This document discusses cleaner technology and waste reduction strategies. It defines cleaner technology as the continuous application of preventative strategies to increase efficiency and reduce risks. It discusses various cleaner technology practices like good housekeeping, input substitution, and technology changes. The benefits of cleaner technology include improving the environment, increasing economic benefits and productivity, and gaining competitive advantage. Barriers include a lack of information and competing priorities, while drivers include improvements in productivity and environmental reports.

1. NATTHU SHRIRAME
M-TECH ENV, ENGG

2. Passive environmental
strategies
Dilute & disperse
2

3. 3
Reactive environmental
strategies
end-of-pipe approaches

4. Proactive environmental
strategies:
Cleaner Technology
4
Prevention of Waste
generation:
- Good housekeeping
- Input substitution
- Better process control
- Equipment modification
- Technology change
- On-site recovery/reuse
- Production of a useful by-
product
- Product modification

5. What is waste?
There are literally hundreds words for
different types of waste:
5
• greenhouse loss
• hidden losses
• leakage
• non-conforming material
• overfill
• packaging
• process loss
• rework
• second quality
• stock loss
• washings
and etc.
• allowance
• BOD
• broke
• contaminated
solids
• core loss
• customer returns
• damage
• draining
• dust
• effluent
• evaporation
• furnace loss

6. Waste is waste what
ever you call it : take
the opportunity to cut
waste and increase
profits!
6
!!!

7. Where are you now?
7
• Only a change
in technology
would eliminate
waste
completely
• We are
optimising our
processes and
achieving big
cost reductions
• Waste is
coming down as
we change the
way we work

8. Cleaner Technology Definition
8
“The continuous application of an integrated
preventive environmental strategy applied to
processes, products, and services to increase
overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans
and the environment.”
or
It refer to any technical measures taken in
industries to reduce or eliminate some
product of any nuisance, pollution or waste
and to help saving of raw material, natural
resources and energy
(United Nations Environment Programme)

9. 9
Continuous
Preventive
Integrated
STRATEGY for
Products Processes
Services
Risk Reduction
Humans
Environment
Cleaner Technology Definition

10. Cleaner Technology principles
 conservation principle
 precaution principle
 preventive principle
 integration principle
10

11. How CT could be applied in
practice?
11

12. Cleaner Technology practices
1. Good housekeeping
take appropriate managerial and
operational actions to prevent:
- Leaks
- - to enforce existing
operational
instructions
12

13. Cleaner Technology practices
2. Input substitution
substitute input materials
- by less toxic
- or by renewable materials
- or by adjunct materials which
have a longer service life-time
in production
13

14. Cleaner Technology practices
3. Better process control
modify:
- operational procedures
- equipment instructions
and process record keeping in
order to run the processes more
efficiently and at lower waste and
emission generation rates
14

15. Cleaner Technology practices
4. Equipment modification
modify the existing production
equipment and utilities in order:
- run the processes at higher
efficiency
- lower waste and emission
generation rates
15

16. Cleaner Technology practices
5. Technology change
replacement of:
- the technology
- processing sequence
- synthesis pathway
in order to minimise waste
and emission generation
during production
16

17. Cleaner Technology practices
6. On-site recovery/reuse
- reuse of the wasted materials
in the same process for another
useful application within the
company
17

18. Cleaner Technology practices
7. Production of a useful by-product
consider transforming waste into
a useful by-product, to be sold
as input for companies in
different business sectors.
18

19. Cleaner Technology practices
8. Product modification
modify the product
characteristics in order:
- to minimise the environmental
impacts of the product during
or after its use (disposal)
- to minimise the environmental
impacts of its production
19

20. CT versus End-of-Pipe
approach
20
Cleaner Technology
Continuous improvement
Progress towards use of closed loop
or continuous cycle processes
Everyone in the community has a
role to play; partnerships are
essential
Active anticipation and avoidance of
pollution and waste
Elimination of environmental
problems at their source
Involves new practices, attitudes
and management techniques and
stimulates technical advances
Pollution Control and Waste
Management
One-off solutions to individual
problems
Processes result in waste materials
for disposal a pipeline with
resources in and wastes out
Solutions are developed by experts
often in isolation
Reactive responses to pollution and
waste after they are created
Pollutants are controlled by waste
treatment equipment and methods
Relies mainly on technical
improvements to existing
technologies

21. What are the benefits of
Cleaner Technology?
Improving
environmental
situation
21
Increasing
economical
benefits
Increasing
productivity
Gaining
competitive
advantage
Continuous
environmental
improvement

22. CP barriers
Internal to the companies:
22
- Lack of information and
expertise
- Low environmental
awareness
- Competing business
priorities, in particular, the
pressure for a short term
profits
- Financial obstacles
- Lack of communication in
firms
- Complex research and
development
- Labour force obstacles

23. CT motivators and drivers
Internal to the companies:
23
- Improvements in productivity
and competitiveness
- Environmental management
systems and continuous
improvement
- Environmental leadership
- Corporate environmental
reports
- Environmental accounting

24. The role of
international organizations in CT
development
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• United Nations Industrial Development
Organisation (UNIDO)
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD)
• World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD)
• Development Finance Institutions (DFIs)
24

25. Team for CT success
 Managers, engineers and finance people in
industry and commerce, in particular those
responsible for business strategy, product
development, plant operations and finance
 Government officials, both central and
regional, who play an important role in
promoting CP
 Media representatives who play an important
role in disseminating information on good
environmental practice
25

26. Cleaner Technology procedures
26
The recognized need
to minimise waste
Planning and
Organization
Assessment
Phase
Feasibility Analysis
Phase
Implementation
Successfully implemented CTprojects
The first
step
The second
step
The third
step
The fourth
step

27. 1. Planning & Organization
Obtain management
commitment
Identify potential barriers
and solutions
Set plant-wide goals
Organize a project team
27

28. 2. Assessment
Identify sources
Identify waste/
pollution causes
Generate possible
options
28

29. Material and energy
balances
29
The Industrial
Process
Heat Power The
Energy
Balance
Cooling
Raw
Materials
Products
& Waste
The
Mass
Balance

30. Why are material and energy
balances so important?
30
The material and energy balances are not only
used to identify the inputs and outputs of mass
and energy but their economic significance is
related to costs, such as:
• cost of raw material in waste
• cost of final product in waste
• cost of energy losses
• cost of handling waste
• cost of handling waste
• cost of transporting waste
• cost of solid wastes disposal
• cost of pollution charges and penalties

31. Possible causes for waste
generation
31
Process
Management
Planning &
Information
Systems
Personnel
Skills &
Motivation
Wastes &
Emissions
Choice &
Quality of
Input Materials
Technical
Status of
Equipment
Choice of
Production
Technology
Process
Efficiency
Product
Specifications

32. CT assessment practices
32
Process
On-site
Recovery/
Reuse
Production of
Useful
By-Product
Product
Modification
Equipment
Modification
Input
Substitution
Good
Housekeeping
Technology
Change
Better Process
Control

33. Broader Application of CT
CT is closely linked to:
• Environmental Management
Systems
• Total Quality Management
• Health and Safety
Management
33

34. Cleaner Production and
Sustainable Development
34
Responsible
Entrepreneurship
Eco-efficiency
Cleaner Production
Compliance
Government
Agenda
Business
Agenda
ICC
Charter
EMS
EHS
Auditing
Sustainable
development
Agenda 21
Factor X
Environmental
space
Time
Sustainability
Economic Instruments
Co-regulatory agreements
Command & control

35. !!!
CT is
a journey
not a
destination
35

36. 36
“An understanding of
the business value to be
gained from efficient use
of natural resources is an
important first step
toward sustainability:
toward building a world in which resources
are managed to meet the needs of all
people now and in the future.”
(J. Lash, President of
the World Resources Institute)