The document discusses various applications of genetics including DNA technologies that allow studying and modifying genes, cloning which reproduces identical copies of organisms, and the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997. It also covers cloning of other animals, the high failure rate of cloning, human cloning using stem cells from embryos, gene therapy techniques, genetic diseases that can be treated, selective breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits, and examples of hybridization.

1. APPLICATION OF
GENETICS

2. DNA Technologies
• allow scientists to
identify, study, and
modify genes.
• Eg. Forensic
identification

3. Cloning
Reproducing genetically identical copies of DNA, Cells,
organisms through asexual means.

4. Reproductive Cloning

5. Cloning Dolly
1997 - 2003
(Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)
Born in Scotland,
Dolly was the
first mammal to
be cloned (1997)
This showed that
DNA in adult cells
can be re-started

6. Cloning an organism

7. Cloned animals:
(Reproductive Cloning)
First cloned rabbit
by Chinese scientists
First cloned horse
by Italian Scientists
Snuppy: first cloned dog
from South Korea.
CC “CopyCat”
First cloned cat
from Texas.
Ralph: The first cloned
rat by French scientists

9. Cloning of Livestock
•Sheep
•Goats
•Mice
•Cows
•Pigs
U.S. News and World Report, December 21,1998
U.S. News and World Report,
March 27, 2000

11. High Failure Rate in Animals
•2% success rate
•Miscarriage frequent
•Animals die after birth
•Some animals have developmental
abnormalities
•Death of offspring is 10 times
higher than normal before birth
and 3 times higher after birth

16. Introduction
 Human cloning is the
creation of a genetically
identical human being,
human cell or human
tissue.

17. Human Clones?
Are there human clones?
Yes – Identical Twins
(Time 2.19.01)

20. Desirable Trait?

22. Using stem cells
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2pyDBMglfM

23. Stem cells
Cells that can divide to produce
• more stem cells
• cells that can adopt specialized jobs

24. 2 types of stem cells
1. Embryonic stem cells
2. Adult stem cells

25. Risks:
- Killing
embryos in
the process.
Possible Benefits:
- Produce whole organs from cloned
stem cells.
- Produce healthy cells for
transplantation.
- Reduce need for organ donors
- Test drugs, understand diseases.

26. Therapeutic
Cloning
1. Nucleus of an egg cell
is replaced with the
nucleus of a body cell.
2. Egg cell is stimulated
with electricity.
3. Embryo grows.
4. Embryo stem cells are
collected and used to
treat the donor.

27. Blastocyst – inner cell mass removed
Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05
Princeton University EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
5 - 7 DAYS OLD BLASTOCYST

28. Five Day Pre-Embryo
Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05

29. Embryonic stem cells
• Isolated from embryos at blastocyst stage.
• Can develop into any specialized cell types
• No problems with rejection by body
• Good growth properties. Can produce millions
of cells.
• ISSUE – NEED TO KILL EMBRYOS

30. Adult stem cells:
• Can divide but need triggers (such as injury) to
activate them to divide.
• Only particular tissues contain stem cells
Eg. Tissues in the brain, skeletal muscles, liver
and blod vessels.
• Can only differentiate into certain types of cells
and the type of cells that will arise are limited.
• Hard to develop into large numbers as it is
difficult to grow in a petri dish.

31. Issues with Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning creates embryos and then destroys
them for stem cells, which is morally wrong to some.

32. GENE THERAPY

33. Gene Therapy
• Technique for correcting
defective genes
responsible for disease.
• Bad gene replaced with
good gene
• Virus used to transport
good gene into cell
• Patient’s cells infected
with new gene, hopefully
correcting the defect.

34. Question???
• Will it last long term?
• Will the virus’ DNA harm the patient?

35. Genetic Diseases that can be
treated
Cystic Fibrosis
Blood Disorders
Muscular Dystrophy
Diabetes
Alzheimer's
Parkinson’s

36. Acquired Diseases
That can be treated
Cancer
Cardiovascular
Neurological Disorders
Infectious Disease (AIDS)

37. Administration
• ex vivo - cells removed, genetically
modified, transplanted back into a patient
• in vivo - direct transfer of genetic material
into patient

39. Ex vivo Gene Therapy

40. SELECTIVE BREEDING

41. SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Used in Agriculture
• Produce animals & plants
• With desirable characteristics of both
parents.

42. Selective
breeding led to
higher-yielding
varieties.
What is plant biotechnology?
More resistant to
disease
Adapt to changing
environment

45. Look what has happened to the varieties
of the corn over last few hundred years.

46. Teosinte Modern corn
What is plant biotechnology?

47. Good point: Strong stem
Good point: Disease resistant
Good point: Huge head of grain
Good point: Strong roots
Super CORN!

48. Cross Breeding

49. Look at the variety of plants that have been
artificially selected from mustard!

50. CAULIFLOWER

51. CARROTS

52. BANANAS

53. SELECTIVE BREEDING
Animals & plants produced
higher yields:
1. more milk
2. more meat
3. more fruit

54. Over thousands of years man has selected
characteristics in dogs that are useful…..
•Very small dogs
•Used for pets
•Large hunting dogs
•Strong & powerful
•Large working dogs
•Strong and athletic

65. CHICKENS – ISSUES?

67. OIL PALM
Dura
- Thick shell
- Low oil content
- Fruits do not fall
off easily
Pisifera
- Thin shell
- High oil content
- Fruits fall off easily
Tenera
- Thin shell
- High oil content
- Fruits do not fall off
easily

71. HYBRIDS
• Crossing different but related species

73. Hybridization
• Liger is another example

74. THE END