The document provides details about Abdul Azeem's 6-week summer training at Electrocus Solution on "Internet of Things (IOT)". It includes a certificate, declaration, acknowledgement, abstract and contents. The training covered embedded system architecture, designing and implementing embedded systems, and fundamentals of Arduino and IOT. Key topics included microcontrollers, sensors like ultrasonic and soil moisture, programming with Arduino IDE, and characteristics and applications of IOT.

1. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
‘INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)’
Training
By
‘ELECTROCUS SOLUTION’
Submitted in partial fulfillment For the requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronic and communication Engineering
Guided By: Submitted By:
Mr.Ravi Jaiswal ABDUL AZEEM
B.Tech. 4th
year
1904220310001
Bansal Institute Of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow
Session 2022-23
(Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh)

2. 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Summer training of 6 week on “Internet of things (IOT)” is
submitted by Abdul Azeem bearing Roll No. 1904220310001 of, Electronics &
Communication Engineering in Electrocus & solution has been completed
Successfully.
Ms. Meena Yadav Mr. ANKUR SHUKLA
(Asst. Professor) HOD (ECE)

3. 3
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have completed my 6 weeks Summer Training at Electrocus &
Solution under guidance of "Mr. Aquib". I havedeclared that I have worked with full
dedication during these Six weeks of training and my learning outcomes fulfil the
requirements of training for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology(B.Tech)
in ECE, Bansal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow.
Name of Student:
Abdul Azeem
Date:

4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to Ms. Meena Yadav of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for her unflagging support and continuous encouragement
throughout the summer training. Without her guidance and persistent help this report would not
have been possible.
I must acknowledge Engineering the faculties and staffs of Electronics and Communication
Engineering.
Department of ECE
Name of Student
Abdul Azeem
RollNo.1904220310001

5. 5
ABSTRACT
We’re entering a new era of computing technology that many are calling the Internet of Things (IoT).
Machine to machine, machine to infrastructure, machine to environment, the Internet of Everything, the
Internet of Intelligent Things, intelligent systems—call it what you want, but it’s happening, and its
potential is huge. We see the IoT as billions of smart, connected “things” (a sort of “universal global
neural network” in the cloud) that will encompass every aspect of our lives, and its foundation is the
intelligence that embedded processing provides.
The IoT is comprised of smart machines interacting and communicating with other machines, objects,
environments and infrastructures. As a result, huge volumes of data are being generated, and that data is
being processed into useful actions that can “command and control” things to make our lives much easier
and safer—and to reduce our impact on the environment. The creativity of this new era is boundless, with
amazing potential to improve our lives. The following thesis is an extensive reference to the possibilities,
utility, applications and the evolution of the Internet of Things.
The Internet of Things has arrived and it’s going to introduce incredible opportunity over the next five
years. And while smart things are exactly that, the IoT industry has a long way to go in terms of overall
security. Many of today’s IoT devices are rushed to market with little consideration for basic security and
privacy protections: “Insecurity by design.”
This puts you and everyone else at risk: from unwittingly being spied on or having your data compromised
to being unable to lock your own home. You could even become part of a botnet that attacks the Internet.
Your insecure webcam – along with millions of others – could be used to attack the power grid of an
entire country.
From dental sensors that can monitor what a person eats to kitty litters that can track a cat’s every
movement, it can be difficult to sort fact from fiction when it comes to the Internet of Things. Can you tell
which is real and which is not?
If we want everyone to benefit from the potential of Internet-connected devices, we need to ensure that
they are safe and trusted. You can join people around the world and stand up for a safer and more secure
connected

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LIST OF CONTENT
1. Certificate...........................................................................................................2
2. Declaration.........................................................................................................3
3. Acknowledgement ............................................................................................. 4
4. Abstract………………………………………………………………………...5
5. List of Content................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1…………………………………………………………………….7-8
1.1 Introduction
Chapter 2: GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ………….9-11
2.1 Embedded System Architecture
2.2 Designing an Embedded System
2.3 Implementation
Chapter 3:ARDUINO……………………………………………………..12-22
3.1 Brief History of Arduino
3.2 ULTRASONIC
3.3 SOIL MOISTURE
3.4 Heartbeat Sensor
3.5 Software
Chapter 4: FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT…………………………………...23-32
4.1 Introduction of IOT
4.2 CHARACTERISTICS
4.3 Applications of IOT
4.4 Applications of IOT
Chapter 5: Conclusion………………..........................................................33-35
References

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
a) The most basic definition for Embedded Systems can be written as a hardware
system along with a software part embedded to it to perform various tasks. An
Embedded Systems can be defined as an independent entity or a system that is a
part of a much larger system. It can be considered as a microcontroller or a
microprocessor designed to perform various application based tasks.
b) Embedded Systems comprise of three main components -
i. Hardware components
ii. Software components
iii. RTOS to supervise the functions.
c) Mechanical or electrical system, frequently with real-time computing
constraints most frequently after adding hardware and software it is a medicine
complete device. Daily we are using embedded system to control many devices.
An embedded system is a type of computer system with inscribed function
within a huge mechanical or electrical system, frequently with real-time
computing constraints.
d) Embedded systems are generally classified into two types. They are
e) General purpose embedded systems
f) Real time embedded systems
g) Examples for general purpose embedded systems:
h) Laptops
i) Mobile phones

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 Examples of Real time Embedded system:
 Air conditioner An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function
within a larger
 Traffic light controllers
 The major difference between these two embedded systems is that the general-purpose system
uses microprocessor while the other one uses
 Microcontroller Now let us have a look on the differences between a microprocessor and a
microcontroller.
 Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the processing powers
such as Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc. These microprocessors don’t have RAM,
ROM, and other peripheral on the chip. A system designer has to add them externally to make
them functional. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.
But this is not the case with Microcontrollers. Microcontroller has a CPU, in addition with a
fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all embedded on a single chip. At times it is
also termed as a mini computer or a computer on a single chip. Today different manufacturers
produce microcontrollers with a wide range of features available in different versions. Some
manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI, Freescale, Philips, Motorola etc.
Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means applications where
the relationship of input and output is elucidated. Depending on the input, some processing
needs to be done and output is delivered. For example, keyboards, mouse, washing machine,
digicam, pendrive , microwave, cars, bikes, telephone, mobiles, watches, etc. Since the
applications are very specific, they need small resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc .
Microprocessors used to find an applications where assignments are unspecific like developing
software, games, websites, photo editing, creating documents etc. In such situations the
relationship between input and output is not described. They need more amount of resources
like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc.
 The clock speed of the Microprocessor is quite high as compared to the microcontroller.
Whereas the microcontrollers operate from a few MHz to 30 to 50 MHz, today’s

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microprocessor operate
Chapter 2
GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
2.1 Embedded System Architecture
I was interned at the Embedded Department where i was provided exposure to various
microcontroller boards that were available for development of various IOT application areas
like consumer, home automation, security, surveillance, health care, etc. The main agenda of
the department to bond the gap between the company and the students by providing them with
practical experience by considering the various constraints that comes into effect during the
physical implementation of a project.
The department where I was interned helped me bridge the gap between the industry
and academia by providing the complete experience to on board using the various
microcontroller boards like PIC microcontroller, Arduino nano microcontroller etc.
The department has an Industry Excellence Experience Center to learn, innovate, and
prototype embedded designs on various Industry standard hardware and microcontroller
platforms. At the same time build a Rewarding Career to students in embedded Engineering
Domain. The Lab setup and training helped me to become a competent and productive Analog
and Digital design Engineers. The training enabled me to acquire knowledge, skills and
practical experience across the entire front end and backend Full Custom Flow (Circuit to tape-
out). The training covers key fundamental concepts of Physical Design methodology which will
enhance the employability of the students. The Sessions, Lab exercises and Industry Standard
Projects enabled me to get through instills confidence and the analytical abilities required to
work on complex industry’s challenges in various Deep Sub-Micron Technology Process.
Exposure to the use of Physical Design tools familiarity with timing closure and related topics
are covered
Embedded system architecture is an generalized form of the system. But this architecture does
not show a detailed implementation information like software source code or hardwarecircuit
design. As a part of composition of interacting elements the hardware and software elements
are present in embedded system.here elements are used to represent the hardwareand software
,leaving only behavioral and inter relationship information. the one possible representation of
the architecture is a structure. A structure is like snapshot of the system's hardware and
software during design time or at runtime having a particular environment and a set of

10. 10
elements. Earlier embedded system architecture is used to resolve challenges in a project.
Architecture is the first tool used to analyse the system without defining or knowing the
internal level of implementation.architecture can also be used as a high level blueprint in
defining the infrastructure of a design.
2.2 Designing an Embedded System
The four cornerstones of embedded system modelling are big-bang, code-and-fix, waterfall
and spiral model. Most of the many models used in system design are based on single model.
bang model, no planning is executed before developing the system. The code-and-fix model
requirements are described but no processes are prepared before the start of the development.
The waterfall model uses strict process for developing system in steps, each part of the system
is developed step by step. Spiral model is a similar model to waterfall model. Between step
feedback and systematic progress model is shown in Graph 1 . In the Graph 1 waterfall and
spiral models have been combined into one system design model. (Arduino 2005).
GRAPH 1. Design and Development Lifecycle Model (adapted from Arduino 2005).

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2.3 Implementation
 Embedded Technology is now in its prime and the wealth of knowledge available is mindblowing. There are
many open source designs available for study and use by anyone from a hobbyist to an engineer.
 Before moving into a detailed discussion on embedded systems, it is best to understand the essence of an
embedded system. What can we call an embedded system and how is it different from a computer? There are
many answers, each coming from experts treating these systems from different point of views. But, almost all
definitions agree on a few basic characteristics of an embedded system:
 It is specially designed to perform a few tasks in the most efficient way.
 It interacts with physical elements in our environment,.controlling and driving a motor, sensing temperature.
One of the final phases of embedded system design for implementing the design. Basically the
design and implementation of control system or more frequently separated which produces
development ofembedded system to be more time consuming and costly.
the implementation phase. There are several tools built to ease the implementation of the
system. Theimplementation and development process of the embedded system’s hardware and
software layer canbe possible with development tools. One of the tools used on the hardware
side is Computer-Aided Design (CAD). CAD is used for simulate circuits at electrical level.

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Chapter 3
ARDUINO
For developing computers embedded system audino is used as open source tool that it can
sense and control be more of the physical world that the desktop computers. I receiving input
from variety of sensors it can sense the environment. Discerning affected by order no by its
controlling lights, motors and other actuators. It can also support standalone applications
l. It can easily integrated with computer / other process.
3.1 Brief History of Arduino
In 2005, a project was initiated to make a device for controlling student-built design projects
that was less expensive than the other prototyping system available at the time.
Founders Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles named the projects after Arduino of Ivrea and
began producing boards in a small factory located in Ivrea.
Features of Arduino UNO:
Microcontroller :
ATmega328
Operating Voltage : 5V and 3.3V
Input Voltage : 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins : 14
Analog Input Pins : 6
DC Current per I/O Pin : 40 mA

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DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA
Flash Memory : 32
KB(ATmega328)Boot Loader requirement :
512B
SRAM : 2 KB(ATmega328)
EEPROM : 1 KB(ATmega328)
Clock Speed : 20 MHz

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Arduino IDE
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is programming prototype which can let
the user to draft various kind of programs and load them into the Arduino microcontroller. We
can also be programmed by using other IDEs too, like Eclipse. Arduino IDE is more versatile.
This Arduino IDE needs no special drivers or additional components. This is available for
Windows, Linux and Mac. Cross compiler-compiles for a different target platform than the one
being programmed.
IDE- SOFTWARE TOOL FOR PROGRAMMING:
 File operations and other general options on top.
 Buttons for most commonly used options (Verify, Upload, etc.).
 Main window-Text editor for writing code.
 Message area-for messages to the programmer.
OPTIONS BUTTONS:
Buttons on the top have the most common, useful operations
 Verify – Compiles the code and checks for errors.
 Uploads – Uploads the compiled code to the board. Works only if the board is connected.
 New – Creates a new sketch, a new program.
 Open – Opens an existing sketch.
 Save – Saves the current sketch in the directory of your choice.
 Serial Monitor – Opens window to communicate with the board.
 Require Java Runtime Environment.
 Write codes in general C language.
 Setup() - Initiates the variables and sets up device instances.
 Loop() – Runs the code that contains operations and manipulations, iterates infinitely.
Sensors
The requirement of a sensor is to react for input physical property and convert it into an
electrical signal that is suitable with electronic circuits (Fraden 2010, 2). Sensors are electronic
devices that measure a physical quality such as light or temperature and convert it to a
voltage. Example of digital temperature and moisture sensor is presented in Graph 9. There
are two types of sensors: digital and analog.
The output of digital sensor where is between 0 and 1 which can translate to sensors voltage
range. Analog sensor can output any value between its voltage ranges. According to the
reading from the sensor changes its output. Digital sensor output is ON (1) often 5v, or OFF
(0), 0v. Analog sensor is used to measure precise numerical information like temperature or

15. 15
speed. Analog sensors can output almost an infinite range of values. Output pin of sensor
connected to input pinafore denim show the digital form is obtained by the conversion of data.
Some sensors have analog to digital converter embedded to the sensor so the data is outputtedas
digital data. After data is processed to digital form, it can be processed on the microcontroller.
3.2 ULTRASONIC
The working principle of ultrasonic sensor is same as the working principles of radar system.
It can convert the electrical energy in to the acoustic and vice versa. The ultrasonic wave is
nothing but, a acoustic wave signal which can travel at a frequency above 18kHz. The most
famous sensor HC SR04 generates ultrasonic waves of 40kHz frequency. For communication
with an ultrasonic sensor a microcontroller is used, where microcontroller sends a trigger
signal to ultrasonic sensor. The duty cycle of the trigger signal is 10uS for the HC-SR04 ultra
sonic sensor. When trigged the ultrasonic sensor generates eight acoustic wave bursts and
initiates a timer counter. As soon as the reflected signal is received the timer stops. The output
of the ultrasonic sensor is a high pulse with the same duration as the
time difference between transmitted ultrasonic bursts and the received echo signal.
Features
Here’s a list of some of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor features and specs:
Power Supply: +5V DC

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Quiescent Current: <2mA
Working Current: 15mA
Effectual Angle: <15°
Ranging Distance: 2cm – 400 cm/1″ –
1Resolution: 0.3 cm
Measuring Angle: 30 degree
Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x
15mmHow Does it Work?
The ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. Here’s what
happens:
The transmitter (trig pin) sends a signal: a high-frequency sound.
When the signal finds an object, it is reflected and the transmitter (echo pin) receives it.

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3.3 SOIL MOISTURE
The volumetric content in soil is measured by the soil moisture sensors. Removing, drying and
weighting of a sample how the requirements for direct gravimetric measurement of free soil
moisture.By using some other property of soil, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric
water content indirectly. Depending upon the environmental factors such as soil type,
temperature obstacle the relationship between measure property and soil moisture must be
calibrated and may vary.
Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote sensing
in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers or gardeners.
Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate volumetric water content.
Another class of sensors measure another property of moisture in soils called water potential;
these sensors are usually referred to as soil water potential sensors and include tensiometers
and gypsum blocks. Soil moisture causes effect to the defect microwave radiation and this
refraction microwave radiation used for remote sensing in hydrology and agricultural. Farmers
and governors are used the portable probe instruments. The sensors that estimate volumetric
water content is referred by the soil moisture sensors.
Special of sensors measure some specific property of moisture in soil which is known as water
potential. Dispenser are also known as and referred to soil water potential sensors which include
tensiometres and gypsum block.

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3.4 Heartbeat Sensor
The designing of heartbeat sensor is happened in such a way that when finger is placed on it
the digital value of the heartbeat is displayed. The heartbeat is happened when the blood is
circulated from one part to other part in the human body.
Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat
Manual Way: Heart beat can be checked manually by checking one’s pulses at two locations-
wrist (theradial pulse) and the neck (carotid pulse). The procedure is to place the two fingers
(index and middle finger) on the wrist (or neck below the windpipe) and count the number of
pulses for 30 seconds and then multiplying that number by 2 to get the heart beat rate.
How ever pressure should be applied minimum and also fingers should be moved up and
down tillthe pulse is felt.
Principle of Heartbeat Sensor
The principle of heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo plethysmography. With
each heartbeat it can measure the the blood volume alternation at the fingertip. This sensor
unit consists of photodiode and IR LED which is placed side by side. The photodiode is used to
sense the portion of light which is reflected back and IR diode is used to transmit an infrared
light into to the fingertip. Blood volume inside the fingertip will represent the intensity of light.
Each and every heartbeat slightly where is the amount of reflected infrared light which can be
detected by photodiode.

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3.5 Software
The Arduino Duemilanove can be programmed with the Arduino software. The
Arduino Integrated Development (IDE) is derived from the IDE for the processing
programming language and is written in Java. It has code editor features such as the
syntax highlighting braces matching automatic indentation indentation and is also
capable of compiling and uploading programs to a board with a single click.A
program or code written for Arduino is called a “sketch”. Arduino programs are
written in C and C++.
Loop():
 Called after creating setup function.
 Function loops consecutively.
 Allows the program to change and respond.
 Actively controls the Arduino.
Compiler compiles the sketch after writing the code and checks the code for errors.
Upload the program to the configured Arduino board. Check the board whether it
will works well or not. If any problem, then revise the code or circuit you build.
Temperature and Humidity:
#include <dht.h>
#define dht_apin A0 // Analog Pin sensor is
connected to
dht DHT;
void
setup(){
Serial.be
gin(9600
);
delay(500);//Delay to let system boot
Serial.println("DHT11 Humidity & temperature
Sensornn");delay(1000);//Wait before accessing

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Sensor
}//end
"setup
()"
void
loop()
{
//Start of Program
DHT.read11(dht_apin);
Serial.print("Current
humidity = ");
Serial.print(DHT.humidity
);
Serial.print("% ");
Serial.print("temperature = ");
Serial.print(DHT.temperature);
Serial.println("C "); delay(5000);
end loop()

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CHAPTER-4
FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT
4.1 Introduction of IOT:
That are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the The Internet of things
(IoT) describes the network of physical objects “things”—purpose of connecting and exchanging
data with other devices and systems over the Internet.
Today the Internet has become ubiquitous, has touched almost every corner of the globe, and is
affecting human life in unimaginable ways. We are now entering an era of even more pervasive
connectivity where a very wide variety of appliances will be connected to the web.
One year after the past edition of the Clusterbook 2012 it can be clearly stated that the Internet of
Things (IoT) has reached many different players and gained further recognition. Out of the
potential Internet of Things application areas, Smart Cities (and regions), Smart Car and mobility,
Smart Home and assisted living, Smart Industries, Public safety, Energy & environmental
protection, Agriculture and Tourism as part of a future IoT Ecosystem have acquired high
attention.
We are entering an era of the “Internet of Things” (abbreviated as IoT).There are 2 definitions:
First one is defined by Vermesan and second by Pe˜na-L´opez
1. The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the physical and digital worlds. The
digital world interacts with the physical world using a plethora of sensors and actuators.
2. Another is the Internet of Things is defined as a paradigm in which computing and networking

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capabilities are embedded in any kind of conceivable object.
 First, we need a middleware that can be used to connect and manage all of these
heterogeneous components. We need a lot of standardization to connect many different
devices.
 The Internet of Things finds various applications in health care, fitness, education,
entertainment, social life, energy conservation, environment monitoring, home
automation, and transport systems.
 The communication between IoT devices is mainly wireless because they are generally
installed at geographically dispersed locations.
 The wireless channels often have high rates of distortion and are unreliable.
 In this scenario reliably communicating data without too many retransmissions is an important
problem and thus communication technologies are integral to the study of IoT devices.
 We can directly modify the physical world through actuators or we may do something
virtually. For example ,we can send some information to other smart things.
TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN IOT DEVELOPMENT: INTERNET/WEB AND
NETWORKING BASICS OSI MODEL
 Networking technologies enable IoT devices to communicate with other devices, applications,
and services running in the cloud.
 The internet relies on standardized protocols to ensure communication between heterogeneous
devices is secure and reliable.
 Standard protocols specify rules and formats that devices use to establish and manage networks
and transmit data across those networks.
 Networks are built as a “stack” of technologies. A technology such as Bluetooth LE is at the
bottom of the stack.
 While others such as such as IPv6 technologies (which is responsible for the logical device
addressing and routing of network traffic) are further up the stack. Technologies at the top of the
stack are used by the applications that are running on top of those layers, such as message
queuing technologies.
 This article describes widely adopted technologies and standards for IoT networking. It also
provides guidance for choosing one network protocol over another. It then discusses key
considerations and challenges related to networking within IoT: range, bandwidth, power usage,
intermittent connectivity, interoperability, and security.

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4.2 CHARACTERISTICS
There are crucial IOT characteristics:
1.Connectivity.
This doesn’t need too much further explanation. With everything going on in IoT devices and
hardware, with sensors and other electronics and connected hardware and control systems there
needs to be a connection between various levels.
2.Things.
Anything that can be tagged or connected as such as it’s designed to be connected. From sensors
and household appliances to tagged livestock. Devices can contain sensors or sensing materials
can be attached to devices and items.
3.Data.
Data is the glue of the Internet of Things, the first step towards action and intelligence.
4.Communication.
Devices get connected so they can communicate data and this data can be analyzed.
Communication can occur over short distances or over a long range to very long range.
Examples: Wi-Fi, LPWA network technologies such as LoRa or NB-IoT.
5.Intelligence. The aspect of intelligence as in the sensing capabilities in IoT devices and the
intelligence gathered from big data analytics (also artificial intelligence).
6.Action.
The consequence of intelligence. This can be manual action, action based upon debates regarding
phenomena (for instance in smart factory decisions) and automation, often the most important

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piece.
7.Ecosystem.
The place of the Internet of Things from a perspective of other technologies, communities, goals
and the picture in which the Internet of things fits. The internet of everything dimension and the
need for solid partnerships.
4.3Applications of IOT
1.Wearables
Virtual glasses, fitness bands to monitor for example calorie expenditure and heart beats, or GPS
tracking belts, are just some examples of wearable devices that we have been using for some time
now. Companies such as Google, Apple, Samsung and others have developed and introduced the
Internet of Things and the application thereof into our daily lives.
These are small and energy efficient devices, which are equipped with sensors, with the necessary
hardware for measurements and readings, and with software to collect and organize data and
information about users.
2. Health.
The use of wearables or sensors connected to patients, allows doctors to monitor a patient's
condition outside the hospital and in real-time. Through continuously monitoring certain metrics
and automatic alerts on their vital signs, the Internet of Things helps to improve the care for
patients and the prevention of lethal events in high-risk patients.

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Another use is the integration of IoT technology into hospital beds, giving way to smart beds,
equipped with special sensors to observe vital signs, blood pressure, oximeter and body
temperature, among others.
3. Traffic monitoring.
The Internet of things can be very useful in the management of vehicular traffic in large cities,
contributing to the concept of smart cities. When we use our mobile phones as sensors, which
collect and share data from our vehicles through applications such as Waze or Google Maps, we
are using the Internet of Things to inform us and at the same time contribute to traffic monitoring,
showing the conditions of the different routes, and feeding and improving the information on the
different routes to the same destination, distance, estimated time of arrival.
4. Fleet management.
The installation of sensors in fleet vehicles helps to establish an effective interconnectivity
between the vehicles and their managers as well as between the vehicles and their drivers. Both
driver and manager/ owner can know all kinds of details about the status, operation and needs of
the vehicle, just by accessing the software in charge of collecting, processing and organizing the
data. Even, receive alarms in real time of maintenance incidents without having been detected by
the driver. The application of the Internet of Things to fleet management assists with geolocation
(and with it the monitoring of routes and identification of the most efficient routes), performance
analysis, telemetry control and fuel savings, the reduction of polluting emissions to the
environment and can even provide valuable information to improve the driving of vehicles.
5. Agriculture.
Smart farms are a fact. The quality of soil is crucial to produce good crops, and the Internet of
Things offers farmers the possibility to access detailed knowledge and valuable information of
their soil condition. Through the implementation of IoT sensors, a significant amount of data can
be obtained on the state and stages of the soil. Information such as soil moisture, level of acidity,
the presence of certain nutrients, temperature and many other chemical characteristics, helps
farmers control irrigation, make water use more efficient, specify the best times to start sowing,
and even discover the presence of diseases in plants and soil.
6. Hospitality.
The application of the IoT to the hotel industry brings with it interesting improvements in the
quality of the service. With the implementation of electronic keys, which are sent directly to the
mobile devices of each guest, it is possible to automate various interactions.
Thus, the location of the guests, the sending of offers or information on activities of interest, the
realization of orders to the room or room service, the automatic charge of accounts to the room or
the request of personal hygiene supplies, are activities that can be easily managed through
integrated applications using the Internet of Things technology. With the use of electronic keys,
the check-out process is automated, disabling the operation of doors, offering information about
the rooms immediately available, and even assigning housekeeping tasks to maintenance
personnel.
7. Smart grid and energy saving.
The progressive use of intelligent energy meters, or meters equipped with sensors and the
installation of sensors in different strategic points that go from the production plants to the
different distribution points, allows better monitoring and control of the electrical network.
By establishing a bidirectional communication between the service provider company and the end
user, information of enormous value can be obtained for the detection of faults, decision making
and repair thereof.
It also allows offering valuable information to the end user about their consumption patterns and
about the best ways to reduce or adjust their energy expenditure.

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8. Water supply.
A sensor, either incorporated or adjusted externally to water meters, connected to the Internet and
accompanied by the necessary software, helps to collect, process and analyze data, which allows
understanding the behavior of consumers, detecting Internship faults in the supply service, report
results and offer courses of action to the company that provides the service. Likewise, it offers
final consumers the possibility of tracking their own consumption information, through a web
page and in real time, even receiving automatic alerts in case of detecting consumption out of
range to their average consumption record, which could indicate the presence of a leak.
9. Maintenance management.
One of the areas where the application of IoT technology is most extensive is precisely
maintenance management. Through the combination of sensors and software specialized in
CMMS/ EAM maintenance management, a multifunctional tool is obtained whose use can be
applied to a multiplicity of disciplines and practices, with the purpose of extending the useful life
of physical assets, while guaranteeing asset reliability and availability.
Pros and Cons of IOT
Pros:
Automation
Automation leads to uniformity in tasks, quality of service and control of day-to-day tasks without human
intervention. Machine-to-machine communication also helps maintain transparency throughout the
process.
Efficiency
Machine-to-machine interaction provides for better efficiency, enabling people to focus on other jobs.
Cost Savings
In addition to the optimal utilization of energy and resources, the IoT helps alleviate the problems
associated with bottlenecks, breakdowns and system damages.
Communication
IoT allows physical devices to stay connected and better communicate, which creates greater quality
control.
Instant Data Access
More available information helps simplify the Decision making process, making life easier to manage.
CONs:
Privacy and Security
As many of our everyday appliances, machines and services become connected to the internet,
much more information is readily available. It makes it harder to keep confidential information
out of the hands of hackers and other unauthorized users.

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Compatibility
Currently, there is not international standard of compatibility for the IoT which can make it hard
for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other.
Complexity
Because the IoT is such a vast, diverse network, a single failure in either the software or hardware
can have disastrous consequences.
Technologically Dependent Life
As our lives become more and more dependent on technology, basic human interaction skills will
be reduced across society.
IOT NETWORKING CONSIDERATIONS AND CHALLENGES
When you consider which networking technologies to adopt within your IoT application, be
mindful of the following constraints:
 Range
 Bandwidth
 Power usage
 Intermittent connectivity
 Interoperability
 Security

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4.4 Architecture of IoT
Figure below has three layers, namely, the perception, network, and application layers.
(i) The perception layer is the physical layer, which has sensors for sensing and gathering
information about the environment. It senses some physical parameters or identifies
other smart objects in the environment.
(ii) The network layer is responsible for connecting to other smart things, network
devices, and servers. Its features are also used for transmitting and processing sensor
data.
(iii) The application layer is responsible for delivering application specific services to the
user. It defines various applications in which the Internet of Things can be deployed,
for example, smart homes, smart cities, and smart health.
The three-layer architecture defines the main idea of the Internet of Things, but it is not sufficient
for research on IoT because research often focuses on finer aspects of the Internet of Things. That
is why, we have many more layered architectures proposed in the literature. One is the fivelayer
architecture, which additionally includes the processing and business layers [3–6]. The five layers
are perception, transport, processing, application, and business layers (see Figure 1). The role of
the perception and application layers is the same as the architecture with three layers. We outline
the function of the remaining three layers.
(i) The transport layer transfers the sensor data from the perception layer to the
processing layer and vice versa through networks such as wireless, 3G, LAN,
Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC.
(ii) The processing layer is also known as the middleware layer. It stores, analyzes, and
processes huge amounts of data that comes from the transport layer. It can manage and

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provide a diverse set of services to the lower layers. It employs many technologies such as
databases, cloud computing, and big data processing modules.
(iii) The business layer manages the whole IoT system, including applications, business and
profit models, and users’ privacy. The business layer is out of the scope of this paper. Hence,
we do not discuss it further.

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Chapter 5
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Internet of Things is closer to being implemented than the average person
would think. Most of the necessary technological advances needed for it have already been made,
and some manufacturers and agencies have already begun implementing a small-scale version of
it.
Along with an exponential growth in connected devices, each thing in IoT communicates packets
of data that require reliable connectivity, storage, and security. With IoT, an organization is
challenged with managing, monitoring, and securing immense volumes of data and connections
from dispersed devices. But this challenge doesn’t have to be a roadblock in a cloud-based
environment.
In addition to scaling and growing a solution in one location, cloud computing enables IoT
solutions to scale globally and across different physical locations while lowering communication
latency and allowing for better responsiveness from devices in the field. AWS offers a suite of
IoT services with complete security, including services to operate and secure endpoints,
gateways, platforms, and applications as well as the traffic traversing across these layers. This
integration simplifies secure use and management of devices and data that continually interact
with each other, allowing organizations to benefit from the innovation and efficiencies IoT can
offer while maintaining security as a priority.
AWS offers customers a defense in depth approach with multiple security services and an easier,
faster and more cost-effective path towards comprehensive, continuous and scalable IoT security,
compliance and governance solutions.
The IoT has the potential to dramatically increase the availability of information, and is likely to
transform companies and organizations in virtually every industry around the world.
As such, finding ways to leverage the power of the IoT is expected to factor into the strategic
objectives of most technology companies, regardless of their industry focus.
The number of different technologies required to support the deployment and further growth of
the IoT places a premium on interoperability, and has resulted in widespread efforts to develop
standards and technical specifications that support seamless communication between IoT devices
and components. Collaboration between various standards development groups and consolidation
of some current efforts will eventually result in greater clarity for IoT technology companies.
The pervasiveness of embedded processing is already happening everywhere around us. At home,
appliances as mundane as your basic toaster now come with an embedded MCU that not only sets the
darkness of the piece of toast to your preference, but also adds functional safety to the device. Your
refrigerator has started talking to you and keeping track of what you put in it. There are energy-aware
HVAC systems that can now generate a report on the activity in your house and recommend ways to
reduce your energy consumption. The electrification of vehicles has already started happening, and in just
a few years from now, each car will contain >50 percent more electronics than it did just five years ago.
The cars of the future will indeed be able to drive themselves. Similar changes are also happening in other
aspects of our lives … in factories, transportation, school systems, stadiums and other public venues.
Embedded processing is everywhere. Connecting those smart devices (nodes) to the web has also started
happening, although at a slower rate.

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References
1. Alessandro Bassi et al. «Enabling Things to Talk: Designing IoT solutions with the IoT Architectural
Reference Model» Springer Open. 2013 2. IoT. Wikipedia 2015
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things (on 15/11/2015) 3. From the Internet of Computers to the
Internet of Things http://vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/Internet-of-things.pdf (on 27/12/2015) 4. Internet of
Things – From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment http://internet-of-things-
research.eu/pdf/IoTFrom%20Research%20and%20Innovation%20to%20Market%20Deployment_IER
C_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93102-95-8_P.pdf (on 15/11/2015) 5. Internet of Things Architecture
http://www.iot-a.eu (on 18/11/2015) 6. The Internet of Things :How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is
Changing Everything http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.