Function of cardiovascular system

1. Submitted by-
Munesh Kumar Singh
M.Tech.(ICE) Ist yr
Reg.No-136323

2.  Human body Subsystem.
 Cardiovascular system.
 Structure and Functioning of Heart.
 Blood flow.
 Cardiac cycle
 Electrical activity

3.  Biochemical System
 Cardiovascular System
 Respiratory System
 Muscular System

4.  Communication and transportation
-Blood
-Cardiovascular System
-Nervous System
-Lymphatic System
 Intake and waste Disposal
-Respiratory System
-Digestive System
-Urinal System

5.  Protection and Survival
-Skin
-Immune System
-Skeletal
-Muscular System
-Reproduction System

6.  A closed system of the heart and blood
vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
 The function of the cardiovascular
system is to deliver oxygen and
nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide
and other waste products

7.  Location
Thorax between the lungs
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
 About the size of your fist

9.  Pericardium – a double serous
membrane
Visceral pericardium
Next to heart
Parietal pericardium
Outside layer
 Serous fluid fills the space between the
layers of pericardium

10.  Three layers
 Epicardium
 Outside layer
 This layer is the parietal pericardium
 Connective tissue layer
 Myocardium
 Middle layer
 Mostly cardiac muscle
 Endocardium
 Inner layer
 Endothelium

12. Four chambers
 Right and left side act as separate pumps
 Atria
 Receiving chambers
 Right atrium
 Left atrium
 Ventricles
 Discharging chambers
 Right ventricle
 Left ventricle

14.  Allow blood to flow in only one direction
 Four valves
 Atrioventricular valves – between atria and
ventricles
 Bicuspid valve (left)
 Tricuspid valve (right)
 Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery
 Pulmonary semilunar valve
 Aortic semilunar valve

17.  Aorta
 Leaves left ventricle
 Pulmonary arteries
 Leave right ventricle
 Vena cava
 Enters right atrium
 Pulmonary veins (four)
 Enter left atrium

18.  Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way

19.  Special tissue sets the pace
 Sinoatrial node
 Pacemaker
 Atrioventricular node
 Atrioventricular bundle
 Bundle branches
 Purkinje fibers

20.  Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node
 Sequential stimulation occurs at other
autorhythmic cells

23.  Atria contract simultaneously
 Atria relax, then ventricles contract
 Systole = contraction
 Diastole = relaxation

24.  Cardiac cycle – events of one complete
heart beat
 Mid-to-late diastole – blood flows into
ventricles
 Ventricular systole – blood pressure builds
before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
 Early diastole – atria finish re-filling, ventricular
pressure is low

25.  Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each side of
the heart in one minute
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume
[SV])
 Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle
in one contraction

27.  Blood Pressure
 Electrocardiogram
 Stress Test
 Angiography

28.  Measure of fluid pressure within system
 Systolic Pressure: Pressure generated by contraction
 Diastolic Pressure: Pressure achieved between
contractions. SBP reflects the amount of work the
heart is performing
 DBP indicates the amount of peripheral resistance
encountered
 Arterial pressure increases with age, DBP more
than SBP
 With aging, major blood vessels increase in rigidity

29.  Measure of the electrical activity of the heart

32.  ECG during Exercise

33.  Cardiac catheterization
 Inject dye into heart
 X-ray to examine blockages

34.  Bipolar lead (Three leads):-
lead I = left arm minus right arm (LA–RA)
lead II = left leg minus right arm (LL–RA)
lead III = left leg minus left arm (LL–LA)
Lead ll =Lead l + Lead lll (called Einthoven triangle)

36.  Unipolar leads These have an exploring electrode
placed on a chosen site linked with an indifferent
electrode with a very small potential.
 Unipolar Chest leads
V1, the fourth intercostals space just to the right of the
sternum
V2, the fourth intercostals space just to the left of the
sternum
V3, midway between V2 and V4
V4, the fifth intercostals space in the midclavicular line
V5, the left anterior axillaries line at the same horizontal level
as V4
V6, the left midaxillary line at the same horizontal level as
V4.