BIOLOGY FORM 5 CHAPTER 5 - 5.3 D Genetic Engineering
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Genetic modification involves inserting DNA from one organism into another to achieve a desired trait. For example, Arctic fish DNA could be inserted into strawberries to make them frost resistant. Genetic engineering is used in industries, agriculture, research, and medicine. One application is producing human insulin in bacteria - the human insulin gene is inserted into bacterial plasmids, which are then introduced back into the bacteria causing them to produce human insulin for diabetic patients. However, some argue genetic engineering could have unintended environmental or health risks.
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BIOLOGY FORM 5 CHAPTER 5 - 5.3 D Genetic Engineering
- 3. Genetically Modified - Process • Involves the insertion of DNA from one organism into another OR modification of an organism’s DNA in order to achieve a desired trait. + A strawberry = resistant to frost 4 5 Arctic fish DNA strawberry
- 6. GLOW IN THE DARK ANIMALS
- 9. Uses of Genetic Engineering • In industries, agriculture, in basic research, and in medicine.
- 11. MAKING INSULIN
- 14. Making insulin • Plasmids (small circles of DNA) are obtained from bacteria. • These plasmids are then cut open with enzymes.
- 15. Making insulin • The human insulin gene is “spliced” into the bacterial plasmid. • The plasmid is re-introduced to the bacteria.
- 17. Making insulin • The bacteria are grown in large tanks until there are millions of them. • All the plasmids will be busy making “human” insulin
- 18. Making insulin • This insulin can then be used by diabetics!
- 25. Uses of genetic engineering • More resistant to infection of udder • More milk
- 26. Transgenic Papaya – more resistant to disease Has genes from a virus which encodes a protein in the virus’ outer coat
- 27. • Transgenic mice with human growth hormone
- 28. • Transgenic goats engineered to produce antithrombin protein in their milk – for people that have rare blood clotting disorders
- 37. Seedless Watermelons Seedless watermelons are genetically engineered
- 40. 47
- 41. 48
- 42. 51 Products in the pipeline Agronomic benefits • Oranges resistant to citrus canker • Disease-resistant sweet potatoes • Pest- and disease-resistant cassava • Disease-resistant bananas Benefits of biotechnology – More food
- 43. 52 Products in the pipeline Enhanced nutritional qualities • Tomatoes enriched with flavonols • Soybean and canola oils with higher levels of vitamin E • Vitamin-enriched rice • Decaffeinated coffee Benefits of biotechnology – Better food
- 44. 53 Products in the pipeline Functional foods • Bananas to deliver a hepatitis vaccine • Apples to protect against Respiratory Syncytial virus • Potatoes to protect against cholera, E. coli and Norwalk virus Benefits of biotechnology – Better food
- 45. GENETIC ENGINEERING IN MALAYSIA
- 47. Malaysia has released 6000 genetically engineered mosquitoes into the wild
- 48. More food 57 Benefits of genetic engineering Better food? Better for the environment ?
- 49. Genetic Engineering • We can now grow new body parts and soon donating blood will be a thing of the past, but will we go too far? Photo of a mouse growing a "human ear"
- 50. That’s a human ear!
- 51. The activated genes in these cells were transplanted from humans! The HUMAN genes for eye Ectopic eyes occurred at the base of the antennae, wings and multiple spots on the legs. formation caused this eye to form on the fly’s knee!
- 52. What are the potential problems with genetic engineering? People have concerns…Why?
- 54. Possible Risks of GM Foods Insects develop resistance to pesticide-producing GM crops Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate weeds, producing "superweeds"
- 55. Possible Risks for GM Foods Cause alergy to humans Harm to wildlife and beneficial insects Photo courtesy of T. W. Davies, Cal. Acad. of Sciences.
- 56. Potential Environmental Hazards Reduced effectiveness of pesticides as insects become resistant to engineered toxins. Loss of biodiversity 11
- 57. The ultimate fear
- 59. VIDEO GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM
- 62. Manufacturing Insulin Insulin is needed to keep diabetics alive. Human insulin works best with humans It is possible to obtain small amounts of human insulin from dead bodies.
- 63. Manufacturing Insulin There are insufficient supplies of human insulin to meet demand. Genetic engineers have devised ways of taking the human insulin gene – putting that gene into bacteria that then make insulin.
- 64. Making insulin The gene for insulin is “cut” from the DNA of a human. This is done by using enzymes.