Application of transgenesis .it includes all the relevant information like definition mechanism history advantages or disadvantages .

1. APPLICATIONS OF TRANSGENESIS

2. INTRODUCTION
 As the world population expend, the urge arises to
control the problem of limited resources
e.g.Agriculturally ,Medicinally and Industrially.
 Scientists have developed solutions to address this
urgent crises.
 They have genetically engineered living organisms
in order to benefit society in all spheres of life
through a process called Transgenesis.

3. TRANSGENESIS
 It is a process of introducing an exogenous gene
into a living organism so that the organism will
exhibit new property and will able to transmit to its
offspring.

4. HISTORY
 In 1983 the first genetically engineered plant was
produced by Richard B.Flavell and Mary Dell.
 They infect tobacco with agrobacterium tumificians
with an antibiotic resistant gene and through tissue
culture technique were able to grow new plant
containing resistant gene.
 In 2000, vitamin A enriched rice was developed.

5. MOUSE AS A MODEL ORGANISM
 Over the past century, the mouse has been used as
a earlier mammalian model system for genetic
research.
 Mouse has a close genetic and physiological
similarity to humans.
 TYPE 1 DIABETES:
 An autoimmune disease or insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM),account for up to 10% of
diabetes.
 Non obese diabetic mice are enabling
researchers to identify IDDM susceptibility genes
and disease mechanism.

6. CYSTIC FIBROSIS
 The cftr knockout mouse has helped advanced
research into cystic fibrosis.
 Study with cftr gene show that it is because of
clearance or certain bacteria from lungs.
 These mice has become a model for developing
approaches to correct CF defect and cure disease.

7. HOW TRANSGENIC ANIMALS ARE PRODUCED?
 Because of the discovery of DNA, molecular
biology techniques gain importance.
 This technology combine techniques and expertise
from Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Genetics and
developmental biology etc.
 BASIC METHOD:
1. DNA Microinjection
2. Retrovirus mediated gene transfer
3. Embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer

8. DNA MICROINJECTION
 Mouse was first animal to undergo gene transfer by
microinjection.
 Transfer of desired gene into pronucleus of
reproductive cell.

9. RETROVIRUS MEDIATED
 Retroviruses used as a vector to transfer gene
resulting in a chimera.
 Chimera was inbreed as many as 20 times or more
to produce homozygous transgenic offspring.

10. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL MEDIATED
 Isolation of totipotent stem cells from embryo.
 Desired gene is inserted then incorporated into
host’s embryo resulting in chimeric animal.

11. CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN WELFARE
 Benefits are in the field of:
1. Agriculture
2. Medicine
3. Industry

12. AGRICULTURE
1. BREEDING:-
 Selective Breeding to produce animals exhibit
desired traits(Milk production, high growth rate
etc)
 Possible to develop traits in shorter time and easy
way to increase yield.
2. QUALITY:-
Transgenic cows produce more milk or with less
cholesterol, cattles have more meat on them and
sheeps that grow more wool.

13. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
1. NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT AND
PHARMACUTICAL:-
 Products such as growth hormone, blood anti
clotting factor obtained from milk of transgenic
animals and also for PKU and CF.
 In 1997 first transgenic cows, Rosie produce milk
contain human gene Alpha lactalbumin.
 Alpha antitrypsin use to treat emphyesema.

14. 2. GENE THERAPY:-
 Replacement of defective gene by normal gene.
 A.I.V institute in Finland produce a gene that
make substance which promote growth of RBC.

15. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
 In 2001, two scientist at Naxia biotechnologist in
Canada spliced genes into the cells of lactating
goat, the goat starts to manufacture silk in their milk
and secrete tiny thread from their body.
 Extracting polymer strand from milk and weaving
into thread.
 Now used in military uniform and tennis racket
string.

16. COMMERCIAL VALUES
1. GOLDEN RICE:-
Modified rice produce beta carotene the precursor to
vitamin A.
This is differ from parental strain due to three gene.
a) PSY (phytoene synthase)
b) CRTL (phytoene desaturase)
c) ICY (lycopene cyclase)
These genes are inserted into rice nuclear genome
and expressed in the endosperm.

17. BLUE ROSES
 Roses modified with Pansley
gene to express blue color
the japanes company suntory.
 Before this success
blue color roses are created.
by dying techniques

18. VACCINE PRODUCING BANANA
 Genetically engineered banana contain a vaccine.
 It provide an ease for delivering a vaccine
especially to children without medical need.
 Vaccinated for diseases like hepatitis B and
cholera.

20. REASONS OF PRODUCING
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
1. Some transgenic animals are used as a model for
detecting, diagnosing and treating different
diseases such as mouse carrying the genes which
help in the development of cancer. The mouse
was named as Oncomouse or Harvard mouse.
2. Improve animal production.