Electric Vehicles and Power Sources: Technologies and Global Markets

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Electric Vehicles and Power Sources: Technologies and Global
Markets
Published on September 2010

Report Summary

The global electric vehicle market in 2009 was worth more than $26 billion, including more than $4.6 billion worth of associated power
sources. This market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.5% between 2010 and 2015 under a
consensus scenario. This will result in a $78 billion global market in 2015, along with a $7.6 billion power source market.
The plug-in HEVs segment will experience dramatic growth. This market is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of 81.6% under a consensus scenario, from a value of $500 million in 2010 to $9.9 billion in 2015.
The hybrid electric vehicles market is worth an estimated $19.3 billion in 2010 and is expected to reach $46.2 billion in 2015, a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.1% under a consensus scenario.

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Electric vehicles have been a commercial reality for more than 100 years. This report author's grandfather owned a thriving business
that provided Exide lead'acid battery packs to 1920s EV users. Shortly thereafter, inexpensive gasoline and an ever'increasing desire
for performance ended widespread EV use. Oil shortages and an increased concern for the environment began to revive the industry
in the 1970s, but wide adoption of various types of EVs always seemed just beyond the horizon''as soon as gasoline cost more than
$1 a gallon, or $2, or $4; or as soon as batteries improved to the point at which they could power a car for 40 miles; or as soon as
batteries could be recharged in less than 6 hours.

All these technological and market forces were resolved or exceeded, and during the first 5 years of the 21st century, the EV market
began a slow, steady period of growth. The second 5 years saw widespread use of HEVs, the commercial production of pure
battery'powered EVs in many niche markets, wide adoption of battery'powered scooters, and commercial'scale demonstrations of fuel
cell vehicles.

Soon it was determined that HEVs could be turned into 'plug'ins' that could be recharged by both the vehicle's internal combustion
engine as well as a battery charger plugged into utility electric power. Of course, the original approach to the plug'in was a 'pure' EV
that had no internal combustion engine at all, just a motor and battery bank. But this new approach resulted in an entirely new class of
vehicle '' the 'plug'in hybrid electric vehicle' or PHEV that had many of the advantages of both battery power and internal combustion
power.

In addition to pure EV automobiles, there are also growing niche markets for trucks, buses, smaller electric scooters or 'Segway''type
vehicles. A whole new market for 'low velocity' or 'neighborhood electric vehicles' has developed, which includes General Motors'
(GM) Electric Networked'Vehicle (EN'V).

HEVs, PHEVs, and pure EVs can all be powered by electrochemical batteries and fuel cells, as well as potentially by capacitors and
flywheels. Plug'in EVs can 'charge up,' using electrical power generated during nighttime off'peak periods. In the early 1990s, this
approach (known as 'peak shifting' or 'load leveling') was seen as the optimal solution to electric utilities' load'leveling dilemma. Since
then, automakers have been reluctant to manufacture and market nonhybrid EVs. By the late 1990s, partially because of the
INTRODUCTION of advanced chargers, consumers began to switch to 'quick'charge' approaches. Starting in California, and now

Electric Vehicles and Power Sources: Technologies and Global Markets (From Slideshare) Page 1/17


throughout the U.S., Japan, and Europe, networks of conveniently located charging stations have been implemented.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

As longtime editor of 'Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Progress' and before that 'Battery and Electric Vehicle News,' this report's author
has a unique perspective on the industry. The global market for electric vehicles has experienced more promise in the last 18 months
than in the last 18 years. Multiple major automakers are poised to roll out dozens of HEV models '' if highly publicized hybrid safety
recalls do not shake the public's confidence (and if the automakers themselves survive economic hardship and even bankruptcy). The
U.S. government is pouring many billions of dollars of loans, subsidies, and outright grants into the battery'powered electric vehicle
market '' and at the same time there has been a brutal confrontation between the Congress and the President's administration over
continued fuel cell vehicle funding. Wide adoption of millions of advanced lithium'ion batteries could lead to a global shortage of
lithium metal '' at the same time there could be severe overcapacity for the batteries and a lithium battery glut. The Far East could
leapfrog conventional automobile options and deploy millions of electric vehicles within a few decades '' but the largest deployment of
electric vehicles ever was recently thrown into doubt when the People's Republic of China outlawed most of the wildly popular
battery'powered scooters. Advanced batteries can finally deliver the power and recharge time seen as necessary for wide acceptance
as an EV power source '' if safety issues can be addressed (and if the prices come down).

With these types of opposing trends and developments in play, it is more important than ever to have access to an informed analysis
of the industry's status, scenarios, and, ultimately, realistic assessment of the industry's fortunes.

This report will provide this analysis, starting with a summary of the technology involved, then detailed profiles of major power source
and vehicle makers, and finally with well'defined consensus, optimistic, and pessimistic market scenarios for units sold, value of these
units, and prices.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This report is intended to provide a unique analysis of the broadly defined global electric vehicle market and will be of interest to all
types of automakers, manufacturers of batteries, battery chargers, and fuel cells. It also will be valuable to current and existing
electrical vehicle users and competitors.
This report also can provide valuable information in terms of assessing investment in particular technologies and, therefore, should
benefit investors directly or indirectly. Automakers and power source suppliers also may find market trends of interest in view of
establishing growth strategies. BCC Research wishes to thank those companies, government agencies, and university researchers
that contributed information for this report.

SCOPE OF REPORT

After decades of expensive development and false starts, the world is finally ready for electric vehicles. As defined by this report,
'electric vehicles' includes commercial approaches such as pure battery'powered vehicles, plug'in hybrids, hybrid internal
combustion/battery, range extending, and fuel cell vehicles as well as vehicles powered by developmental power sources such as
supercapacitors and flywheel'powered. In addition to cars and trucks, this report considers motorcycles, scooters, buses,
neighborhood electric vehicles, and locomotives.

This report details the actuals for 2005 and 2009 and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) projections for 2010 through 2015 for the
North American, European, Far Eastern, and Rest'of'World markets. Selected 2005 actuals will help as a basis for today's markets
and tomorrow's projections. Vehicle sales and values are provided under consensus, optimistic, and pessimistic scenarios. A patent
analysis and discussion for power sources and vehicle components describes where research is performed and emphasizes
intellectual property issues.



This report is organized into the following two sectors and their associated subsectors:

Markets by power source:

Batteries (HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs)
Fuel cells
Exotic

Of course, these power sources can be combined into various vehicle configurations:

Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plug'in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles

Markets by vehicle type:

Passenger vehicles
Low velocity
Scooters
Buses
Commercial /industrial
Niche

These market sectors are defined, leading companies are identified, and the markets analyzed (including a 5'year market
forecast). Finally, status and recent events for both power source and vehicle maker companies are provided in the Company Profiles
section.

METHODOLOGY

Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this report, which is based on interviews with
commercial and government sources, literature reviews, and patent examinations. Throughout the report, past market data is
expressed in current dollars, and estimates and projections are in constant 2010 dollars. Historic markets (2005 and 2009) and the
projected market for 2015 are provided. Most market summaries are based on a consensus scenario that assumes no unanticipated
technical advances and no unexpected legislation. Pessimistic, consensus, and optimistic market scenarios characterize several
developmental markets. Totals are rounded to the nearest million dollars. When appropriate, information from previously published
sources is identified to allow a more detailed examination by clients.

INFORMATION SOURCES

Market assumptions used in this report include those based on updates of material from an earlier version of this analysis, as well as
from BCC Research studies, FCB024E Large and Advanced Battery Technology and Markets and FCB028E Lithium Batteries:
Markets and Materials. This report's author prepared these studies as well. He also edits the twice'monthly BCC Research newsletter,
Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Progress, which is a uniquely valuable source for this market. Although many segments of the industry are
well documented, much of this information is based on estimates, not hard facts. The distinction between these estimates and hard
facts can be vital, and wherever possible, sources are identified.

ANALYST CREDENTIALS



This report's project analyst, Donald Saxman, is the editor of BCC Research's Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Progress and Fuel Cell
Industry Report newsletters, and has founded several other BCC newsletters. Mr. Saxman has more than 28 years of experience in
market analysis, technical writing, and newsletter editing. Since 1983, he has operated as a technical market consultant and
subcontractor to BCC Research, and, in this capacity, he has prepared more than 80 technology market research reports, including
many that covered battery technology and battery markets. His previous experience includes supervision of a quality'control
laboratory at a major secondary lead refinery, experience as an analytical chemist at a hazardous waste testing service, product
assurance manager for a space station life'support'system project, and an information technology business analyst and project
manager.

Table of Content

Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 2
INTENDED AUDIENCE 2
SCOPE OF REPORT 3
METHODOLOGY 4
INFORMATION SOURCES 4
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 5
RELATED REPORTS 5
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 5
DISCLAIMER 6

Chapter-2: SUMMARY

CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY 7
SUMMARY FIGURE ELECTRIC VEHICLE SHIPMENTS AND VALUE BY CONFIGURATION 2005-2015 (CONSENSUS
SCENARIO) ($ MILLIONS) 9

Chapter-3: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

CHAPTER THREE: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 10
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: OVERVIEW 10
OVERVIEW: TYPES OF POWER SOURCES 11
Internal Combustion Power Sources 11
Battery Power Sources 11
Battery Power Sources (Continued) 12
Fuel Cell Power Sources 13
Exotic Power Sources 14
Hybrid Power Sources 14
OVERVIEW: VEHICLE TYPES 16
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: MARKET TRENDS 18
HISTORIC TRENDS 18
GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT 19



Pollution Abatement 19
Pollution Abatement (Continued) 20
Electric Utility Efficiency 22
Promotion of Domestic Energy Sources 23
Maintaining Technological Competitiveness 23
GOVERNMENT BATTERY AND EV SUBSIDIES 24
U.S. Federal EV Subsidies and Loans 24
U.S. Federal EV '(Continued) 25
U.S. Federal EV '(Continued) 26
U.S. State EV Subsidies and Loans 33
U.S. State EV ' (Continued) 34
Canadian EV Subsidies and Loans 39
Canadian EV Subsidies ' (Continued) 40
U.S. Federal Fuel Cell Vehicle Funding 41
U.S. Federal Fuel ' (Continued) 42
U.S. Federal Fuel '(Continued) 43
U.S. Fuel Cell Council Analysis of Funding Priorities 47
U.S. Fuel Cell Council ' (Continued) 48
U.S. EV and Fuel Cell Infrastructure Subsidies 49
U.S. EV and Fuel ' (Continued) 50
U.S. EV Tax Scenarios 54
U.S. EV Tax Scenarios (Continued) 56
U.S. EV Tax Scenarios (Continued) 57
Fuel Efficiency Standards 58
Fuel Efficiency Standards (Continued) 59
Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology Plan 863 60
BATTERY SAFETY ISSUES 60
Lithium'ion Battery Stability Issues 60
Lithium'ion ' (Continued) 61
Fullerene Toxicity Issues 62
Fullerene Toxicity Issues (Continued) 63
MARKET DRIVERS 64
BASIS FOR FORECAST SCENARIOS 67
Vehicle by Configuration 67
Vehicle by Type 68
Vehicle by Power Sources 68
PRICING TRENDS 79
Pricing Survey 79
Pricing Issues and Models 81



HEV Pricing Model 81
HEV (Continued) 82
PHEV Pricing and Conversion Model 83
PHEV Pricing '(Continued) 84
EV Pricing Model 85
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: MARKET ORGANIZATION 86
LEADING VEHICLE MAKERS 86
LEADING VEHICLE MAKERS 87
Leading HEV Makers 91
Leading EV and PHEV Makers 92
Leading Scooter and Motorcycle Makers 94
Leading Low Velocity Vehicle Makers 95
Leading Electric Bus, Truck, and Locomotive Makers 96
LEADING POWER SOURCE MAKERS AND RANK 98
Leading Lead'Acid Power Source Makers 102
Leading Nickel Metal Hydride Power Source Makers 102
Leading Lithium'Ion Power Source Makers 102
Leading Exotic Energy Storage Power Source Makers 103
Leading Fuel Cell Power Source Makers 104
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: PATENT TENSION 104
PAICE HYPERDRIVE POWERTRAIN AND TOYOTA 105
Paice Hyperdrive ' (Continued) 106
SOLOMON TECHNOLOGIES AND TOYOTA 111
Solomon Technologies ' (Continued) 112
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, HYDRO QUEBEC, AND NTT, AND OTHERS 113
3M, SONY, AND LENOVO 114
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE: GLOBALIZATION 115
GLOBAL MARKET FORCES 115
GLOBAL CORPORATE STRUCTURE 116
VEHICLE AND POWER SOURCE MARKET BY REGION 121
Vehicle Market by Region 121
FIGURE 1 TOTAL GLOBAL EV MARKET BY REGION, 2010 VERSUS 2015, BY SHIPMENTS (%) 122
FIGURE 1 (CONTINUED) 123
Power Source Market by Region 123
FIGURE 2 TOTAL GLOBAL EV POWER SOURCE MARKET BY REGION, 2010 VERSUS 2015, BY SHIPMENTS (%) 125

Chapter-4: POWER SOURCES

POWER SOURCE ROLES AND CHARACTERISTICS 126
BATTERIES 127
BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 128
LEAD'ACID BATTERIES 129
State of the Art and Recent Developments 130
Firefly Energy Composite Foam 131
Firefly Energy ' (Continued) 132
Axion Power Lead Carbon (PbC) 133



Lead'acid Battery Companies 134
Lead'Acid Battery Market Summary 134
NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES 135
Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries (Continued) 136
Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Companies 137
Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Market Summary 138
LITHIUM'ION AND LITHIUM'POLYMER BATTERIES 139
Lithium'Ion Compared with Lithium'Ion Polymer 140
Lithium'Ion as Smart Batteries 141
Lithium'Ion as Smart Batteries (Continued) 142
Lithium'Ion as Smart Batteries (Continued) 143
Lithium'ion Battery Companies 145
Lithium'ion Battery Market Summary 146
DEVELOPMENTAL EV BATTERIES 147
Developmental Battery Companies 150
FUEL CELLS 150
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 151
Alkaline Fuel Cells 151
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 152
Fuel Cell Companies 152
Fuel Cell Market Summary 152
EXOTIC ENERGY STORAGE 154
CAPACITIVE ENERGY STORAGE 154
Capacitive Energy Storage Companies 157
FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE 158
Flywheel Energy Storage (Continued) 159
Flywheel Energy Storage Companies 160
CAPACITIVE AND FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE MARKET SUMMARY 160
POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY 161
POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY BY POWER SOURCE TYPE 161
FIGURE 3 TOTAL GLOBAL EV POWER SOURCE MARKET BY POWER SOURCE TYPE, 2005-2015, BY SHIPMENTS ($
MILLIONS) 162
POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY BY VEHICLE TYPE 163
FIGURE 4 TOTAL GLOBAL EV POWER SOURCE MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2005-2015, BY SHIPMENTS ($ MILLION) 170
POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY BY REGION 170

Chapter-5: COMPANY PROFILES: POWER SOURCE MAKERS

A123SYSTEMS 178
A123SYSTEMS (CONTINUED) 179
AC DELCO 184



ACME ELECTRIC CORP. 185
ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (ABAT) 185
ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES' (CONTINUED) 186
ALL POWER BATTERY 187
AROTECH CORP. 187
ATLANTIC BATTERY CO. 188
AVESTOR (HYDRO'QUÉBEC AND KERR MCGEE) 188
AVESTOR (HYDRO'QUÉBEC ' (CONTINUED) 189
AXEON 190
AXION POWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. 191
AXION POWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. (CONTINUED) 192
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS 193
BATTERY BUILDERS, INC. (BBI) 194
BATTERY SYSTEMS, INC. 195
B.B. BATTERY 195
BELL CITY BATTERIES 195
BOLDER TECHNOLOGIES (GP BATTERIES INTERNATIONAL) 195
BOLLORE GROUP 196
BOLLORE GROUP /CONTINUED) 197
ROBERT BOSCH GMBH (SB LIMOTIVE CO. LTD) 198
ROBERT BOSCH GMBH '(CONTINUED) 199
BOSTON'POWER 200
BYD BATTERIES 201
CHINA BAK BATTERY, INC. 202
CHINA BAK BATTERY, INC. (CONTINUED) 203
DALIAN XINYANG HIGH'TECH DEVELOPMENT CO. (CHINA SUN) 204
COBASYS (SB LIMOTIVE CO. LTD.) 205
COBASYS (SB LIMOTIVE CO. LTD.) (CONTINUED) 206
CONTINENTAL CORPORATION 207
CROWN BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO. 207
CSB BATTERY OF AMERICA CORP. 208
DANA CANADA CORP. 208
DOUGLAS BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO. 208
DOW KOKAM 209
DYNACELL CORP. 210
DYNO BATTERY, INC. 210
EAGLEPICHER CORP. (OM CORP.) 210
EAST PENN MANUFACTURING CO. (DEKA BATTERIES) 211
EIC LABORATORIES 212
ELECTROVAYA (ELECTROFUEL) 212
ELECTROVAYA (ELECTROFUEL) (CONTINUED) 213
ENER1, INC. (ENERDEL) 214
ENER1, INC. (ENERDEL) (CONTINUED) 215
ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES (ECD OVONICS) 218
ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES ' (CONTINUED) 220
ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES ' (CONTINUED) 221



ENERIZE CORP. (FIFE BATTERIES) 222
ENERSYS, INC. 223
ENERSYS, INC. (CONTINUED) 224
E'ONE MOLI ENERGY 225
ERGENICS 226
EVERCEL, INC. 227
EVEREXCEED INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. 228
EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG 228
EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES (INCLUDES GNB, GOULD NATIONAL BATTERIES) 229
EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED) 230
FARASIS ENERGY 230
FIAMM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 231
FIREFLY ENERGY 232
FLUIDIC ENERGY 233
FURUKAWA BATTERY CO. 233
FZ SONICK S.A. 234
GENERAL MOTORS 234
GENERAL MOTORS (CONTINUED) 235
GOLDEN ENERGY FUEL CELL CO., LTD. 236
GP BATTERIES (GOLD PEAK INTERNATIONAL) 237
HITACHI MAXELL CORP. 237
HOKU SCIENTIFIC, INC. 238
HORIZON FUEL CELLS AND RIVERSIMPLE 238
HORIZON FUEL CELLS AND RIVERSIMPLE (CONTINUED) 239
HYB BATTERY CO., LTD. (HUA'YUE'BAO BATTERY) 240
HUANYU BATTERY 241
HYDROGENICS CORP. 241
HYMOTION (A123SYSTEMS) 242
IDATECH, LLC 243
IMARA CORP. 243
INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC. (INDI) 243
INNERGY POWER CORP. (PORTABLE ENERGY PRODUCTS) 244
INTERNATIONAL BATTERY 244
IOXUS 245
JOHNSON CONTROLS (JOHNSON CONTROLS'SAFT ADVANCED POWER SOLUTIONS) 246
JOHNSON CONTROLS (CONTINUED) 247
K2 ENERGY SOLUTIONS 250
KOKAM AMERICA, INC. 251
LG CHEMICAL 251
LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. (LTC) 252
LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. (LTC) (CONTINUED) 253
MES'DEA SA 256
MITSUBISHI INTERNATIONAL (MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES) 256
MITSUBISHI INTERNATIONAL '(CONTINUED) 257



NAMIL BATTERY 258
NANOEXA 258
NEAH POWER 259
NEC CORP. (E'ONE MOLI ENERGY) 260
NISSAN MOTOR CO. 261
NISSAN MOTOR CO. (CONTINUED) 262
NUVERA FUEL CELLS 263
ODYNE CORP. 263
PALCAN FUEL CELLS LTD. 263
PANASONIC (MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO.) 264
PLUG POWER 265
PLUG POWER (CONTINUED) 266
POLYPLUS BATTERY COMPANY 267
POWER BATTERY CO. 268
POWERGENIX 268
POWERGENIX (CONTINUED) 269
POWERZINC ELECTRIC, INC. 270
QUALLION LLC 270
REACO BATTERY SERVICE CORP. 271
RICARDO, INC. 271
ROLLS'ROYCE FUEL CELL SYSTEMS LTD. 272
SAFT (JOHNSON CONTROLS'SAFT ADVANCED POWER SOLUTIONS) 273
SAFT (CONTINUED) 274
SAMSUNG 275
SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD. 276
SMART FUEL CELL AG (SFC) 277
SMART FUEL CELL AG (SFC) (CONTINUED) 278
SION POWER 279
SHANGHAI SHENLI HIGH TECH CO., LTD. 280
SONY CORP. 281
STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS, INC. 282
SUPERIOR BATTERY MANUFACTURING 282
SUPERLATICE POWER 283
SWIFT INDUSTRIAL POWER 283
TIAX 283
TOSHIBA 284
TOSHIBA (CONTINUED) 285
TNR TECHNICAL, INC. 286
TROJAN BATTERY CO. 286
U.S. BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO. 287
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORP. (UTC) 287
VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC. 288
VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC. (CONTINUED) 289
YARDNEY (LITHION, ENER'TEK) 292
YUASA, INC. (GS YUASA CORP., YUASA BATTERY AMERICA, INC., 293
YUASA'EXIDE) 293



YUASA, INC. /CONTINUED) 294
ZBB ENERGY CORP. 295
ZTEK CORPORATION 296
ZTEK CORPORATION (CONTINUED) 297

Chapter-6: VEHICLES

VEHICLE MARKETS BY TYPE 298
PASSENGER VEHICLES 298
Passenger Vehicle Companies 299
Passenger Vehicle Market Summary 302
LOW VELOCITY VEHICLES 310
Low Velocity Vehicle Companies 310
Low Velocity Vehicle Market Summary 311
SCOOTERS 317
Scooter Companies 317
Scooter Market Summary 318
BUSES 324
Bus Companies 324
Bus Market Summary 325
COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL 332
Commercial/Industrial Companies 333
Commercial/Industrial Market Summary 334
NICHE 340
Niche Vehicle Companies 340
Niche Vehicle Market Summary 341
Niche Vehicle Market Summary (Continued) 343
VEHICLE MARKETS BY POWER SOURCE 350
BATTERY POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY 350
FUEL CELL POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY 355
EXOTIC POWER SOURCE MARKET SUMMARY 360
VEHICLE MARKETS BY CONFIGURATION 365
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONFIGURATION MARKET SUMMARY 365
PLUG'IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONFIGRATION MARKET SUMMARY 370
PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONFIGURATION MARKET SUMMARY 375
VEHICLE MARKET SUMMARY 380
Vehicle Market Summary by Type 381
FIGURE 5 TOTAL GLOBAL EV MARKET BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2005-2015: CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($ MILLIONS) 382
Vehicle Market Summary by Power Source 384
FIGURE 6 TOTAL GLOBAL EV MARKET BY POWER SOURCE 2005-2015: CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($ MILLIONS) 385
Vehicle Market Summary by Configuration 387
FIGURE 7 TOTAL GLOBAL EV MARKET BY VEHICLE CONFIGURATION, THROUGH 2015: CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($
MILLIONS) 388

Chapter-7: COMPANY PROFILES: VEHICLE MAKERS



AC PROPULSION 390
AFS TRINITY 391
AIXAM PRODUCTION 392
AMERICAN ELECTRIC VEHICLE CO. 392
APTERA MOTORS 393
AZURE DYNAMICS CORP. (SOLECTRIA) 394
AZURE DYNAMICS CORP' (CONTINUED) 395
BAE SYSTEMS 396
BENTLEY MOTORS INC. 397
BLUE SKY DESIGN 398
BMW (ROLLS'ROYCE, MINI) 398
BNSF RAILWAY 399
BOLLORÉ AND PININFARINA 399
BOLLORÉ AND PININFARINA (CONTINUED) 400
BOMBARDIER RECREATIONAL 401
BREDAMENARINIBUS 401
BRIGHT AUTOMOTIVE 401
BYD 402
CASTROSUA 403
CHINA FAW GROUP CORP. 403
CHINA MOTOR CORP. 404
CHRYSLER (DODGE, GLOBAL ELECTRIC MOTOR CARS, FIAT) 404
CHRYSLER (CONTINUED) 405
CLUB CAR (INGERSOLL RAND) 409
COLUMBIA PAR CAR 409
COMMUTER CARS 409
CT&T 409
CURRENT MOTOR CO. 410
CURRIE TECHNOLOGIES 410
DAF TRUCKS 411
DAIHATSU 411
DAIMLER (MERCEDES BENZ, SMART, MITSUBISHI FUSO, ORION BUS INDUSTRIES/DAIMLER BUSES NORTH AMERICA) 412
DAIMLER (CONTINUED) 413
DESIGNLINE INTERNATIONAL 417
DOK'ING 418
DYNASTY ELECTRIC VEHICLES LTD. 418
EATON CORP. 418
EBUS 419
EFFEDI 420
ELBIL NORGE AS 420
ELECTRIC CAR CORP. 420
ELECTROVAYA (ELECTROFUEL) 421



ELETRA AUTOMOTIVE (DIV. GOTTLIEB INVENTIONS, INC.) 421
ENOVA 421
EPEDS 422
EUAUTO TECHNOLOGY LTD. 422
FERRARI 423
FINE MOBILE GMBH 424
FISHER COACHWORKS 424
FISKER AUTOMOTIVE 425
FISKER AUTOMOTIVE (CONTINUED) 426
FORD MOTOR CO. (LINCOLN, MERCURY, VOLVO) 427
FORD MOTOR CO. (CONTINUED) 428
GENERAL DYNAMICS LAND SYSTEMS 435
GENERAL MOTORS (GMC, CHEVROLET, CADILLAC, SATURN, OPEL) 436
GILLIG 445
GROUP LOTUS 446
HITACHI 446
HONDA 446
HONDA (CONTINUED) 447
HONDA (CONTINUED) 448
HYUNDAI MOTOR 449
INTELLIGENT ENERGY 450
INTERNATIONAL TRUCK AND ENGINE CORP. (NAVISTAR) 450
INTERNATIONAL TRUCK ... (CONTINUED) 451
ISE CORP. 452
ISE CORP. (CONTINUED) 453
ISUZU AND ITOCHU CORP. 454
ITALCAR 455
IVECO 455
JAGUAR CARS 455
JR EAST 456
KIA MOTORS 456
KIA MOTORS (CONTINUED) 457
LIBERTY ELECTRIC CARS 458
LIEBHERR 458



LIGHTNING CAR COMPANY 459
LUMENEO 459
MAN AG 459
MAZDA 459
MICRO'VETT SPA 460
MILES ELECTRIC VEHICLES (CODA) 460
MILLENWORKS 461
MITSUBISHI MOTORS 461
MODEC 461
MOTOR COACH INDUSTRIES 462
MYERS MOTORS 462
NEW FLYER INDUSTRIES 462
NISSAN (INFINITI, NISSAN FORKLIFT) 462
NISSAN (CONTINUED) 463
NORTH AMERICAN BUS INDUSTRIES 466
OKA AUTO USA (MIROX CORP.) 467
OPTIMAL ENERGY 467
OSHKOSH TRUCK CORP. 468
PARRY PEOPLE MOVERS 468
PEUGEOT 468
PHOENIX MOTORCARS 469
PORSCHE 469
PROTON 470
RAILPOWER TECHNOLOGIES 471
RENAULT AND RENAULT TRUCKS 471
SEGWAY 472
SHANGHAI AUTOMOTIVE (SAIC) 473
SHELBY SUPERCARS 473
SMITH ELECTRIC VEHICLES (TANFIELD GROUP) 474
SOCIETE DE VEHICULES ELECTRIQUES (SVE) (DASSAULT AND HEULIEZ) 474
SOLARIS BUS AND COACH 474
STEVENS VEHICLES 474
SUBARU (FUJI HEAVY INDUSTRIES) 475
SUZUKI MOTOR CORP. 475
SYM MOTORS 476
TATA MOTORS 476
TECNOBUS 476
TESLA MOTORS 476
TESLA MOTORS (CONTINUED) 477
TESLA MOTORS (CONTINUED) 478
TH!NK GLOBAL 479
THOMAS BUILT BUSES INC. 480
THUNDER SKY ENERGY GROUP 480
TOYOTA (LEXUS, HINO) 481
TOYOTA (CONTINUED) 483
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