, refined and fabricated

32. Summary
 Low adoption of electrical cars
 Lack of infrastructure (plug-in stations)
 Concerns with handling the toxicity of metals and the recycling of
batteries
 Reliability
 Battery life (mileage)
 Ontario government policies
 Electrical car sales are still only 2% despite Liberal government
incentives
 A performance audit needs to be done on charging stations
 Liberals continue to mismanage moneys!
 Source
 https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/01/global-electric-car-sales-will-
top-2-million-in-2018-and-china-will-top-1-5-million.html
 http://torontosun.com/news/provincial/ont-electric-car-charging-
program-was-screw-up-ev-drivers#comments