iot

1. Term Paper
On
“Embedded Systems in the Internet of Things”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
Bachelors of Technology
In
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Proposed By
Chelluboina Sonu
A51339915002
Submitted To
Mr. Neeraj Gupta
Assistant Professor, AUH
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Amity University Haryana

2. February 2018
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Acknowledgement is not a mere obligation but an epitome of humility and ineptness to all those who have
helped in the completion of this paper. I am thankful to all the faculty incharge of this subject, Mr. Neeraj
Gupta for his constant guidance and encouragement provided in this endeavour. I would also like to thank
my parents for their continuous support and guidance. Without them, this endeavour would not have been
fruitful. I would like to thank my friends for helping me out in this project and solving various problems
encountered during the progress of this paper.
Chelluboina Sonu
A51339915002

3. I. Table of Contents
Contents
I. Table of Contents........................................................................................................................3
II. Abstract......................................................................................................................................4
III. Introduction............................................................................................................................6
IV. History of IoT...........................................................................................................................7
V. Applications................................................................................................................................9
A. Enterprise ...............................................................................................................................9
B. Media...................................................................................................................................10
C. Infrastructure Management...................................................................................................10
D. Manufacturing.......................................................................................................................10
E. Agriculture............................................................................................................................12
F. Energy management..............................................................................................................12
G. Environmental monitoring.....................................................................................................12
H. Building and home automation ..............................................................................................13
VI. Advantages ...........................................................................................................................14
A. Communication.....................................................................................................................14
B. Automation and Control ........................................................................................................14
C. Information...........................................................................................................................14
D. Monitor................................................................................................................................15
E. Time.....................................................................................................................................15
F. Money..................................................................................................................................15
G. Automation of daily tasksleads to better monitoring of devices...............................................15
H. Efficient and Saves Time.........................................................................................................15
I. Saves Money.........................................................................................................................15
J. Better Quality of Life..............................................................................................................16
VII. Challenges.............................................................................................................................16
A. Security.................................................................................................................................16
B. Privacy..................................................................................................................................16
C. Standards..............................................................................................................................17
D. Regulation.............................................................................................................................17
VIII. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................17

4. II. Table of Figures
Figure 1 - Image depicting the Internet of Things..................................................................................6
Figure 2 - Growth of IoT through history and beyond............................................................................8
Figure 3 - A Nest learning thermostat ..................................................................................................9
Figure 4 - Design architecture of cyber-physical systems-enabled manufacturing system......................11
Figure 5 - Digital Automatic Speed Limit Sign......................................................................................14

5. III. Abstract
The internet of Things has become a consequence of technological progress. From the smartest devices
includingourmobile phonesandcomputers,to traditionally ‘dumb’devicessuchastelevisions, vehicles,
home security systems, environmental/infrastructural systems including lights and air conditioning, are
all being connected to the internet as embedded systems in the form of microcontrollers get smaller,
more efficient,andaffordable.Asourdevices,infrastructure,andenvironmentgetmoreinter-connected,
the internet of things discusses how we connect and manage the various devices and sensors being
connectedtomake the bestuseof datainimprovingqualityoflife,increasingefficiency, improvingsafety,
and bringing simplicityto daily tasks. With the internet of things being increasingly decentralized,the
managementof the huge amountsof databeingacquiredwhile ensuringsecurityandprivacyof ourdata
andinfrastructure isatremendoustask.Inthispaperwe discussthe possibilities,utility,applications,and
the challenges facing the growth of the Internet of Things.

6. IV. Introduction
The Internet of Things is the network of physical devices, vehicles,home appliances and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these objects
toconnectandexchange data. Eachthingisuniquelyidentifiablethroughitsembeddedcomputingsystem
but is able to inter-operate within the existing Internet infrastructure. IoT describesa world where just
about anything can be connected and communicate in an intelligent fashion. In other words, with the
internet of things, the physical world is becoming one big information system. [1]
An expert on digital innovation, Kevin Ashton said it best,
"If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things – using data they gathered
without any help from us – we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste,
loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they
were fresh or past their best." [1]
The IoTallowsobjectstobe sensedorcontrolledremotelyacrossexistingnetworkinfrastructure,creating
opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and
resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human
intervention.WhenIoTisaugmentedwithsensorsandactuators,the technologybecomesaninstance of
the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart
grids, virtual power plants, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. [1]
Figure 1 - Image depicting the Internet of Things

7. V. History of IoT
The term Internet of Things is 16 years old. But the actual idea of connected devices had been around
longer, at least since the 70s. Back then, the idea was often called “embedded internet” or “pervasive
computing”.Butthe actual term “Internetof Things”wascoinedbyKevinAshtonin1999 duringhiswork
at Procter & Gamble. Ashton who was working in supply chain optimization, wanted to attract senior
management’sattentiontoa newexcitingtechnologycalledRFID.Because the internetwasthe hottest
newtrendin 1999 and because it somehow made sense,he calledhispresentation“Internetof Things”.
Eventhough Kevingrabbedthe interestof some P&Gexecutives,the termInternetof Thingsdidnotget
widespread attention for the next 10 years. [1]
The concept of IoT started to gain some popularity in the summer of 2010. Information leaked that
Google’s StreetView service had not only made 360-degree pictures but had also stored tons of data of
people’sWifinetworks.People weredebatingwhetherthiswasthe startof a new Google strategytonot
only index the internet but also index the physical world. The same year, the Chinese government
announced it would make the Internet of Things a strategic priority in their Five-Year-Plan. [3]
In 2011, Gartner, the market research company that invented the famous “hype-cycle for emerging
technologies”includedanewemergingphenomenonontheirlist:“The Internetof Things”. The nextyear
the theme of Europe’sbiggestInternetconference LeWebwasthe “Internetof Things”.Atthe same time
popular tech-focused magazines like Forbes, Fast Company, and Wired starting using IoT as their
vocabulary to describe the phenomenon. [1]
The termInternetof ThingsreachedmassmarketawarenesswheninJanuary2014 Google announcedto
buyNestfor $3.2bn. At the same time the ConsumerElectronicsShow (CES) inLasVegaswasheldunder
the theme of IoT.

8. Figure 2 - Growth of IoT through history and beyond
In its original interpretation,one of the first consequences of implementing the Internet of things by
equipping all objects in the world with minuscule identifying devices or machine-readable identifiers
would be to transform daily life. For instance, instant and ceaseless inventory control would become
ubiquitous.A person's ability to interact withobjectscould be altered remotely based on immediate or
present needs, in accordance with existingend-user agreements. For example, such technology could
grant motion-picture publishersmuchmore control overend-userprivate devicesbyremotelyenforcing
copyright restrictions and digital rights management, so the ability of a customer who bought a Blu-ray
disc to watch the movie could become dependent on the copyright holder's decision. [2]
A significanttransformationistoextend"things"fromthe data generatedfromdevicestoobjectsinthe
physical space. The thought-model for future interconnection environment was proposed in 2004. The
model includesthe notionof the ternaryuniverse consistsof the physical world,virtualworldandmental
worldand a multi-level reference architecture withthe nature anddevicesat the bottomlevel followed
by the level of the Internet, sensor network, and mobile network, and intelligent human-machine
communitiesatthe toplevel,whichsupportsgeographicallydisperseduserstocooperativelyaccomplish
tasks and solve problems by using the network to actively promote the flow of material, energy,
techniques,information,knowledge,andservicesinthisenvironment.Thisthoughtmodelenvisionedthe
development trend of the Internet of things. [2]

9. VI. Applications
The applications for internet connected devices are extensive. Multiple categorizations have been
suggested, most of which agree on a separation between consumer, enterprise (business), and
infrastructure applications.George Osborne,the formerBritishChancellorof the Exchequer,positedthat
the Internetof thingsisthe nextstage of the informationrevolutionand referencedthe inter-connectivity
of everything from urban transport to medical devices to household appliances. [3]
The abilitytonetworkembeddeddeviceswithlimitedCPU,memoryandpowerresourcesmeansthatIoT
finds applications in nearly every field. Such systems could be in charge of collecting information in
settingsrangingfromnatural ecosystemstobuildingsandfactories,therebyfindingapplicationsinfields
of environmental sensing and urban planning. [3]
Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users' purchasing habits in a store by
tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then be provided with special offers on their
favorite products,orevenlocationof itemsthattheyneed,whichtheirfridgehasautomaticallyconveyed
to the phone. Additional examples of sensing and actuating are reflected in applications that deal with
heat,water,electricityandenergymanagement,aswell ascruise-assistingtransportationsystems.Other
applicationsthatthe Internetof thingscanprovide isenablingextendedhomesecurityfeaturesandhome
automation. The concept of an "Internet of living things" has been proposed to describe networks of
biological sensorsthatcouldusecloud-basedanalysestoallow userstostudyDNA orothermolecules. [3]
Figure 3 - A Nest learning thermostat
A. Enterprise

10. The term"Enterprise IoT,"or EIoT, is usedto referto all devicesusedinbusinessandcorporate settings.
By 2019, it is estimated the EIoT will account for nearly 40% or 9.1 billion devices.
B. Media
Mediause of the Internetof thingsisprimarilyconcernedwithmarketingandstudying consumerhabits.
Throughbehavioural targetingthesedevicescollectmanyactionable pointsof informationaboutmillions
of individuals. Using the profiles built during the targeting process, media producers present display
advertisinginlinewiththe consumer'sknownhabitsatatime andlocationtomaximizeitseffect. Further
information is collected by tracking how consumers interact with the content. This is done through
conversiontracking,dropoff rate,clickthroughrate,registrationrate andinteractionrate.The sizeof the
data often presents challenges as it crosses intothe realm of big data. However, in many cases benefits
gained from the data stored greatly outweighs these challenges.
C. Infrastructure Management
Monitoringand controllingoperationsof urbanand rural infrastructureslike bridges,railwaytracks,on-
andoffshore- wind-farmsisakeyapplicationof the IoT. The IoTinfrastructurecanbe usedformonitoring
any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise safety and increase risk. IoT can
benefit the construction industry by cost saving, time reduction, better quality workday, paperless
workflow and increase in productivity. It can help in taking faster decisions and save money with Real-
Time Data Analytics. It can also be used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient
manner, by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT
devicescanalsobe usedto control critical infrastructure like bridgestoprovide accesstoships.Usage of
IoT devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and
emergency response coordination,and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all
infrastructure related areas. Evenareas such as waste management can benefit from automation and
optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.
D. Manufacturing
Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management, or
manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm of industrial applications and smart
manufacturingaswell. The IoTintelligentsystemsenable rapidmanufacturingof new products,dynamic
response toproductdemands,andreal-time optimizationof manufacturingproductionandsupplychain
networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems together.
Digital control systemsto automate processcontrols,operatortools and service informationsystemsto
optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IoT. But it also extends itself to asset
management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and measurements to maximize
reliability. Smart industrial management systems can also be integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby

11. enabling real-time energy optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health
and safety management, and other functions are provided by a large number of networked sensors.
The termindustrial Internetof things(IIoT) isoftenencounteredinthe manufacturingindustries,referring
to the industrialsubsetof the IoT.IIoTinmanufacturingcouldgeneratesomuchbusinessvaluethatitwill
eventuallyleadtothe fourthindustrial revolution,sothe so-calledIndustry4.0.Itisestimatedthatinthe
future,successful companieswillbe able toincrease theirrevenue throughInternetof thingsbycreating
newbusinessmodelsandimproveproductivity,exploitanalyticsforinnovation,andtransformworkforce.
The potential of growth by implementing IIoT will generate $12 trillion of global GDP by 2030.
Figure 4 - Design architecture of cyber-physical systems-enabled manufacturing system
While connectivity and data acquisition are imperative for IIoT, they should not be the purpose, rather
the foundation and path to something bigger. Among all the technologies, predictive maintenance is
probably a relatively"easier win" since it is applicable to existing assets and management systems. The
objective of intelligent maintenance systems is to reduce unexpected downtime and increase
productivity.Andtorealizethatalonewouldgeneratearoundupto30% overthe totalmaintenance costs.
Industrial bigdataanalyticswill playavital role inmanufacturingassetpredictivemaintenance,although
that is not the onlycapabilityof industrial bigdata. Cyber-physical systems(CPS) isthe core technology
of industrial big data and it will be an interface betweenhuman and the cyber world. Cyber-physical
systems can be designed by following the 5C (connection, conversion,cyber, cognition, configuration)
architecture,anditwill transformthe collecteddataintoactionableinformation,andeventuallyinterfere
with the physical assets to optimize processes.
AnIoT-enabledintelligentsystemof suchcaseswasproposedin2001 and laterdemonstratedin2014 by
the National Science Foundation Industry/University Collaborative Research Centre for Intelligent
Maintenance Systems (IMS) at the University of Cincinnati on a band saw machine in IMTS 2014 in
Chicago. Band saw machines are not necessarily expensive, but the band saw belt expenses are
enormous since theydegrade much faster. However, without sensing and intelligent analytics,it can be

12. onlydeterminedbyexperiencewhenthe bandsaw beltwill break.The developedprognosticssystemwill
be able to recognize and monitor the degradation of band saw belts even if the condition is changing,
advisinguserswhenisthe besttime to replace band saw.This will significantlyimprove userexperience
and operator safety and ultimately save on costs.
E. Agriculture
The IoT contributes significantly towards innovating farming methods. Farming challenges caused by
population growth and climate change have made it one of the first industries to utilize the IoT. The
integrationof wirelesssensorswithagricultural mobile appsandcloudplatformshelpsincollectingvital
information pertaining to the environmental conditions – temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed,
pestinfestation,soil humuscontentornutrients,besidesothers –linkedwithafarmland,canbe usedto
improve andautomate farmingtechniques,take informeddecisionstoimprove qualityandquantity,and
minimize risks and wastes. The app-based field or crop monitoring also lowers the hassles of managing
crops at multiple locations. For example, farmers can now detect which areas have been fertilised(or
mistakenly missed), if the land is too dry and predict future yields.
F. Energy management
Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the Internet, is likely to optimize energy
consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of energy
consumingdevices(switches,poweroutlets,bulbs,televisions,etc.)andbe abletocommunicatewiththe
utilitysupplycompanyinorderto effectivelybalance powergenerationandenergyusage. Suchdevices
wouldalsoofferthe opportunityforuserstoremotelycontroltheirdevices,orcentrallymanage themvia
a cloud-basedinterface,andenable advancedfunctionslikescheduling(e.g.,remotelypoweringonoroff
heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.).
Besideshome-basedenergymanagement,the IoTisespeciallyrelevanttothe SmartGridsince itprovides
systems to gather and act on energy and power-related information in an automated fashion with the
goal to improve the efficiency,reliability,economics,andsustainabilityof the production anddistribution
of electricity. Usingadvancedmeteringinfrastructure (AMI)devicesconnectedtothe Internetbackbone,
electricutilitiescannot onlycollectdata from end-userconnectionsbutalso,manage other distribution
automation devices like transformers and reclosers.
G. Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental
protectionbymonitoringairor waterquality,atmosphericorsoil conditions,and can eveninclude areas
like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their habitats. Development of resource-constrained
devices connected to the Internet also means that other applications like earthquake or tsunami early-
warningsystemscanalsobe usedbyemergencyservicestoprovidemore effective aid.IoTdevicesinthis

13. application typically span a large geographic area and can also be mobile. It has been argued that the
standardization IoT brings to wireless sensing will revolutionize this area.
H. Building and home automation
IoT devicescanbe usedto monitorand control the mechanical,electrical andelectronicsystemsusedin
various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or residential, in home
automation and building automation systems. In this context, three main areas are being covered in
literature:
The integrationof the internetwithbuildingenergymanagementsystemstocreate energyefficientand
IOT driven “smart buildings”. The possible means of real-time monitoring for reducing energy
consumption and monitoring occupant behaviours. The integration of smart devices in the built
environment and how they might be used in future applications.

14. Figure 5 - Digital Automatic Speed Limit Sign
VII. Advantages
A. Communication
IoT encourages the communication between devices, also famously known as Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communication. Because of this, the physical devices can stay connected and hence the total
transparency is available with lesser inefficiencies and greater quality. [4]
B. Automation and Control
Due to physical objects getting connected and controlled digitally and centrally with wireless
infrastructure, there is a large amount of automation and control in the workings. Without human
intervention, the machines can communicate with each other leading to faster and timely output. [4]
C. Information
Itisobviousthathavingmoreinformationhelpsmakingbetterdecisions.Whetheritismundane decisions
as needingtoknowwhattobuyatthe grocerystore orif yourcompanyhasenoughwidgetsandsupplies,
knowledge is power, and more knowledge is better. [4]

15. D. Monitor
The second most obvious advantage of IoT is monitoring.Knowing the exact quantity of supplies or the
air quality in your home, can further provide more information that could not have previously been
collectedeasily.Forinstance,knowingthatyouare low on milkor printerinkcouldsave youanothertrip
to the store in the near future.Furthermore,monitoringthe expirationof productscan and will improve
safety.
E. Time
The amount of time saved because of IoT could be quite large. And in today’s modern life, we all could
use more time. [4]
F. Money
The biggestadvantage of IoTissavingmoney.If the price of the taggingandmonitoringequipmentisless
than the amount of money saved, then the Internet of Things will be very widely adopted. IoT
fundamentally proves to be very helpful to people in their daily routines by making the appliances
communicate to each other in an effective manner thereby saving and conserving energy and cost.
Allowing the data to be communicated and shared between devices and then translating it into our
required way, it makes our systems efficient. [4]
G. Automation of daily tasks leads to better monitoring of devices
The IoT allows you to automate and control the tasks that are done on a daily basis, avoiding human
intervention.Machine-to-machine communicationhelpstomaintaintransparencyinthe processes.Italso
leads to uniformity in the tasks. It can also maintain the quality of service. We can also take necessary
action in case of emergencies. [4]
H. Efficient and Saves Time
The machine-to-machine interaction provides better efficiency, hence; accurate results can be obtained
fast.Thisresultsinsavingvaluable time.Insteadof repeatingthe same taskseveryday,itenablespeople
to do other creative jobs. [4]
I. Saves Money
Optimum utilization of energy and resources can be achieved by adopting this technology and keeping
the devices under surveillance. We can be alerted in case of possible bottlenecks, breakdowns, and
damages to the system. Hence, we can save money by using this technology. [4]

16. J. Better Quality of Life
All the applications of this technology culminate in increased comfort, convenience, and better
management, thereby improving the quality of life. [4]
VIII. Challenges
A. Security
Securityisan essential pillarof the Internetandone that ISOCperceivestobe equallyessential and‘the’
most significant challenge for the IoT.
Increasingthe numberof connecteddevicesincreasesthe opportunitytoexploitsecurityvulnerabilities,
as do poorlydesigneddevices,whichcanexpose userdatato theftby leavingdatastreamsinadequately
protectedandinsome casespeople’shealthandsafety(implanted,Internet-enabledmedical devicesand
hackable cars) can be put at risk.
Many IoT deployments will also consist of collections of identical or near identical devices. This
homogeneity magnifies the potential impact of any single security vulnerabilityby the sheer number of
devices that all have the same characteristics. To deal with these and many other unique challenges, a
collaborative approachto securitywill be needed,asentimentthatAPNIC’ssecurityspecialistAdliWahid
often blogs about. For many users, they will ultimately need to consider the cost vs. security trade-offs
associated with mass-scale deployment of IoT devices. [3]
B. Privacy
The IoT createsunique challengestoprivacy,manythat go beyondthe data privacyissuesthatcurrently
exist. Much of this stems from integrating devices into our environments without us consciously using
them. Thisisbecomingmore prevalentinconsumerdevices,suchastrackingdevicesforphonesandcars
as well assmarttelevisions.Intermsof the latter,voicerecognitionorvisionfeaturesare beingintegrated
that can continuouslylistentoconversationsorwatch for activityandselectivelytransmitthatdata to a
cloud service for processing, which sometimes includes a third party. The collection of this information
exposes legal and regulatory challenges facing data protection and privacy law.
In addition, many IoT scenarios involve device deployments and data collection activities with
multinational or global scope that cross social and cultural boundaries. In order to realize the
opportunitiesof theIoT,theISOCwhitepapersuggeststhatstrategieswill needtobe developedtorespect
individualprivacychoicesacrossabroad spectrumof expectations,whilestillfosteringinnovationinnew
technologies and services. [4]

17. C. Standards
Lack of standardsand documentedbestpractices have agreaterimpactthanjustlimitingthe potentialof
IoT devices.AsAPNIC’sGeoff Hustonhaspointedoutpreviously,absence of standardscanenable stupid
behaviour by IoT devices. [4]
Without standards to guide manufacturers, developers sometimes design products that operate in
disruptive waysonthe Internetwithoutmuchregardto theirimpact.If poorlydesignedandconfigured,
such devices can have negative consequences for the networking resources they connect to and the
broader Internet. A lot of this comes down to cost constraints and the need to develop a product for
release quicker than competitors. Add to this the difficulties with managing and configuring larger
numbers of IoT devices, the need for thoughtful design and standardization of configuration tools,
methods, and interfaces, coupled with the adoption of IPv6, will be essential in the future.
D. Regulation
Like privacy, there are a wide range of regulatory and legal questions surrounding the IoT, which need
thoughtful consideration. [4]
Legal issues with IoT devices include cross border data flow; conflict between law enforcement
surveillance andcivil rights;dataretentionanddestructionpolicies;andlegal liabilityforunintendeduses,
security breaches or privacy lapses. Further, technology is advancing much more rapidly than the
associated policy and regulatory environments.
Regulatory analysis of IoT devices is increasingly being viewed from a general, technology-neutral
perspective legal lens, which seeks to prevent unfair or deceptive practices against consumers.
IX. Conclusion
Withthe IoT growingfasterbythe day,itisimportanttorealizethatashumanbeingswe maynotbe able
tokeepupwiththe paceof technology.ForIoTtobeimplementedsuccessfullyandtheworldover,certain
standards and government regulations must be implemented to ensure a secure and safe IoT
infrastructure immune to attack and manipulation. As costs of embedded systemsgo down and their
simplicityincreases,the IoTis onlysetto grow biggerand fasteras we realize how to connectmore and
more of the physical world to the internet. Looking away from the challenge IoT faces, the limitless
possibilities of a thoroughly connected physical world will bring in a new age of efficiency, economic
boom,and developmentforhumanity.Preciousresourcesandmanhourswastedbefore onsimple tasks
can nowbe re-directedtomore pressingissues,while atthe same time improvingqualityof life forevery
individual part of the IoT society.

18. X. Bibliography
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[5] M. Shane, “The Internet of Everything for Cities: Connecting People, Process, Data, and Things To
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[7] R. Mitchell, “5 Challenges Internet of Things faces,” APNIC, 20 October 2015. [Online]. Available:
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