I have discussed regarding the composition as well as functions of the blood.

1. Human Anatomy & Physiology I
Blood & its Composition
Presented by: Lovekesh Singh
Assistant Professor
ISF College Of Pharmacy, Moga

2. SCOPE
 To learn and understand the composition, circulation and functions
of blood and anatomy of blood vessels.

3.  Introduction
 Properties of Blood
 Functions of Blood
 Composition of Blood
 Plasma and its composition
 Formed elements of blood & their composition and functions
CONTENTS

4. BLOOD- blood is the main circulating fluid in the human body.
 It is a fluid connective tissue derived from mesoderm.
 The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-
forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is called
haematology.
 (Gk: haeme – blood and logos - study)
• The adult has an average of 5litre of blood which constitute about 8%
8% of the total body weight.
INTRODUCTION

5.  Colour Bright red in arteries & dark red in veins
 Mass 8 % of the body mass
 pH Slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 – 7.45)
 Taste Salty
 Temperature 38° C (100.4° F)
 Viscosity 3 – 4 times more viscous than water
 Volume 5 – 6 litre in males & 4-5 litre in female
PROPERTIES OF BLOOD

6. • Transportation – 1. Blood transports CO2 from the body cells to the lungs and oxygen
from the lungs to the cells of the body.
2. It transports metabolic wastes and heat to various organs for elimination from
the body.
3. It transports hormones from endocrine glands to cells.
4. It transports nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to cells.
• Regulation – 1. Helps to regulate pH through the use of buffers.
2. Helps regulate body temperature
• Protection- 1. WBCs protect against disease by carrying on phagocytosis.
2. Blood clotting protects against excessive blood loss after injury.
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

7.  Blood is divided into two constituents:
1. Cellular composition (Formed elements)- It constitutes about
45% of blood.
2. Non-cellular composition (Blood Plasma)- It constitutes about
55% of blood.
COMPOSITION

8. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

9.  It is straw coloured , slightly , alkaline , viscous fluid. Normally, 55% of our
blood's volume is made up of plasma.
 It contains 90-92 % water , 10% of solutes and 7% of protein.
 Plasma proteins such as serum albumin , serum globulin , heparin ,
fibrinogen and prothrombin as a coagulating factors in the inactive form.
 Other nutrients such as glucose , amino acids, & glycerols.
 Nitrogenous waste as urea , uric acid , ammonia, and creatinine.
 Gases like oxygen, carbon-dioixde , nirtogen.
 Regulatory substances such as enzymes and hormones .
 Inorganic substances like bicarbonates , chlorides, phosphates, sulphates,
Na, K, Ca& Mg ions, etc
PLASMA

10.  The straw coloured liquid, called serum, which is part of plasma.
+ =
= -
SERUM
SERUM
CLOTTIN
G
FACTORS
PLASMA
SERUM
PLASMA
CLOTTIN
G
FACTORS

11. 1. ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs): Erythrocytes are also called as red blood
corpuscles.
• They are circular , biconcave , enucleated cells.
• Its size 7 micron metre in diameter to 2.5 micron metre in
thickness.
• There are about 5.1 to 5.8 million RBCs per cu.mm in adult male
and in adult female it is about 4.3 to 5.2 million.
• Average life span is of 120 days.
FORMED ELEMENTS OF
BLOOD

12.  The production of RBCs is known as erythropoiesis.
 In Adults it takes place in Red bone marrow of long bones (hip
bone, breast bone & ribs)
 In Children it takes place in (upto 5 year) Bone marrow of all the
bones and in Foetus it takes place in Liver & spleen.
 Increase in number of RBCs is known as Polycythemia
 Decrease in number of RBCs is known as Erythropenia
ERYTHROPOIESIS

13.  Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
 Transport CO2from tissues to lungs
 Normal blood contains 13 – 15 g of Hb per 100 ml of blood
 One RBC contains about 250 million molecules of Hb
 Each molecule of Hb carries four molecules of oxygen
FUNCTIONS OF RBCs

14.  Leucocytes are also known as white blood corpuscles .
 They are colourless , nucleated , amoeboid , and phagocytes cells.
 Due the amoeboidal movement they squeez out of blood capillaries, this is
called as DIAPEDESIS.
 It is of size 8 to 15 micron metre.
 They are about 5000 to 9000 WBCs per cu.mm
 The production of WBCs is known as leucopoiesis.
 Increase in number of WBCs is known as leucocytosis
 Decrease in number of WBCs is known as leucopenia
 Pathological increase in number of WBCs is known as leukemia (blood
cancer)
LEUCOCYTES (WBCs)

15.  Leukocytes (wbc’s) Total:
Neutrophils 60-70% (N)EVER
Lymphocytes 20-25% (L)ET
Monocytes 3-8% (M)ONKEYS
Eosinophils 1-3% (E)AT
Basophils ½ to 1% (B)ANANAS
CONT……

16. GRANULOCYTES

17. AGRANULOCYTES

18. PLATELETS
 These are small fragments of bone marrow cells and therefore not
really classified as cells themselves.
 Disc-shaped, 2 - 4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus
 Normal platelet count is 150,000- 400,000/microlitre of blood
 Other blood cell counts – 5 million red & 5-10,000 white blood cells
 Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days; aged and dead platelets
are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver

20. FORMATION OF PLATELETS
 The production of platelets is known as thrombopoiesis.
 Thrombopoietin stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets.
 Myeloid stem cells develop into megakaryocyte-colony- forming cells that
develop into megakaryoblasts.
 Megakaryoblasts transform into megakaryocytes which fragment.
 Each fragment, enclosed by a piece of cell membrane, is a platelet
(thrombocyte).
 Increase in number of platelets is known as thrombocytosis.
 Decrease in number of platelets is known as thrombocytopenia.

21. FUNCTIONS OF PLATELETS
1. Secret vasoconstriction.
2. Form temporary platelet plug to stop bleeding.
3. Secret procoagulants to promotes blood clotting.
4. Dissolved blood clots.
5. Digest and destroy bacteria.
6. Secert some chemicals to attract neutrophil and monocyte to
the site of inflammation.
7. Secret growth factor to maintain the lining of blood vessel

22. REFERENCES
 Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2013). Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and
Physiology in Health and Illness (12th edition). Churchill
Livinstone
 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grabowski.
Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.
 Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P.
Sembulingam. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi.
 Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W.
Wilson, Churchill Livingstone, New York.

23. Questions
Q-1 Write down the functions of blood.
Q-2 Write down the composition of blood.
Q-3 Define Hemopoiesis and erythropoiesis.
Q-4 What do you mean by leukemia?
Q-5 What do you mean by thromocytopenia?
Q-6 Write down the functions of platelets.
Q-7 Write down the composition and functions of plasma.
Q-8 Write down the composition and functions of WBCs.

24. THANKS