Radar Of Radio Detection And Multiple Classification And...

Radar Of Radio Detection And Multiple Classification And...
II. RADAR
Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) is a sensor used in the automotive domain to derive speed
and distance information. Now we will discuss on the principle of working, its classification and
sub–systems used for processing. Currently we used frequency modulated continuous wave
(FMCW) RADARs and so this type will be elaborated here.
A. Principle
The RADAR sensor measurements are mainly based on three principles: time–of–flight, Doppler
Effect and Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW).
1) Time–of–Flight
Distance measurement is basically based on the principle of time–of–flight, which is that the time
between the transmitted and received signal is proportional to the distance between the objects. 2)
Doppler Effect
Frequency of the received signal is offset by a positive frequency factor when the source and the
target are approaching towards each other and by a negative factor when they are moving away
from each other.
3) Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) The transmission is a continuously increasing
frequency signal, and then at the maximum frequency, abruptly begins to continuously decrease in
frequency until it reaches the minimum frequency. This cycle then repeats. The frequency over time
looks like a "saw tooth wave".
As you can see from Fig. 3, the horizontal delay between the transmitted and the received signals is
the time delay used for range measurement and the vertical shift is the Doppler Shift used for
velocity calculations. But
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A Short Note On The Components Of Radar
4.1 COMPONENTS OF RADAR
Radars are extremely intricate electronic and electromagnetic frameworks and complex mechanical
frameworks as well. Radar frameworks are made out of a wide range of subsystems, which
themselves are made out of various segments. There is an extraordinary assorted qualities in the
configuration of radar frameworks taking into account reason, yet the basic operation and
fundamental arrangement of subsystems is the same.
4.1.1 ANTENNA
Recieving wire is an article which utilized as a move between wave spreading in free space, and the
fluctuating voltages in the circuit to which it is joined. A reception apparatus either gets vitality from
an electromagnetic field or transmits electromagnetic waves created by a high recurrence generator
It guarantees that the sign has the obliged example in space. Reception apparatus sources transmit
vitality similarly in all headings. This sort of radiation is known as isotropic radiation. Radar
recieving wire is profoundly directional so more vitality is proliferated in our predefined course.
The vitality emanated from a reception apparatus shapes a field having an unequivocal radiation
design. A radiation example means plotting the transmitted vitality from a reception apparatus and
this vitality is measures at different points at a steady separation from the recieving wire. The state
of this example relies on upon the sort of radio wire utilized. The radiation of a recieving wire is
mix of electric and attractive

Ultra Sonic Radar System
USER DEFINED PROJECT ON ULTRASONIC RADAR 1
:
PREPARED BY : Kamal Parmar (080140111029) Prashant Saija (080140111051 ) Chitrangi Shah
(080140111053 ) GUIDED BY : Vishal Borad 2
Outline...:
Outline... In this presentation, we have covered : Introduction RADAR System. RADAR Equation.
Classifications of radar. Block Diagram. Main parts of the hardware Technical Specifications
WWIGO, Features & System requirements for wwigo . Wwigo detected PATTERN Application Of
US RADAR Conclusion. Bibliography 3
PowerPoint Presentation:
RADAR(RAdio Detection and Ranging ) Radar is an object detection system that uses
electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed
objects such as aircraft, ships, motor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
15
MONOSTATIC RADAR When we use single antenna for both transmission and reception purpose
such a radar called as monostatic radar. BISTATIC RADAR If two separates antennas are used for
transmission and reception , then such a radar is called as bistatic radar. 16
Main parts of the hardware:
Main parts of the hardware In this hardware basically there are four main parts as listed below.
Power supply Transmitter Receiver Alarm System 17
Block diagram:
Block diagram Waveform Generator Transducer (Tx) Alarm System Amplifier Balanced Circuit
Transducer (Rx) Transmitter Receiver 18
Transmitter circuit diagram:
Transmitter circuit diagram 19

This circuit works on 9–12 VDC and can be used with batteries or a power supply. Transmitter
sections comprises of waveform generator and ultrasonic transducer which is nothing but like a
speaker with 40 kHz frequency. In transmitter section, piezo –electric transducer is used to transmit
the ultrasonic frequency. There are several oscillator circuits suitable for driving ultrasonic
transducer. 20
Sine wave drive: Sine wave drive can be used to provide the electrical signal to transducer. This sine
wave drive minimizes harmonics that may excite transducer in an overtone mode (vibrate at
multiple of the resonate frequency). Pulse wave drive: We can also use pulse drive to drive the
transducer. Application of the dc pulse of 10–20V will cause the

Design Of A Smart Blind Stick
Since centuries, mobility have been the provocative issue for blind people or partially sighted
people. Everybody including blind people needs to move. Hence there are some limitations with
such devices as they are not much efficient. With the advancement of technology, several prototypes
have been developed for blind assistance. They are usually known as blind stick. For the betterment
of Pakistan and third world countries which are least developed proposing a user–friendly and cost
effective electronic embedded blind stick keeping in mind the limited resources. The significant
design of this smart blind stick is the use of a reflective technique that is known as "diffuse scanning
method" that is cost effective and will also only help in rehabilitation of blind individuals all around
the world especially in poor countries where rehabilitation is quite limited to specific individuals.
Significant components used are IR emitter, IR receiver, potentiometer and amplifier to form prime
photo–electric sensor. Along with it DC battery, power switch and buzzer is connected in the blind
stick.
A photoelectric sensor is a device that senses a change in light beam intensity. Characteristically,
this means either non–detection or detection of the sensor's emitted light source. Depending upon
sensors, the nature of light and method by which the target is detected varies accordingly.
It is sometimes called proximity mode. For application of this mode, the transmitter and receiver of

The National Plan Of Integrated Airport Systems
The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) forever changed the way airports were
classified when it was unveiled in 1982 (Wells, 2011). The aviation industry had grown significantly
since deregulation went into effect, and a new system needed to be put in place that would
distinguish airports with incredible growth and expansion from those that served niche markets or
flight training (Wells). Under the NPIAS, airports were broken down into three major categories:
commercial services airports, reliever airports, and general aviation airports (Wells). The following
paragraphs describe the three categories of airports that were created by the NPIAS, and conclude
with an airport that fits into that particular category today.
Commercial Services Airport When the general public thinks about airports, chances are they will
imagine an airport that fits into this category. Commercial services airports are defined in our text as
"those airports that accommodate scheduled air carrier service, provided by the world's certificated
air carriers" (Wells). These are the airports that move passengers and cargo across the United States
and the world. Commercial services airports are not created equal, however, which is why they are
further broken down into different categories of hubs. They range from large hub airports "that
account for at least 1 percent of the total passenger enplanements in the United States" to medium
and small hub airports that account for less and

A Short Note On Traffic Signal Systems And Detection Systems
DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES
by
ANMOL SHRIVASTAVA, EIT
Professor Rahim F. Benekohal
Traffic Signal Systems
CEE 517
Spring 2015
TERM PAPER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3
INTRODUCTION 5
OBJECTIVES 6
IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE 7
INTSRUSIVE (Inductive Loop) 8
Method and Concept 9
Features of the system 9
Implementation 11
Results 12
Shortcomings and Limitations 12
NON–INTRUSIVE (Microwave Radar) 13
Implementation 15
Results 17
NON–INTRUSIVE (Video Detection) 19
Implementation 21

Results 22
COMPARISON OF VEHICLE DETECTORS 25
SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 30
CONCLUSION 31 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Snow, Fog will affect the system
Video Detection Monitors multiple lanes and multiple lane for detection
Rich collection of data visual data available
Information gathered at one camera location can be linked to another which makes it a wide–area
detection system Maintenance and installation of camera requires lane closure
Performance affected by inclement weather such as fog, rain, and snow; vehicle shadows; sun glint
A height of 30 to 50–ft camera mounting height for optimum presence detection and speed
measurement
Strong winds or vibration might affect the camera
Cost–effective only when many detection zones within the field–of–view are established
Reliable night time signal actuation requires adequate street lighting

Module : Ict : Application And How It Contributes Our...
Bhavik Patel
Date: 03/08/2016
Cohort: ICT 50316
Module: ICT in Society
Student ID: I157908
Executive Summary
This report was compiled to highlight the operation of Radars in general, its application and how it
contributes to make our lives better as well as the society. Furthermore, the report compares its
positive and negative effects on the society and the application of this to our lives as a whole.
Additionally, it concludes and provides recommendations on some of the issues use of Radars in our
society brings about.
Radar is something that is being used in our surrounding, despite the fact that it hardly gets detected.
There are many uses for radars in our community or society. Aviation authority utilizes radar to
track planes both on the ground and noticeable all around, furthermore to guide planes in for smooth
arrivals. Police use radar to recognize the pace of passing drivers. NASA utilizes radar to delineate
Earth and different planets, to track satellites and space garbage and to help with things like docking
and moving. The military uses it to identify the foe and to guide weapons.
Radar effect positively and negatively. It plays very important role in society. Because of radar
people can make predictions easily and all are aware about the surroundings. It also plays major role
for the safety of people.
This report is on brief discussion of What is Radar and how does it work. Also we will look after
how it effects on the society.

American Airlines Flight 1572 Crash Analysis
The Accident
On November 12, 1995, an American Airlines McDonnell Douglas MD–83 type passenger aircraft,
which was operating as Flight 1572, departed from Chicago O'Hare International (ORD); however,
the aircraft got substantially damaged due to impact to the top of oak trees on Peak Mountain Ridge
in East Granby, Connecticut. The aircraft also hit the Instrument Landing System (ILS) localizer
antenna, which was on its way to Runway 15 of Bradley International Airport (BDL). The aircraft,
lastly, crashed while on approach to Runway 15 of BDL at 00:55 Eastern Time. Fortunately, there
were no fatalities and all 73 passengers and crew of 5 survived the impact.
Accident Factors
Among many contributing factors to the crash of Flight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, a VDP keeps the aircraft at an altitude that will not descend lower than the MDA. The
VDP is useful for and frequently utilized during approaching to an unintended runway, such as the
one at BDL, the VOR Runway 15. However, airmen of the flight 1572 were not utilizing any VDPs
during the flight, did not calculate one either.
Furthermore, the tower issues at the BDL airport might have contributed to the crash too. The last
ATIS report the crew received was at 10:51 PM, which was almost two hours before the accident
occurred. That last ATIS record became obsolete in short notice due to rapidly changing weather
conditions at BDL. Even though extreme conditions were in effect at BDL, the aircrew was not
informed with recent information. Therefore, even though the last ATIS record that was sent to
pilots informed them about extreme weather conditions at BDL, additional ATIS records should
have been released. The reason behind not emitting new ATIS records after the one sent at 10:51 PM
was the timing and personnel congestion issues at the BDL tower. According to the controller that
sent the last ATIS report to the crew, he was waiting for additional recent weather information to
appear on the Systems Atlanta Information Display System (SAIDS); however, until the time he left
the tower, which was around midnight, SAIDS did not show any new weather

The Importance Of Position Information Systems
In order to get the relative position information, laser scanners, radar and vision–based systems do
the measurement firstly, and these raw data are get from signals by using signal processing
algorithms. A geometric model is usually used to describe obstacles with parameterized information.
The raw data are bunch of reflecting points in radar and laser scanners or several pixel matrices in
vision–based systems. And these data are segmented and clustered into obstacles in the detection
step. Classification step aims at ordering obstacles into different categories for vehicles, buildings,
bikes or pedestrians.
2.1 Accuracy
The accuracy of a measurement system defined as how close the measurement compare to its true
value. This can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also includes the ability to provide alarms when the error tolerance of a certain parameter is
beyond the safety set. Dependability analysis yields a confidence interval for a certain parameter,
along with the integrity risk, "the combination of probability and severity of the failure incident
(scenario) occurring".
2.3 Dimension
Normally we know that position information is a 3–D parameter in a relative coordinate frame.
While, many relative positioning systems are only able to provide the relative position in one or two
dimensions like the driving car we talked above. The laser scanner uses a rotating mirror around the
vertical axis to scan the surrounding environment in the azimuth angle can provide a 2–D relative
position ignored the vertical parameter. Cooperative solutions based on Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) are able to deliver a full 3D relative position between vehicles. Ultra–Wideband
system is only able to estimate the range between vehicles, but not the exact 2– or 3–D position by
measure the round–trip delay of signals emitted from the ego vehicle and returned by other vehicles.
3. Technology and Concept Battle (Google vs Tesla)
Google and Tesla are two major companies that spend huge of time and money towards their
autonomous development. Google's Self–Driving Car (SDC) and Tesla's Models are both capable of
obstacle avoidance but the way of two companies go about implementing this is

Radiometric System : UTM 37n Coordinate System
Prior to atmospheric correction and radiometric calibration, both sentinel and Landsat 8 images
were geo referenced to UTM 37N coordinate system (WGS 84 datum and Spheroid) and subset
image was created. Landsat 8 image acquired in the form of digital number (DN) were converted to
radiance and TOA reflectance values using ENVI 5.3 software. Atmospheric correction was also
employed using dark object subtraction module of ENVI 5.3 (ExelisVisual Information Solutions,
2010). The DN of Sentinel–2A LIC productwere divided by 10000 to obtain TOA reflectance. The
false color composite of Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8 image of the study site after preprocessing is
shown in fig 3. Figure 3: False color composite of Sentinel 2(a) and Landsat8 (b) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
By doing so, the effectiveness of different water extraction (spectral) index at 10m and 20m spatial
resolution were evaluated. Selecting appropriate panchromatic band (high resolution) is a key factor
to downscaling SWIR band of Sentinel –2A image (Yun et al., 2106). In this study, the PAN–like
band was selected from 10–m Bands (band 2, 3, 4 and 8) by considering the correlation coefficient
between them and the SWIR band. To do this, first, bands 2, 3, 4 and 8 were re–sampled to 20 m
using nearest neighbor method and their correlation with SWIR band was then determined using
ArcGIS band collection statistics tool. 10 m bands with the highest correlation coefficient are
chosen as the PAN–like band and used to downscale SWIR band resolution from 20 m to 10 m.
After this, high pass filter resolution merge algorithm were chosen and applied to downscale SWIR,
because this method reduces radiometric fidelity substantially as compared to other algorithms
(Chavez et al., 1991). 3.4. Selection of threshold for segmenting water extraction indices
Appropriate threshold selection is very important to estimate the lake area with better accuracy. Lin
(2005) used Ostu algorithm to determine the optimal threshold values to separate the water
boundary from the land surface. Komeil (2014)

Nascar Plane Crash
Abstract
This paper will review the July 10, 2007 aviation accident involving a Cessna 310R, N501N,
operated by the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing corporate aviation division as a
personal flight. The aircraft crashed while attempting an emergency in to Orlando Sanford
International Airport, Sanford, Florida after experiencing an in–flight fire. The flight had been
released for flight despite it having a known unrepaired maintenance discrepancy. Safety issues
discussed in this paper relate to the resetting of circuit breakers, the inspection and maintenance of
electrical systems in general aviation aircraft, and the establishment of safety management systems
in general aviation corporate aviation operations. Safety ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At that time the aircraft was roughly 8 nautical miles northwest of SFB and was turning toward the
airport while rapidly descending. Primary radar returns that were recorded for about another minute
and 30 seconds showed the airplane maintaining a heading of about 150° towards SFB. The last of
these primary radar returns was recorded about 0834:45; the Board's study estimated that at that
time the aircraft was about three miles northwest of SFB and descending through about 1,200 feet
above ground level (AGL). The aircraft subsequently crashed in a residential area about 0.7 nautical
miles west of the last primary radar return.
According to several witnesses near the accident site, the airplane was traveling "extremely fast,"
was "very low," and its wings were "rocking" as it descended. Just before impact, the airplane
entered a "steep bank" and made a sharp turn to the west. Several witnesses reported seeing smoke
trailing from the airplane, and one witness stated, "Smoke was trailing from the port side." (NTSB,
2009) The main debris path was about 300 feet long and oriented on a western heading of
approximately 255 degrees. The aircrafts initial point of impact was a north–south line of trees in a
right–wing–low attitude at a height of about 65 feet AGL. About 270 feet beyond the initial tree
strikes, the aircraft struck a palm tree at a height

Optical Detection Of Laser Radar Essay
Imaging radar is used to create a two–dimensional image typically of landscapes. An imaging radar
create a picture of the observed object or area. Imaging radars have been used for mapping of the
earth and other celestial objects and to categorize targets for military systems.
Non–imaging radar take measurements in one dimension, as opposite to the two dimensional
measurement of imaging sensors. Common application of a non–imaging Radar system are speed
gauges and radar altimeters. Non– imaging radar measure the scattering properties of the object or
region being observed.
A Primary Radar transmits a high–frequency signal toward the target. The transmitted pulse is
reflected by the target and then received by the same radar. The reflected energy or the echoes are
further processed to extract the target information.
Pulsed radar transmits a high power, high–frequency pulse toward the target. Then it waits for the
echo of the transmitted signal for some time before it transmits a new pulse depending upon the
pulse repetition frequency. The Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) of the radar system is the number
of pulses that are transmitted per second.
Radar systems radiate each of the pulse at the carrier frequency during transmit time (or Pulse
Width) and wait for the returning echoes during listening or rest time, and then radiate the next
pulse. The time between the beginning of one pulse and the start of the next pulse is called pulse–
repetition time (PRT) and is equal

Intelligence, Surveillance, And Reconnaissance
2.1.3. Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
The intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) is a main function of airpower, which
integrates the intelligence production activities with activities such as surveillance and
reconnaissance. ISR is an "integrated intelligence and operations function" by nature.
The ISR efforts contribute to the creation of joint integrated intelligence preparation of tactical,
operational and even strategic environment. This results in gaining the effect of situational
awareness, and provides with the opportunity to dominate adversaries in the decision making at all
levels of war – tactical, operational and strategic.
The core airpower attributes height, speed and reach, provides with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus it is most likely to be a role, applicable with service, agency or organisation. Rather it is more
appropriate the approach of naming the role, used in NATO AJP–3.3 "Allied Joint Doctrine for Air
and Space Operations" – "contribution to ISR", which addresses the airpower as contributor.
The main activities, which comply with the definition and core attributes of air power, are
surveillance and reconnaissance. While performing the surveillance and reconnaissance, airpower
contributes to the intelligence and enables the achievement of the "situational awareness" effect.
Separating these three functions will lead to loss of effectiveness.
2.1.3.2. Surveillance
Surveillance is defined as operations which include "systematic observation of space, aerospace,
surface areas, places, persons or objects, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic or other means"
[15]. The aim of conducting surveillance is to provide with indications and warning about the
adversaries' activities and potential or actual threats of different origin. Surveillance is a persistent
monitoring of the environment in order to detect any changes.
Figure 5. South Korea located THAAD's X band radar coverage
Airborne and space–based surveillance capabilities are able

Providing For Homeland Security During The United States
Providing for homeland security in the United States requires protection from a diverse set of
threats. One prominent avenue of attack is via maritime routes, yet the nature of the coastal marine
space makes it extremely difficult to detect and intercept smuggling vessels. Many sensing
technologies exist for detection of seacraft, but there are few options for deployment of these
sensors. Currently, such sensors are deployed on various manned vessels, tethered buoys, and
aircraft. Development and testing of purpose built anti–submarine systems such as DARPA's ASW
Continuous Trail Unmanned Vessel (ACTUV) (more colorfully known as the "ghost hunter"), is
underway but suffers from high cost.
The coastal marine space surrounding the United States is vast. Poor access to supporting resources
such as fuel or communications, means manned patrol vessels face challenges with monitoring
resolution, mission endurance, crew comfort, and information relay. A combination of low cost
autonomous vessels and buoys, both at the surface and underwater, can help mitigate these issues.
However, existing systems have varying capabilities that make each suited to particular types of
tasks.
Background
While smuggling via watercraft goes back thousands of years, only recently have smugglers used
submarine and low radar profile watercraft. The interception of the first submarine smuggling
narcotics in 2006 proved that intruding vessels are a real threat. Since that first detection, many
more similar

Pros And Cons Of Christopher Columbus
In 1492, Christopher Columbus began the voyage that would earn him the name as the most
successful failure in modern history. Columbus began his voyage as a Spanish explorer seeking a
new trade route to the East Indies with two caravels and one flagship. Additionally, Columbus
armed his fleet with eighty–eight crewmen. Columbus arrived at his supposed destination in
approximately three months after he first set sail in Spain. Columbus' arrival on land marked a
monumental stepping stone for European nations, Columbus had discovered the new world. Without
a doubt, Christopher Columbus experienced difficulties on his voyage due to his lack of access to
modern technological tools. Christopher Columbus would have most benefited from better ships,
weather gauging tools, and any form of communication. Therefore, if Christopher Columbus had the
resources available today, perhaps he would have landed in his desired destination and the
decimation of native civilizations may have been prevented. Christopher Columbus crossed the
oceans in three ships that were ill–suited for the voyage across the Atlantic. For example, these
explorers were archaic compared to the technology of new ships of the 20th century. In fact, the
ships Columbus used could sail up to eight knots in speed which led to the slow trek across the sea
(Christopher Columbus Ship). Today's ships can travel up to twenty–five knots (Are Modern Ships
Slower Than Sailing Ships? Probably Not). Columbus would have arrived

Evaluation Of A Seminar Report Essay
TITLE OF SEMINAR REPORT
Seminar Report
Submitted
By
Student's name
Reg. No: ................
Section:.....
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(A Constituent Institute of Manipal University)
MANIPAL–576 104
Month 2016
INTRODUCTION:
ECM:
An electronic countermeasure (ECM) is an electrical or electronic device intended to trick or
mislead radar, sonar or other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or lasers. It may be used both
offensively and cautiously to negate targeting data to an enemy. The system may make many
distinct targets appear to the opponent, or make the actual target appear to vanish or move about
indiscriminately. It is used efficiently to protect aircraft from guided missiles. Many air forces use
ECM to protect their airplane from attack. It has also been deployed by military ships and newly on
some cutting–edge tanks to fool laser guided missiles. It is frequently coupled with stealth advances
so that the ECM systems have an easier job. Offensive ECM often takes the form of jamming.
Defensive ECM includes using blip enhancement and jamming of missile terminal homers.
ACTIVE ECM:
It is a method which involves degradation of effectiveness of enemy equipment by transmitting
electromagnetic radiation. Which can be achieved by noise or deceptive jamming.

NOISE JAMMING:
The main function of noise jamming is to create an interference to the

Lisbon Airport : International Airport
Lisbon Portela Airport (IATA: LIS, ICAO: LPPT) is located 4.5 miles from city center of
Lisbon, Portugal. Lisbon Airport is an international airport that has grown over the years
fortifying the gateway to Europe, South America and Africa. The airport has two runways:
runway 03–21 (148ft x 12484ft) and runway 17–35 (148ft x 7874ft). Lisbon Airport has two
terminals, the main terminal: terminal 1, and terminal 2, where most of low cost carriers operate.
The airport serves as a hub for TAP Portugal, TAP Express, easyJet, and RyanAir (ANA, 2016)
Due to the proximity of to the city, Lisbon Airport has night time traffic restriction from 0000–
0600L due to noise abatement, however it is still open 24hours.
Figure 1– Routes out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Portugal's government agreed to sell
state–owned airport operator ANA–Aeroportos de Portugal SA to Vinci SA for 3.08 billion euros
($4.07 billion), raising money for the debt–strapped country. (Almeida, 2012) The privatization
of Lisbon Airport, and the new management, it was time to invest in the airport. The creation of
terminal 2 alleviated some of the issues, and the expansion of terminal 1 created space that
improved the fluidity and handling capacity and control of international passengers, and the
processing of luggage. TAP Portugal, and the other airlines continue to expand their routes thus
creating the need for Lisbon Airport to handle and accommodate more passengers. Due to the
current high volume of flights, many flights are currently boarded/de–boarded using hard stands.

The creation or relocation of Lisbon Airport is still an uncertainty, that would have to be
evaluated as the traffic and the movements grow.
7.3 – Airport and Airspace Case Study
4
As flights increases throughout the world, the management of airspace is much needed.
In 1999, Europe had foreseen that the rapid growth of the aviation industry would further
increase the number of flights thus congesting the airspace. In 1999 the European Commission
(EC) proposed the creation of a Single

Haarp Research Paper
HAARP.
Ever heard of it? Probably not, unless you just happen to live in Alaska. HAARP stands for the High
Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, which is an ionosphere research program that was
funded by a combination of the U.S. Air Force, the University of Alaska, the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the U.S. Navy. This information comes from their own
website.
Hold on... They are funded by DARPA? That's weird. What's a defense agency funding an
ionosphere research program? Are they considering HAARP a weapon? Hmm...
According to HAARP, their sole purpose is to "analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential
for developing ionosphere enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance."
Used in the facility are a combination of tools such as an IRI ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The VHF/UHF is used as return feedback from the excited atoms in the ionosphere. The digisonde
is used to target objects on a double three dimensional plane. As for the magnetometers, they
measure magnetization in the ionosphere to indicate polarity and charge amount.
The problem we have here is that we have a weapon that has been used for environmental warfare.
True, the main purpose the contractors had in mind was to detect anomalies in the ionosphere by
bursting it with energy, but if you just think back to science class, when you excite atoms, they
collide and after some duration of time, cause lots of heat. Of course, this is limited, but let's say you
want to play dangerous. Paired with doping agents like arsenic and boron (which happen to cause
Alzheimer's disease) in the atmosphere, you can turn the sky into a giant capacitor or circuit.
Have you ever seen a condensation trail from a plane (mainly jet) that persists in the sky? Unless
you are extremely high in the atmosphere, that is not normal. They are actually chemical trails from
dumping chemicals across the

Ultrasonography Research Paper
sonar that ships use. How ultrasonography works is that a device placed on the body will release
some high–frequency sound waves that will then record the sound waves' echoes. As these sound
waves bounce off of internal organs, they will intern locate the anatomical structures that are being
examined (Batdorf and Lacy). Ultrasonography completely depends on the user, meaning that only a
highly skilled and savvy professional can use this tool correctly (Finch). These professionals are
referred to as sonographers. Sonographers may deal with patients ranging from perfectly healthy to
close to death (Finch). Ultrasonography is mainly used for authenticating pregnancies and giving an
estimated date for the birth of the baby. Sonographers must have ... Show more content on
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A couple of examples are William Fry and Russell Meyers ("History"). William fry was working at
the University of Illinois while Russell Meyers was at the University of Iowa. They both performed
craniotomies where they used the high powered ultrasound to help patients suffering from
Parkinson's disease ("History"). William Fry also was working on improving the standards of
research and the standards on the medical instruments that were used at that time. In physical and
rehabilitation medicine, ultrasonic energy was starting to become used quite a bit. One of the many
men that were well known for doing this was Jerome Gersten. He worked at the University of
Colorado in 1953 and he used ultrasound to treat his patients who suffered from rheumatic arthritis
("History"). In the year 1940, H Gohr and Th. Wedekind exhibited their paper revealing the
possibility that an ultrasonic machine could be used as a diagnosis tool ("History"). They stated in
their paper that using ultrasonography to diagnose a patient would be able to reveal tumors,
abscesses, and such. Using ultrasonography, doctors would be able to treat their patients and would
be able to remove the tumors inside of them before they became a problem. Unfortunately for them,
however, they were unable to write any valid answers from the experiments that they had

Technology For Perceiving The Environment, Understanding...
Sensors Overview:
They are the key technology for perceiving the environment, Understanding the physical principle
enables appropriate use
Global Positioning System (GPS) Sensors:
GPS sensors are receivers with antennas that use a satellite–based navigation system with a network
of 24 satellites in orbit around the earth to provide position, speed , and time information.
The GPS was originally developed for use by the United States army, but in the 1980s, the United
States government allowed the system to be used for civilian people. Though the GPS satellite data
is free and works anywhere in the world.
By using the GPS sensor, you can get current information from the GPS receiver, such as (x) and (y)
coordinates, and velocity.
LIDAR SENSOR
Lidar (also called LIDAR, LiDAR, and LADAR) is a surveying method that measures distance to a
target by illuminating that target with a laser light. The name lidar, sometimes considered an
acronym of Light Detection And Ranging,(sometimes Light Imaging, Detection, And Ranging), was
originally a portmanteau of light and radar . Lidar is popularly used to make high–resolution maps,
with applications in geodesy geomatics , archaeology geography, geology, geomorphology,
seismology ,forestry atmospheric physics, laser guidance, airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM),
and laser altimetry. Lidar sometimes is called laser scanning and 3D scanning, with terrestrial, and
cellphones applications.
Lidar uses ultraviolet visible or near infrared

A Study On Radarsat 1
RADARSAT–1 was a satellite launched by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) in 1995 that
incorporated a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor operating in the C–band (frequency of 5.3
GHz). RADARSAT–1 stopped transmitting because of a technical problem in March 2013. The
RADARSAT–1 images were ordered from the Alaska Satellite Facility website
(www.asf.alaska.edu). The RADARSAT satellite was designed with seven SAR imaging beam
modes. Each beam mode offers a different areal coverage (from ~50 km x 50 km/scene to ~500 km
x 500 km/scene) and resolution (from 8 m to 100 m). The RADARSAT instrument also offers a
range of incidence angles from 10° – 59° allowing us to choose from a selection of beam positions
within each beam mode. RADARSAT–1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RADARSAT–1 was also implemented to provide data products for commercial applications such as
shipping, oil exploration, offshore oil drilling, and resource management. RADARSAT–1 has been
used to collect substantial and significant science data sets of Antarctica and Arctic sea ice. For this
study the 'Standard Mode' was used and the SAR images have a swath width of 100km and a spatial
resolution of about 25–30 m. For this research, images were selected in beam modes 1, 2, 3, and 5
(where the S denotes 'Standard Mode'), that provided lower incident angles between 20 – 42o in
descending mode.
For this research, nine RADARSAT–1 SAR images were acquired over the Ward Farm SCAN
region during summer period of 2007 while twenty one RADARSAT–1 SAR images were acquired
over the Nenana SCAN region during summer period of 2006. The choice for chosen the
RADARSAT–1 images was due to availability of the in–situ liquid water content, which allowed us
to calibrate and validate using the EA–IEM algorithm. Table 1 shows the main characteristics of the
RADARSAT–1 SAR images used in this study.
B. MEASURED LIQUID WATER CONTENT OBSERVATIONS
In–situ liquid water content observations are necessary to investigate both active microwave
remotely sensed and modelled liquid water content. The in–situ liquid water content measurements
that were used for this study are freely available on the Internet from

Military Communication System Essay
Military Communication System
Narsi Choudhary ,15116035
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee, INDIA narsijat1220@gmail.com Abstract–This document presents information about the
different types of communication systems used in a military for locating enemy's weapons, tracking
their fire and destroy it in Air, keeping eyes on enemy's movements, messaging to each other etc. In
earlier decades' communication were delivered by soldiers on foot. Later on revolution comes in
military communications system and the technology developed. RADARs are developed and used
in different areas of military purposes. In India many radars and satellites are developed by DRDO
and some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RADAR relies on its own transmission rather than light from other sources like sun, moon or EM
wave emitted by object themselves. This process of directing radio waves toward an object is known
as illumination.
Fig. 1. RADAR transmits and receives signal on a single antenna
III. CLASSIFICATION OF MILITARY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A. Weapon Locating Radar(WLR)
Weapon Locating Radars are generally used for detecting and locating enemies Artillery units by
tracking the trajectory of incoming shells and rounds. These Radars can also provide fire correction
to the friendly artillery units. Weapon locating radar is also able to track unguided missiles and
mortar shells fired by enemy. The concept behind this radar is to estimate the distance of shell by
calculating time difference and angular resolution between two consecutive waves received. Some
Indian weapon locating radar are–
'Swathi' Weapon Locating Radar– this radar is a mobile artillery locating phased array radar. This is
designed to detect and track incoming rocket and artillery fire to determine point of counter firing
weapon. And in secondary role it can also track the fall of shot fired from friendly guns. This is an
array radar so the antenna does not move while in operation. This radar has capability to scan a +/–
45º range of azimuths for

Invisible Light In The Military
The military has many uses for what could be considered invisible light from the author's viewpoint.
From an operational perspective, the military could use shortwave infrared (IR) goggles that work at
the .65 and 2–micron range to effectively see at night which is about two times that of visible light
that is at the .038 to .070–micron range. Other uses of invisible light are for heat seeking infrared
sensors that lock onto very hot targets such as aircraft exhaust, building electrical and heating
systems, and even campfires used by advisories on cold nights. One of the best uses of invisible
light is its employment in aerial remote sensing. When an IR sensor is deployed on an aircraft for
intelligence gathering purposes it is commonly referred

Radar Is An Electromagnetic System For Detection And...
Chapter–1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 RADAR: Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of reflecting
objects such as aircraft, ships, space craft, vehicles, people, and the natural environment. It operates
by radiating energy into space and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object, or target. The
reflected energy that is returned to the radar not only indicates the presence of a target, but by
comparing the received echo signal that was transmitted, its location can be determined along with
the target–related information. In RADAR the transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal that is
radiated into space by an antenna. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.1.2 ESM Systems:
Sanket is an Electronic Support Measures (ESM) system is used to intercepts, analyses and
identifies radar signals operating in the frequency range and displays the radar parameters along
with Direction of arrival on the display. The information displayed includes Frequency, Pulse Width,
Pulse Repetition Frequency, Direction of Arrival, Antenna Scan Period, Amplitude etc, The system
is configured to suit the different Indian Ships. The main function of Sanket system is to measure
bearing accuracy with the highest accuracy which is very critical. The system uses amplitude
comparison technique to measure bearing accuracy at any frequency in the operating frequency
range. DF receiver subsystem is used to measure bearing of the received signal.
The DF measurement is based on amplitude comparison technique. The intercepted pulse amplitude
is compared among the adjacent DF channels after the channel mismatch is computed and corrected
and the DOA is computed. The technique essentially consists of finding the first and second
maximums over the channels and the ratio of these two provides the required DF value. The pattern
difference between the two adjacent channels is computed at the bore–sight and the crossover angles
from which the DOA values are computed. The antenna pattern and channel matching is key
parameters for calculating the final DOA. The DF accuracy depends on the channel mismatch and
antenna patterns.
The channel mismatch can be reduced

Maritime Tracking Surveillance Radar Essay
The proposed maritime Tracking Surveillance Radar (TSR) onboard of SPS stations, such as airship
or High Altitude Platforms (HAP) or specialized aircraft known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(UAV), can comprise several sectored observations beams (a, b, c and d), which permanently turn
around can use the left or right side turning, and can provide scanning of water surface as shown in
Figure 1.
Such tracking system is capable to provide observation of strictly round area with certain diameter
and detecting of the targets (vessels) in determined sector (sectored detecting of target is delineated
in the third subsection) of this round area. This system can be exploited with different quantity and
combination of observation beams as follows: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The shadowed area is occurred as result of sophisticated shape of footprint of the observations
beams and in the shadowed area detecting of targets are impossible. Ideally the shape of footprint
for such purpose must be as a sector of circle, it means must have shape of three–angle. However,
the real shape of radiation pattern for such system that can really be implemented is close to the
rectangular or trapezium shapes, which is illustrated in Figure 2. At this point, such shape as
trapezium is self–overlapped during its rotation, and hence as result of rotation this area becomes
ambiguous for determination of target. Therefore, length of space radar observation beams must be
technically limited at the centre as much as possible to prevent self–overlapping of the observation
beams. The square of the shadowed area is relatively small comparing to the square of entire
observation area. Thus, it can be selected optionally by designer depends on the size of width of the
observation beam and diameter of observation area.
Fig. 2. Footprint Shapes of Observations Beams [1]
This radar system provides detecting and tracking of targets that occurred in two stages: 1. First
stage is to detect ships or some moving targets without certain coordinates that occurred with help
of the four main observation beams "a", "b", "c" and "d" as illustrated in Figure 2. As was written
above the number of observations beams can be automatically

Innovation Of War Research Paper
The Innovation of War
War is an unforgettable event in our history, but through them, they can create some great
opportunities to better the future. There have been some remarkable inventions as a byproduct of
war, and that has in turn revolutionized our way of life in communication, transportation, and
medicine. Many of your everyday items were develop during a time of war, mainly because war has
always been an accelerator for technological advancements. It brings the research phase to the
utilization phase of production to happen quicker. Most of the things we take for granted today have
come from top military research developments; that at the time, were war–winning technologies,
such as plastic and nylon. These materials were use in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of those innovations were soon transition into the civilian sector to become one of the best
all–terrain vehicles in US, the Jeep.
In WWII, the Jeep was and still to this day is a true work horse and decorative war hero machine.
The Jeep was a lightweight, 60 horsepower, and four–wheel drive vehicle with the max speed of 65
miles per hour. After grueling tests, the Army fell in love with the vehicle. Soldiers shorted the name
of General Purpose to GP or Jeep. The Jeep name stuck but the vehicle rarely did. The vehicle
helped the Army go mechanized to where ever the enemy was. The Jeep had many purposes such as
reconnaissance vehicle, assault vehicle, cargo and even medical evacuation vehicles. The Jeep
became a symbol of WWII. General Eisenhower said at the end of the war, "there were three
weapons that were decisive to victory, and the Jeep was one of them".
Just like in every war, there are some down falls. A country's natural resource is amongst its greatest
asset. The United States is bless with a great quantity of reserves, such as steel and petroleum. The
United States, at the beginning part of WWII, caught off guard by one resource shortage that
without we could not win the war. Rubber was one of the strategic materials in WWII that made it
the first mechanize mobile war ever. After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese capture Singapore, which was
the United Sates number one ally for natural rubber. The loss of Singapore brought the Nation to its
first real

Future Of Sensors : A Study Conducted By Intechno Consulting
Future of sensors
Trends
A study conducted by Intechno Consulting [ ] shows that the non–military, open market for sensors
grew from EUR 81.6 billion in 2006 to EUR 119.4 billion in 2011 and can be expected to grow to
EUR 184.1 billion until 2016. This equates to an annual average growth of 8.5%. Of the EUR 184.4
billion EUR global market for sensors in 2016, 9.7% will go to the machinery industries, 8.9% to
the process industries, and 22.8% to the vehicle industries including airplanes, ships and rail
vehicles.
The figures below show the declining market shares of Western Europe, in spite of Germany's
strong overall position in the sensors market. The main reason for this is the fact that Western
European sensor buyers are found mostly in the established industries, while the USA and Japan
lead in information and communication technology–the main growth sector for the future sensors
markets.
Figure 5: Forecast of the Non–Military Open World Market for Sensors until 2016: Subdivision by
Regions [26]
This is also confirmed in a survey conducted by PwC [ ], where respondents from Asia were more
likely to say their companies are investing in sensors, followed closely by Latin America. On the
other hand, North American respondents were least likely to say their companies are investing in
sensors and they have no plans to close the global gap. Asia (26%) and Africa (18%) expect to
invest more in sensors while only 8% of respondents from European companies and 7% of

Introduction Of Stealth Technology : Technology
INTRODUCTION OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY:
Most of the common people would be unaware of this technology and they would first ask what is
this technology? Stealth technology is that technology which covers the range of technology which
is used by defence men, air craft 's, missiles, satellites so that they become invisible to the radar ,
infrared, solar and other detection methods.
It is combination of technologies that aims to reduce the distances at which a vehicle or a person can
be detected especially radar cross section reduction.
RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS) REDUCTION– Various methods have been tried to minimize
radar detection since the invention of radar. Due to the increased awareness of stealth vehicles and
the technologies, development of means to detect stealth vehicles was provided. However
development of low RCS is the desire of most of the countries because they are advantageous in
detection range deduction.
HISTORY OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY:
Like every single technology stealth technology have also the back ground or the history. The
development of stealth technology started in 1958, in United States who were trying to prevent the
radar detection of its U–2 spy planes from the soviet union during the cold war .However that was
unsuccessful .This made the designers to develop a particular shape for the planes that will reduce
the detection of planes. The 1st stealth submarines were the U–boat U–480.The HORTEN HO229
flying wing was

Binary Data Analysis
Satellite sensors send bits of binary data to ground stations on Earth for processing into useful
meteorological and environmental information enabling enhanced decision making capabilities.
Thereby, preventing injuries and fatalities, preserving assets, and reducing time delays. Binary data
are comprised of zeroes and ones. One bit contains either a "0" or a "1". A single bit, in and of itself,
does not have a lot of value until it is used. The same is true of information. Information does not
have value until it is utilized.
Prior attempts to value information have used deterministic methods. However, these methods have
been less than successful. There tends to be a level of uncertainty associated with information, and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This framework can be used to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of various types of data
sources in relation to other types of data sources. For instance, how does data from buoys
contributes to forecast accuracy versus data ingested from microwave, satellite sensors versus
measurements obtained from radio occultation sensors versus observations from sondes, etc. The
framework can be applied at the macro or micro–level. Although macro–level uses should be
considered a rough order of magnitude. It is important when doing comparisons that the data is
normalized at the lowest level possible (ideally bits) is used. Consistent, standardized data is
required for this type of analysis.
Dollarizing the results is optional. Pegging the results to a currency will provide a benchmark for
accessing the value of meteorological and environmental information enabling better valuation
assessments from source to source and program to program. The pegging can be altered as better
insights are gained from actual results. In this case, the data were pegged to a less volatile digital
currency. The currency is less stable than the dollar (currently), but then information downlinked
from satellites is less stable than the words printed in a book. The selected digital currency has been
tested as a valid method for transmitting data and conducting transactions. In addition, pegging to a

Environmental Plans And Wildlife Management Programs
As discussed in previous projects, an airport is a significant element in any community. This
element has a direct and an indirect impact on the community. With the establishment of an airport,
many businesses start to facilitate the construction works. After operating the airport, many
businesses start to facilitate the airport's operations. In addition, the airport itself hires staff to run
the business. Moreover, airports contribute to the surrounding communities. Thus, the existing of an
airport might be harmful to the environment and the wildlife around the airport. Therefore, many
airport authorities utilize environmental plans and wildlife management programs. On the other
hand, wildlife is a hazard for airports in some cases. For the FAA, wildlife strikes is one of the
increasing issues in airports safety (Greenberger, 2013). From 1988 till 2012, more than 219 people
were killed and more than 200 aircrafts were destroyed (Greenberger, 2013). Therefore, wildlife
management plans are beneficial for wildlife and the airport operations. In other words, wildlife
plans mitigate the risks for wildlife around airfields and mitigate the wildlife of concern risk for
airplanes. In 2012 during the approach of Air Force Two at Santa Barbra Airport in California, a bird
stroked the airplane. Another bird strike happened during the landing of an Airbus 300 at Tulsa
International airport, which caused damaged to the wing and engine that cost about $ 6 millions
(Greenberger,

Advanced Technology Research Paper
As the human race advances more towards the future, we are able to discover more about our past
and better preserve our people and culture. Multiple technological advances allow different
researchers and explorers to excavate our past and predict the environmental future. The different
types of technology include an underwater "mailbox system", Dropsonde Hurricane Sensors, and
the Light Detection and Ranging technique (LIDAR). In addition, the most advanced technology
these "hunters" have access to today is the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology. GPR is the
most advanced technology because of it's increased efficency and versitality when exploring ruins
and searching for artifacts.
Ground Penetrating Radar is more efficent for researchers and explorers due to the increased
scanning size, less time spent on manual labor, and the decrease in resources required to explore
archeological sites. NASA scientists compare the GPR technology to that of "pushing a
lawnmower" in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The radar can be used to scan underground allowing it to be helpful in underground excavations and
possibly in underwater explorations. In Article Three, an image provided shows the GPR technology
that was used to excavate building remains in Petra, Jordon (De Los Santos, GPR Image). Another
example of underground excavations is the NASA scientists use of GPR in Gordion to excavate
tombs and artifacts, an area which has been "occupied for more than 4,000 years." (De Los Santos,
11). A second versatile option for GPR is progressing the technology to be used by underwater
treasure hunters. A common problem with treasure hunting is Florida's preferation of "shipwrecks to
remain undisturbed" (Key, 11). However, through the advancement of GPR technology the artifacts
could be identified without disturbing the shipwreck. GPR technology is more versatile due to it's
uses both underground and

1.2 What Is An Echo Essay
Year 9 Physics 2015 Name : shani Lewis Date: 21.08.2015
Q Marks
1 2 What is an echo? Explain why an empty room will produce one? [2 marks]
An echo is a reflection of sound, arriving at the listener sometime after the direct sound. A true echo
is a single reflection of the sound source. The time delay is the extra distance divided by the speed
of sound.
2 5 Explain how sonar works and why it is useful. Provide at least one diagram or picture. [5 marks]
Sonar is simply making use of an echo. When an animal or machine makes a noise, it sends sound
waves into the environment around it. Those waves bounce off nearby objects, and some of them
reflect back to the object that made the noise. 3 5 Pick an example of radar and explain how ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Children can generally hear higher–pitched sounds than their parents, because our ability to hear
high frequencies gets worse as we get older.) Speaking more scientifically, we could say that the
sounds we can perceive have a frequency ranging from 20–20,000 hertz (Hz). A hertz is a
measurement of how often something vibrates and 1 Hz is equal to one vibration each second. The
human voice makes sounds ranging from a few hundred hertz to a few thousand hertz. Ultrasound is
usually used to track progress on things such as an unborn child's growth whilst in the womb, or
growth of cancer tumours and much more.
5 3 Describe ONE of the following: Sonagraph, 3D ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound [3 marks]
3D ultrasound is a medical ultrasound technique, often used in obstetric ultrasonography (during
pregnancy), providing three–dimensional images of the fetus. There are several different scanning
modes in medical and obstetric ultrasound. The standard common obstetric diagnostic mode is 2D
scanning.[1] In 3D fetal scanning, however, instead of the sound waves being sent straight down
and reflected back, they are sent at different angles.
5 Bibliography: (source for each

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Miss Distance
In the external guidance problem, the chief contributors to the miss distance are shown in figure (2–
6) as mentioned in reference [35]:
Fig. (2–6). The main reasons of miss distance
The first reason is the heading error which is defined as the angle represents the deviation of the
missile's velocity vector from the collision course. When the initial value of the heading error is
different from zero, the missile tries to compensate the difference and this attempt causes a delay for
sitting on the collision course. So, this contributes positively to the miss distance at the termination
of the engagement. Another significant reason of the miss distance is the target maneuver.
Compared to a stationary target, it is more difficult first to detect and then to track a moving target
[36].
Moreover, the disturbing effects such as the noises affecting the electro–optical part of the seeker
and the radome refraction that occurs depending on the shape of the radome cause the seeker to
generate the target information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately TVM has some limitations. For example, the data link could be suffer from jamming.
Conversely, it is not occur with an active homing missile. Furthermore, this technique utilizes the
ground radar to keep the target illuminated throughout the engagement. Thus, the aircraft equipped
with anti–radiation missiles could detect and engage the SAM radar. Another drawback is that the
missile must depend on the ground radar for guidance, so if the target hides behind hill, thus the
missile cannot be able to detect reflected wave from the target which causes losing tracking of
target. Some examples of missiles that use this kind of guidance are the Russian S–300PS, S–300F,
S300–PMU, anti–aircraft, and anti–Cruise missile . Figure (2–12) shows the launcher of S–300
system. Fig.(2–12) S–300

Binary Data Essay
Conclusion
Satellite sensors send bits of binary data to ground stations on Earth for processing into useful
meteorological and environmental information enabling enhanced decision making capabilities.
Thereby, preventing injuries and fatalities, preserving assets, and reducing time delays. Binary data
are comprised of zeroes and ones. One bit contains either a "0" or a "1". A single bit, in and of itself,
does not have a lot of value until it is used. The same is true of information. Information does not
have value until it is utilized.
Prior attempts to value information have used deterministic methods. However, these methods have
been less than successful. There tends to be a level of uncertainty associated with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This framework can be used to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of various types of data
sources in relation to other types of data. For instance, how does data from buoys contributes to
forecast accuracy versus data ingested from microwave, satellite sensors versus measurement
obtained from radio occultation sensors versus observations from sondes, etc. The framework can be
applied at the macro or micro–level. Although macro–level uses should be considered a rough order
of magnitude. In addition, pegging to a digital currency facilitates comparison of international
sensor data, and provides a mechanism for evaluating the potential reliance on non–domestic
sources of information. It can also be used as a tool to evaluate "make or buy" decision. It is
important when doing comparisons that the data is normalized at the lowest level possible (ideally
bits). Consistently standardized data is required for this type of analysis.
Dollarizing the results is optional. Pegging the results to a currency will provide a benchmark for
accessing the value of meteorological and environmental information enabling better valuation
assessments from source to source and program to program. The pegging can be altered as better
insights are gained from actual results. In this case, the data was pegged to a less volatile digital
currency. The currency is less stable than the

How Do Airspeed Indicators And Altimeters Work?
Robert M. Carton
Principles of Accident Causation
March 12, 2017
APT #10
1. How do airspeed indicators and altimeters work?
Both airspeed indicators and altimeters are relatively similar to one another. The airspeed indicator
utilizes and receives data from the pitot tube and the static port on an aircraft. In short the air
pressure is collected by the pitot tube is compared to the static air pressure to give the pilot an
accurate indication of how fast the aircraft is moving. The pitot tube has a small whole in the front
and a small whole in the back. It collects ram air pressure from the small hole in the front as it
moves through the air. The ram air is directed to the diaphragm (like a balloon) inside of the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A radar altimeter uses a C band at 4.3 gigahertz. Radar altimeters are usually in uses when the
aircraft is flying at low altitudes (2,500 ft. and below). The difference between the two is one uses
frequencies and the other uses static air (Kirchhoff, 2011).
Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 crashed on February 25, 2009 due to a faulty radio altimeter and pilot
error. The radio altimeter started producing faults during the final segment of the flight when the
aircraft was roughly 2,000 feet above the ground. The captain's altimeter instantly changed from
1950 ft. to –8 ft. Because the pilots had auto throttles engaged and the aircraft believed it was
getting reading to touch down. Therefore, the auto throttles reduced power to retard mode. Retard
mode is where the auto throttles automatically reduce power to the engines in preparation to
touching down. The pilots noticed the auto throttles reduced power so the first officer manually
increased the throttles to maintain appropriate speed to finish the final approach. However, since the
first officer failed to hold the throttle lever in position the throttles automatically went back to idle
speed. The aircraft stayed at idle speed (100 seconds) until 490 feet above the ground, were the stick
shaker was activated indicating the aircraft was about to stall. When the stick shaker was activated
the auto throttles advanced to full throttle but

Radar, Detection And Detection
INTRODUCTION: Radar is an acronym and is known as Radar Detection And Ranging. Radar
system is used to detect the range or velocity of an object by using radio waves. Radar is a detection
system for an object which uses radio waves to detect range, angle and velocity of objects. Radar
uses radio waves or microwaves which reflects back from any object in their path. Radar transmitter
and receiver typically has same system which determines the object properties by receiving and
processing these reflected waves.
Radar system was developed by several nations at the period of second world war. In 1940, by the
united states navy the name RADAR is given.
HISTORY AND INVENTION:
In the early stages of radar 1886, a German physicist known as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He also got a patent for telemobiloscope in September 1904. This operates on 50cm wavelength and
pulsed radar signal created using a spark gap.
The two researchers called A Hoyt Taylor and Leo C.Young in 1922,working in U.S. navy , had both
transmitter and receiver for the Potomac river on opposite sides and found that the ship passing
through the beam path caused the receiver signal to fade in and fade out. So that, Taylor submitted
this report, specifying that this system can be used to detect the presence of objects in lower
visibility but the navy did not continue the work immediately. Lawrence A. Hyland at naval research
laboratory after 8 years observed the same fading effects passing from an aircraft which led to the
patent and also for a serious proposal of work from moving targets on radio echo signals.
In December 1934, full radar evolved as a pulsed system and was demonstrated by the American
Robert M. Page. Although many scientists tried to develop RADAR but the best known was Robert
Watson–wat, Scottish physicist. He worked for Britain's Meteorological office during first world
war helped them use the radio waves detecting storms which are approaching. During second world
war along with watt his assistant Arnold wilkins realized that they can use this technology and
developed to detect approaching enemy aircrafts.
PRINCIPLE OF OPEATION:
Radar operates on the electronic principle which is very same as

The Radar and World War II
How did the development of the radar during World War II help the United States during the Pacific
War? This investigation evaluates the development of naval radar technology during the WWII and
how the improvements of the radar helped the US to succeed in the war. To see the change
throughout the years, the essay will include the radar before the WWII. The time period will during
1900–1945. Radar was researched by the British in the 1930s as a means to track migratory birds
using radio waves to bounce off objects back to a receiver. The length of time it takes that radio
signal to be sent then received gives you some idea of how far away the object is. It was not a
scientific tool as designed, but the Royal Air Force saw it might be able to be used to locate aircraft
– they formed a committee to investigate that, and RDF (radio detection finding) was born which
was later abbreviated to radar.
The two sources used in the essay are For Better or for Worse: The Marriage of Science and
Government in the United States and The war in the Pacific: From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay by
Harry A. Gailey will be evaluated for their purpose, value, and limitations. The essay focuses on
how the developments of the radar affected the naval radar use by US during World War II. I will
discuss how the ideas of the radar came about in Europe and later moved to the US. The essay
consists of analysis of how it was used to aid the US on the battlefield against the Japanese and how
it was developed

How Aviation Industry Influenced By Information System Essay
AVIATION INDUSTRY
How aviation industry influenced by information system?
1. History:
Aviation industry evolved after the World war 3 almost at 1950. With the passage of time many
advancement and changes occurred in this industry. But one of the most technical and informative
changes that occurs in late nineties was the GPS and TCAS in the aircraft. At that time there was no
much paper work in this industry to plan and integrate with others. But as the technology spread and
new advancement became aviation industry also adopted it. Much other advancement which
industry adopted was GBAS and ILS. But on the other hand industry have done much paper work at
airport building to reduce this many new modules were adopted. When industry was not highly
advanced people didn't trust to fly because there was the much risk of accidents.
2. Introduction: Aviation is currently the fastest growing industry in the world. 75% of the total
industry is owned by private companies mainly in the domestic markets. The aviation industry is
growing at compound annual growth rate of 15%. Airline companies lease or own their aircrafts are
into alliance with other companies with mutual benefits.
The aviation industry provides air transport services for passengers and cargo. The industry is
categorized into domestic, international, intra–continental and intercontinental routes. Some
companies are only into passenger or freight transportation whereas some are in both in national
market and

Radar Research Papers
Radar
Militaries are successful when they are the first to spot the enemy. That is how battles were and still
are won. Radar projects a radio wave and receives information when the wave bounces off anything
in the sky or on the ground. Radar stands for Radio Detecting and Ranging. (Foley) before World
War II radar were secretly invented by a handful of countries. The name radar was invented by the
US and early 1940. (More) US Marines invented sonar which was underwater radar that worked
slightly different but I made it sound ptosis and receives those sound doses and measures the reflect
ding sound waves. This tells the system if there are submarines in the area. Another version of Radar
is Lidar which is the same thing just with light instead of radio waves. A good
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If you go into account why a quite cave and you yell, you may hear your voice coming back to you.
That's what the radar machine does. It Emmett emits that radiowave just like your yell, and it
interprets the waves when they bounced back to the machine. A radio wave is no electromagnetic
radiation. All radars have four main parts; the antenna, the indicator (which is a display screen), The
transmitter, and the receiver. These parts are used in the cycle. The cycle starts with the transmitter.
The transmitter amidst the way. The waves can travel for miles and when it reaches the target, the
wave Downs is back to the radio system and is detected by the antenna and get sent to the receiver.
The receiver then take the information and it Hanses it. The information is commonly displayed on
the screen called the indicator that displays the data. Most indicators are ppi indicators, also known
as Plan Position Indicators. This is virtual map that has in the center of the location of the radar and
will display the target according to its proximity to the radar system. The position of the target is
called

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