Cleaner Production is a strategy that integrates environmental objectives into business processes to reduce waste and emissions. It aims to increase resource efficiency and decrease risks to humans and the environment. Cleaner Production addresses saving raw materials and energy in production and reducing the quantity and toxicity of waste and emissions. Implementing Cleaner Production involves collecting data on material flows, analyzing sources of waste, generating options to minimize waste, and continually improving processes. Examples of Cleaner Production measures include substituting raw materials, making technological modifications, and changing production processes.

1. Technological Institute of Saltillo
“Cleaner Production”
Orlando khass Hernández Saucedo
Professor: Carlos Loyola

2. Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------pag 2
Cleaner Production---------------------------------------------------------------pag 3
What is Cleaner Production?---------------------------------------------------pag 4
What are waste and what are emissions?----------------------------------pag 7
Cleaner Production versus End-of-the-Tube?------------------------------pag 8
Example---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----pag 9
What factors are at the origin of the waste and
emissions?--------------------------------------------------------------------------pag 11
Data collection: the basis for Cleaner production--------------------------pag 13
How to classify waste by its origin?-------------------------------------------pag 15
How to proceed systematically to minimize
waste and emissions-------------------------------------------------------------pag 16
Substitution / change of raw materials and materials
process------------------------------------------------------------------------------pag 19
Technological modifications-----------------------------------------------------pag 21
Conclusión--------------------------------------------------------------------------pag 22

3. Cleaner Production is a strategic business policy tool that integrates the
environment into the overall management of the company and allows it
to maintain or improve competitiveness within a framework of
environmental sustainability. In addition, Cleaner Production is an
environmental management option that has proven to be the stage
prior to the correct treatment or disposal alternatives with which it is not
incompatible.

4. According to the United Nations Program for the Environment (UNEP),
Cleaner Production is understood as:
The continuous application of an integrated strategy of environmental
prevention in processes, products and services, with the aim of
reducing risks for human beings and the environment, increasing the
competitiveness of the company and guaranteeing economic viability.

5. Cleaner Production is defined as the continuous application of a
preventive environmental strategy integrated to processes, products
and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks for human
beings and the environment.
 In production processes, Cleaner Production addresses the
saving of raw materials and energy, elimination of raw
materials toxicity and the reduction in waste quantities and
toxicity and emissions.

6. In this context, it is very important to say that it is you who know
your own company best and that this specialized knowledge is
essential. External knowledge will only help you find solutions.
 Reflection: where and why we generate waste
After the data collection, these are analyzed and reflected according
to the principles of PML.
 Generation of options
From the analysis, the PML options are generated. Some new, creative
and / or already well-known will arise, having as objective a reduction
in the source through good practices, modification of the product or
process, organic changes, internal or external recycling.

7.  Feasibility analysis
For the selected options, a feasibility study will analyze the economic,
technical and ecological feasibility.
 Implementation
every time the collection and reflection of the data already
makes visible the obvious PML options.
 Control and continuation
Probably the most significant and challenging aspect is the
establishment of a systematic way of successful and continuous
improvement.

8. This definition does not seem very useful for its purpose in the sense of
industrial waste management and waste minimization.
Waste and emissions are raw materials and process materials
Therefore, minimizing waste and emissions also means increasing the
degree of utilization of the materials and energy used for production up
to, and this is the ideal case, a 100 percent utilization that guarantees a
waste and emission free procedure. Thus, for the company, the
minimization of waste is not only an environmental goal but even more,
and mainly, a commercially oriented program to increase the use of
materials.

9.  So far, conventional environmental technologies have worked
mainly in the treatment of existing wastes and emissions. The
purpose of the PML is to integrate the environmental objectives in
the production process to reduce waste and emissions in terms of
quantity and toxicity and thus reduce costs.


 Cleaner production means integrating environmental objectives into
the production process

10.  The PML presents a potential of solutions to improve the economic
efficiency of the company because it contributes to reduce the
amount of materials and energy used. The minimization of waste
and emissions is a step towards more sustained economic
development. Therefore, the essential difference lies in the fact that
PML does not treat the symptom simply but tries to get to the source
of the problem.

11.  Example: A metal-containing sludge is produced in a copper
manufacturer's water treatment unit and must be marketed due to
rising disposal costs. Marketing turns out to be quite difficult due to the
fact that the mud contains too much iron. Further investigation reveals
that iron is only added afterwards in considerable quantities. It is
introduced into the wastewater treatment unit in the form of iron
chloride (as a typical flocculant). So the company understands that its
problem is not so much a mud problem but a wastewater problem. A
subsequent analysis of the main sources of wastewater has shown
that at two points in the production process a huge amount of
electrolytic copper is consumed in solution and therefore ends up in
the wastewater. The problem of mud or sewage has finally turned out
to be a process problem. Relatively simple measures at the
organizational and technological levels finally helped to reduce the
consumption of raw materials considerably in these two points, which
leads to a 50% reduction in the sludge produced.

12. A further differentiation of terms such as clean technologies,
cleaner production, sustainable technology, environmental
protection integrated into production, etc. can not be addressed in
detail in this brochure. However, they correspond to the principle of
protection integrated environmental as mentioned above.
In addition to the above arguments in favor of the PML, other benefits
They are the following:
 avoids increased costs due to waste treatment
 less susceptible to 'bottlenecks' (elimination space,
 export licenses, incineration capabilities, etc.)
 fewer problems due to civil obligations
 better image
 fewer protests from neighbors

13. If you are asked about the factors that influence the generation of
waste and emissions, you will probably think first about the technology
used in the company. Certainly, technology plays an important role in
this context. But this should not lead to the conclusion that only
technological measures can help to develop efficient and clean
production. There is a multitude of other fields to consider. The main
factors in the origin of waste and emissions are the following:
On the basis of these factors, several levels and strategies aimed at
cleaner production and waste minimization are possible.

14. The modifications of the product can lead to a highly improved
ecological situation in terms of production, use and disposal of the
product. They can lead to the substitution of the product for another,
to the increased longevity when using different materials or changing
the design of the product. However, many companies are very
reluctant to modify their products.

15. In order to discover the appropriate measures for a cleaner production,
in most cases it is essential to use an updated data bank. For this
purpose you should establish a global appreciation of the main
material flows within your company.
First, you may want to determine for which areas of your company
the data should be collected. Ideally, you should consider the
company as a whole, however, it may be useful to omit certain areas.

16. By defining the areas to work you determine the limits of your energy
balance.
Mass and energy are constant
This means that everything you want to dispose of as waste could ever
be found in your shopping cart.
On the basis of the conservation principles referred to above, the same
amounts should be detected in the three points. However, that is just
pure theory.

17. Does the data gathered correspond to reality?
In most cases, one tends to underestimate the importance of
this question. There have been really severe problems due to
unverified data.
Different working documents available from different sources
of information may be of equally different quality: How to collect
and verify the data
For materials that fall within the scope of balance: documents for
accounting and costs, delivery receipts, documents from
suppliers about product formulas, internal accounting for
packaging, ...

18. Waste and emissions can originate from different raw materials for
various reasons. By establishing a list of possible sources, the Waste
and emissions can be classified in correspondence. The board Next
contains 11 categories. For each category, they can be applied
various strategies to avoid or minimize waste or emissions

19. To systematically work on minimization and avoid waste and
emissions, you should know about the most important mass flows
in your company. In this case the term "important" may have
several meanings:
 important in terms of legal regulations
 important in terms of large quantities
 important in terms of high costs
 important in terms of toxicity, ecological effects

20. As a work period you can choose a calendar year. For the sheets
of calculation, please refer to the annex.
Worksheet 1: The most important products / services
Here you must put the main products / services that you produce. Even
when the unit does not correspond to the quantity produced, it may be
useful to try to calculate the amount in kg - as much as possible for
example, through the conversion What produces you?

21. Worksheet 2:
The most important waste and emissions
This worksheet refers to the main waste and emissions that
occur in your company. Here you should not forget the
waters residuals and exhaust air.
The categories refer to the initials of
above classification. In addition to the quantities produced, there are
also questions about the specific costs of acquisition and disposal - by
please, indicate the monetary unit per unit. The total expenditure in units
monetary values isthen calculated from the specific cost multiplied for
the amount.

22. There is a wide variety of possibilities available to replace or
change the raw materials or the materials of the process what is
treated in a sheet
of special calculation. It includes the following measures:
Substitute organic solvents for aqueous agents
Examples: water-soluble varnishes, alkaline cleaning agents
with aqueous base to degrease metals. Replace
halogenated solvents

23. Examples: the substitutionof aerosols in the cleaning units, in
the production of insulating materials and cooling units; solvents
of halogen-free hydrocarbon in dry cleaning instead of
perchlorethylene (per).
Substitute petrochemicals for biochemical
Examples: cleaning agents with soda or rapeseed as a
base; natural coloring substances instead of dyeing agents
with a petrochemical base; lubricants on biological bases.

24. A wide selection of measures can be applied in the technologicalpart
of the process. These can go from relatively simple reconstructions to
changes in the production process that consume a lot of time and
energy.
Replace thermochemical processes through mechanical alternatives
Examples: cleaning surfaces with brushes or supersonic methods
instead of with acid or alkaline solutions; mechanical engraving
instead of chemical engraving.

25. Cleaner Production can be applied to any process, product or service,
and ranges from simple changes in the operational procedures of
easy and immediate execution, to major changes, which imply the
substitution of raw materials, inputs or production lines for more
efficient ones. .
In terms of processes, Cleaner Production includes the conservation
of raw materials, water and energy, the reduction of toxic raw
materials, emissions and waste, which go to water, the atmosphere
and the environment.