3. Upward deflection = Decrease in potential Downward deflection = Increase in potential Repolarization Hyperpolarization Depolarization Resting potential
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7. Graded potential (change in membrane potential relative to resting potential) Magnitude of stimulus Resting potential Time Stimuli applied
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10. Change in membrane potential in mV relative to resting potential— i.e., magnitude of electrical signal Few mm Distance Initial active area Decremental spread of graded potential Decremental spread of graded potential Resting potential Few mm
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15. Presynaptic axon terminal Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel Ca 2+ Neurotransmitter molecule Synaptic cleft Chemically gated ion channel for Na + , K + , or Cl - Receptor for neurotransmitter Postsynaptic neuron Subsynaptic membrane Synaptic vesicle Synaptic knob
28. Presynaptic inputs Postsynaptic neuron Convergence of input (one cell is influenced by many others) Presynaptic inputs Divergence of output (one cell influences many others) Postsynaptic neurons Arrows indicate direction in which information is being conveyed.
![A graded potential is a local electrical change in the membrane. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)