Blood

1. Presentation on Physiology
Topic: Blood
MD.AMINUL ISLAM
Department of Pharmacy
World University of Bangladesh

2. Blood
Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue in which there is
liquid intercellular substance (plasma) and formed elements –
(RBC, WBC and platelets) suspended in the plasma which
circulates in closed system of blood vessels . It is red, thick and
slightly alkaline.
Composition of blood:
Blood is composed of –
A. Cellular substances : (42-45)%
RBC
WBC
Platelets
B. Liquid intercellular substances : That is plasma – (55-
58)%

3. Properties of blood
1. Blood volume: 5-6 liters.
2. Normal reactions: Slightly alkaline, PH= 7.36-7.45
3. Specific gravity: 1.052-1.060
4. Viscosity: 4.5 times more viscous than water.
5. Temperature: 36-38C
6. Osmotic pressure: Average 25mmHg.
7. Taste: Salty.
8. Color: Red, due to presence of hemoglobin inside RBC.

4. FUNCTION OF BLOOD
1. Transport of respiratory gases: It caries oxygen from
lungs to the tissue and eliminates carbon dioxide from
tissue to lungs.
2. Transport of nutrients: It carries digestive food materials
that is glucose, amino-acid, fatty acid, etc.
3. Acts as vehicle: Hormones, enzymes, vitamins, & other
chemicals are brought to their places of activity.
4. Regulation of body temperature.
5. Regulation of water and electrolytes balance: Fluid
portion of blood is interchangeable with intercellular
fluid thus maintains water and electrolytes balance.
6. Maintenance of acid base balance: By buffering action
and blood maintains acid base balance.

5. FUNCTION OF BLOOD
7. Defensive function:
a) WBC engulfs bacteria and foreign particles.
b) It devel ops antibodies which combat toxic agent.
8. Excretory function: Metabolic end products and other
waste products are carried to organ of excretion that is
kidney, Lungs, skin etc.
9. Regulation of blood: It regulates blood pressure by
changing volume and viscosity of blood.
10. It maintains colloidal osmotic pressure: By the action
of plasma proteins.
11. Prevent haemorrhage: By the process of coagulation it
prevents hemorrhage.

6. Plasma protein
The protein which remains in plasma is known as plasmaThe protein which remains in plasma is known as plasma
protein.protein.
Sources of plasma proteins:
There are 2 sources of plasma proteins-There are 2 sources of plasma proteins-
1. Exogenous source.1. Exogenous source.
2. Endogenous source.2. Endogenous source.

7. Function of plasma protein
1. Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure.
2. Maintain blood pressure.
3. Maintain ESR.
4. Essential for blood coagulation.
5. Buffer and acid base balance.
6. Carriage of CO2.
7. Defensive action against infection.
8. Nutrition, growth, and repair of tissue.
9. Transport lipid, hormone, iron, copper etc.

8. Red Blood Corpuscle (RBC)
RBC are circular, bi-concave, non nucleated disc.
Normal count of RBC:
 In adult male: 4.5 to 5.5(average 5.4)
 In adult female:4.0-5.0(average 4.8)
 In infant (newborn): 6-7
Morphology of RBC:
 Shape & size: Bi-concave.
 Thickness: At the thickest point 2.5 micrometer & At the
center- 1 micrometer
 Diameter: 7.8 micrometer
 Surface area: 120-140 squire micrometers
 Volume: 90 to 95 cubic micrometers.
 Life span: About 120 days.

9. Function of RBC
1. Respiratory function: Carry oxygen from lungs to the tissue
and carbon dioxide from tissue to the lungs.
2. Acid base balance: By buffering action.
3. Ion balance: By permeability of cell.
4. Viscosity maintain: RBC increased- viscosity increase.
5. Various pigment .e.g. - Bilirubin, Biliverdin etc.
6. Contain antigens.

10. White blood Corpuscle (WBC)
White blood corpuscle are the nucleated colorless cells of
blood and are the mobile units of the body’s protective
system.
Morphology:
 Normal size: 10-20 micron
 Normal counts: 4000-11000/cu mm of blood
 Life span: Few hours to few days.
 Production: In bone marrow, spleen, tonsil etc.

11. Function of WBC
 Phagocytosis: Engulf bacteria , other than
foreign particles and micro organism.
 Antibody formation: Defensive mechanism of
the body.
 Secretion of heparin: Prevent blood clotting.
 Formation of fibroblast: Process of repair.
 Anti-histamine function: Eosinophil produces
5HT.
 Chemotaxis.
 Act as scavenger.

12. Platelets
Platelet or thrombocyte is one of the formed elements of blood.
Morphology:
 Diameter: 1-4 micro meter
 Shape: Oval or rounded.
 Normal count: 1.5-3.0 lacs/cu. mm of blood.
 Life span: 8 to 12 days.
Function of platelets:
 Hemostasis: Blood stopping process.
 Platelet plug formation.
 Defensive function

13. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
When the blood is mixed with a suitable anticoagulant and is
made to stand vertically, red blood corpuscles settle down to
the bottom. The rate at which this sedimentation rate (ESR).
Normal count:
1. Wintergreen method: Male: 0 to 6mm. in 1st hour.
Female: 0 t0 12mm. in 1st hour.
2.Windrobe method: Male: 0 to 12 mm. in 1st hour
Female: 0 to 18 mm. in 1sr hour.

14. Importance of ESR
1. To see the prognosis of disease.
2. To assay the condition of some chronic inflammatory diseases,
Such as:
 Pulmonary tuberculosis
 Pulmonary embolism
 Myocardial infraction
 Rheumatic arthritis
 Carcinoma.
3. To see the therapeutic effects of drugs.

15. Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein or metaloporphyrin. It is the
red pigment inside the red blood cell. It is chromo-protein
consisting of two parts –
 Globin: 96%
 Haem: 4%
Normal count of hemoglobin in blood:
In male:
Range: 14-18gm/ 100ml of blood.
Average: 15.5 gm/ 100ml of blood.
In Female:
Range: 12-15.5gm/ 100ml of blood.
Average: 14 gm/ 100ml of blood.
At birth: 23gm/100ml.
At 1sr year: 10gm/ 100ml.

16. Function of hemoglobin
 It is essential for transport of oxygen from lungs
to the tissues and carbon dioxide from tissue to
the lungs.
 It is an important blood buffer and helps to
maintain pH of blood.
 Various pigment of bile, urine etc are derived
from it.
 It reserves iron & protein.

17. Erythropioesis
The process of formation of RBC under normal
physiological condition is called erythropoiesis or
haemopoiesis.

18. Anaemia
Anaemia is a clinical condition characterized by qualitative
and quantitative deficiency of hemoglobin below for the
normal of age and sex of the individual.
Normal count:
Male: 14-18 mg/100ml of blood.
Female: 12-15.5mg/100ml of blood.
Sign and symptoms of anaemia:
Fatigue
Faintness
Palpitation
Headache
Breathlessness

19. Causes of anaemiaCauses of anaemia
1. Excessive blood loss due to chronic haemorrhage.
2. Reduced production of RBC.
3. Excessive blood cell destruction.
4. Destruction of bone marrow.
Treatment of anaemia:
1. Taking iron supplements.
2. Taking iron containing food
3. Taking iron containing drugs
4. Increasing iron levels

20. Jaundice
Jaundice is a clinical condition characterized by yellow coloration of
skin and mucous membrane due to presence of excess bilirubin in
blood.
Normal value: 0.2-0.8 mg/dl of blood.
Causes of jaundice:
Liver infection- Hepatocellular jaundice
Excess RBC breakdown- Haemolytic jaundice
Obstruction in any part of biliary tract- Obstructive jaundice

21. Treatment of jaundice
 Adequate bed rest.
 Many vaccines are being developed and inject into the
body.
 Maintaining a balance diet food and healthy life.
 Avoid using illegal drugs.
 Avoid street/Fatty food.
 Having washing habits.
 Drink at least 6 to 8 glass of water per day.

22. Thank You.....