Presentation about electric Vehicles and relationship with Cobalt and Lithium battery production and demand.

1. TEAM
GREEN

2. Agenda
• Cobalt, Lithium: Unique Features in Electric Cars
• Cobalt, Lithium: Market Characteristics
• Key Producers and Exporters + Social and
Environmental Effects
• Top Demanding Car Companies
• Could Hydrogen-Powered Cars Be An Alternative?

3. In a world increasingly focused on sustainability, the EV market's significance continues to expand. It plays a pivotal role in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. With ongoing advancements and growing consumer interest, this
market is poised for sustained and impactful expansion.
Volume forecast in million
vehicles
Source: Statista Market Insights 2023

4. 1. Cobalt, Lithium:
Unique Features
Applications in Electric
Cars Industry

5. The clean energy transition will be mineral
intensive, requiring a variety of specific
metals.
Key Metals for
Clean Energy
Technology

6. Cobalt is an essential component in
the cathodes of lithium-ion batteries,
providing stability, safety and
enhancing the overall performance of
the battery.
Cobalt contributes to the high energy
density of lithium-ion batteries,
allowing for a longer driving range on
a single charge.
Enhancing stability Provides autonomy

7. High energy density: Lithium-ion
batteries have a high energy density,
allowing electric vehicles to achieve
longer driving ranges on a single
charge.
Lithium-ion batteries can support
relatively fast charging, making them
practical for everyday use and they are
lightweight, contributing to the overall
weight efficiency of electric vehicles.
High Energy Density Fast Charging /
Lightweight

8. COBALT AND LITHIUM
NCA BATTERIES NMC BATTERIES
Advancements in battery chemistry leverage the strengths of both elements, propelling the electric car industry
toward a sustainable and efficient future.
· High energy density · Thermal stability · High specific power · Low self-discharge rate · Low weight · Recyclability
Source: www.visualcapitalist.com, 2021

9. Cost Breakdown
Source: Bloomberg
From a Mineral to a
Battery

10. 2. Cobalt, Lithium:
Market Characteristics

11. • Cobalt is most commonly used in batteries, particularly
lithium-ion battteries
• Global consumption has shifted away from the US and Europe
towards Asia. China alone now accounts for ~1/3 of the global
consumption.
Source: Statista 2023

12. • Primary use in lithium-ion batteries for EVs and electronic
devices.
• Projected that between 2019 and 2030, the market value for
lithium will increase almost five-fold
Source: Statista 2023

13. Government policies and incentives
promoting the transition to EVs,
influencing market growth for cobalt
and lithium.
There has been notable investment in
expanding mining and processing
capabilities to meet future needs.
Increasing focus on clean energy and
sustainable transportation is a major
driver for both cobalt and lithium
markets.

14. • Vulnerable supply chain
• Ethical concerns over unregulated mining
practices in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Source: Statista 2023

15. • Fluctuating prices • Though abundant, lithium is unevenly distributed and non-
renewable
Source: The Periodic Table of Commodities Return 2022 & Statista 2023

16. Ongoing R&D for alternative chemistries may reduce or
eliminate the need for cobalt in batteries
Expect sustained demand growth driven by the expanding market
for lithium-ion batteries in EVs
BUT
Source: Statista 2023

17. 3. Key Producers and
Exporters + Social and
Environmental Impacts

18. •
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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LITHIUM - 130K TONNES BY 2022 COBALT - 190K TONNES BY 2022
Key Producers and Exporters
*China has acquired $5.6 billion
worth of assets in Chile, Canada,
and Australia.
*China is expected to reach 50% of
global production share by 2025
China owns 73% of Lithium -Ion
battery production worldwide

19. Production and Trade
• Chile: U$900 mn
• Argentina: U$250 mn
• China: U$94 mn
• Greenbushes Lithium Operations (Australia, Albemarle): 158k tons
• Salar de Atacama Mine (Chile, SQM): 135k tons
• Mount Marion Lithium Project (Australia, Mineral Resources):64k
• Pilgangoora Project (Australia, Pilbara Minerals): 56k
• Salar de Atacama Mine (Chile, Albemarle Corporation):33k
• Salar del Hombre Muerto Mine (Argentina, Livent): 32k
Lithium Exports Lithium Imports
• China: U$580 mn
• South Korea: U$325 mn
• Japan: U$163 mn
• USA:$84mn
Leading mines and companies
Source: Statista Market Insights 2023; World Economic Forum

20. Production and Trade
Total production of 190k in 2022
• Congo:57,6%
• Canada: 5,96%
• USA: 4,34%
• Finland: 3,74%
Exports Imports
• China: U$580 mn
• South Korea: U$325
mn
• Japan: U$163 mn
• USA:$84mn
Refined Cobalt
Source: Statista Market Insights 2023; USGS Mineral Commodities Summary
• China: 140k tonnes in
2022 mn
• 77% of global share of
refining capacity
Leading mines and companies

21. • In Lualaba, mining occurs at artisanal and
industrial levels.
• Mineral deposits under residential communities.
• Reports of polluted with mining waste
• In Congo, people are losing homes and farmland
by miners companies digging up their communal
spaces.
• Crop yield decrease and lack of availability.
• Miners have reported respiratory and reproductive
health issues.
• Violence among different groups
• Child labor very common, up to 30%
Water pollution and scarcity
Land degradation and biodiversity loss
Human rights violations and social conflicts
Greenhouse gas emissions and climate
change
Social and
Environmental
Effects
Policies that promote EVs have a significant gap in addressing
the social effects of the EV supply chain
Source:Insights from a case study of cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. One Earth,
• 10,8kg CO2eq is emitted for every 1 kg of Cobalt
• Transportation still the biggest contributor of gas
emissions

22. 4. Top Demanding Car
Companies

23. Major EV producers
• Tesla and BYD have both spearheaded the EV market amid the
strong demand for electric powertrains
• The companies recorded 79.3% and 35.8% growth, respectively, in
light vehicle sales over 2017-2022 as numerous legacy car
manufacturers struggled to adapt and compete in the EV space.
Source: Passport Database

24. EV Future for Legacy Car Producers
Source: Passport Database
• Shifting of power to smaller but fast-
growing companies which have been
able to source a stable EV supply chain.
• EV components, chiefly EV batteries,
are more difficult to source and mass-
produce
• High importance of EV supply chain

25. Top 10 EV Models are Produced in China
• One in every seven cars sold during Q1 2023
was an EV
• Tesla Model Y becomes the best-selling
passenger car model globally for the first
time ever
• EV sales are expected to reach over 14.5
million units by the end of 2023.
Source: Counterpoints Database

26. Most Popular EV Models Per Country
• Obvious leader - Tesla Model 3
• Chinese cars are mainly sold domestically,
although in 2023, 19 Chinese brands expanded
to Russian Market

27. 5. Could Hydrogen-
Powered Cars Be An
Alternative?

28. What is Green Hydrogen?
• The electrolyzers that are used to split water into hydrogen
and oxygen, can, if powered by renewable energy, produce
hydrogen without any greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen
generated in this way is often referred to as green hydrogen.
Green hydrogen leaves virtually no carbon footprint.
What is a Hydrogen Car?
• Fuel cell cars are powered by compressed hydrogen gas that
feeds into an onboard fuel cell stack that doesn’t burn the gas,
but instead transforms the fuel’s chemical energy into
electrical energy. This electricity then powers the car’s electric
motors. Tailpipe emissions are zero, and the only waste
produced is pure water.
Source : Car and Driver

29. Source : Research Nester
• Renewable and Readily
Available
• Reduces Carbon Footprints
• Fast Charging Times
• Democratisation of Power
Supply
• Toyota Motor Corporation
• Mercedes-Benz Group AG
• Hyundai Motor Company
• Hydrogenics, Bayerische
Motoren
• Cummins Inc.
• General Motors Company
• High Cost of Hydrogen Fuel
Cells
• Poor infrastructure
• Highly Flammable
• Regulatory Issues

30. Global Hydrogen Vehicle Market Overview
MARKET SIZE
2035
North America region to display significant
opportunities for market growth over 2023-2035 owing
to the increasing adoption of clean energy in the region
45%
CAGR
2023-2035
37.6%
CAGR
2023-2035
MARKET DEMAND
2035
• Technology - Proton exchange membrane cells,
Phosphoric acid fuel cells, Alkaline fuel cells, Solid
oxide fuel cells
• According to US Investment Researcher Energy &
Capital, the Hydrogen Council envisions hydrogen
powering over 400 million vehicles, 20 million
trucks, and 5 million buses by 2050, contributing to
18% of the world's energy.
Source : Research Nester

31. Main Takeaways:
Bottlenecks For EV Industry
EV production is highly dependent
on the battery as a most costly part.
Reason for it is recource scarcity:
Lithium and Cobalt.
Resources are mined in different
countries, than the EV vehicles.
Africa and Latin America - the
recources and China - refinery and
EV production.
Resource dependence Geographical fragmentation
Car manufacturers are constantly
doing research to improve the
technology for battery production:
Increase its capacity to increase
range;
Substitute Lithium and Cobalt with
more sustainable options.
Tech development

32. Roadmap for Cleaner future....
You