Chapter 7 Slideshow

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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
THE AMERICAN JOURNEYTHE AMERICAN JOURNEY
A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATESA HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
The First Republic
1776-1789
7

The First RepublicThe First Republic
1776-17891776-1789
• The New Order of Republicanism
• Problems at Home
• Diplomatic Weaknesses
• Toward a New Union
• Conclusion

The illustration on this 1783 map of the UnitedThe illustration on this 1783 map of the United
States pairs George Washington on the left withStates pairs George Washington on the left with
Liberty and Benjamin Franklin on the rightLiberty and Benjamin Franklin on the right

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• What were the most significant
weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation?
• How did economic problems lead to
political conflict in the 1780s?
• What steps did Britain and Spain take to
block American expansion?

Learning Objectives (cont'd)Learning Objectives (cont'd)
• Which groups in American society were
most likely to support the Constitution?
Why?

The New Order of RepublicanismThe New Order of Republicanism

Defining the PeopleDefining the People
• The central tenet of republicanism was the
people were sovereign.
• Republicanism also suggested that
political rights should be limited to those
who owned property because economic
self-sufficiency was considered necessary
for informed political judgment.

Defining the People (cont'd)Defining the People (cont'd)
• Republicanism limited political
participation to propertied adult white men,
approximately 60–85 percent of all adult
white men.

Women and the RevolutionWomen and the Revolution
• The traditional patriarchal assumptions
that politics was a male domain did not
change. Women were considered a
dependent class.
• Though some women protested their
status, only New Jersey extended the
suffrage to women and that was rescinded
in 1807.

Women and the Revolution (cont’d)Women and the Revolution (cont’d)
• Women did benefit from slightly less
restrictive divorce laws, somewhat greater
access to education and business, and a
higher moral status.
 Suffrage
- The right to vote in a political election.

With the exception of New Jersey, where womenWith the exception of New Jersey, where women
meeting the property qualifications were eligible tomeeting the property qualifications were eligible to
vote, the state constitutions of the Revolutionary eravote, the state constitutions of the Revolutionary era
prohibited women from voting.prohibited women from voting.

The Revolution and African AmericansThe Revolution and African Americans
in the Southin the South
• The Revolution stimulated the growth of
free black communities and the
development of African American culture.
• One in ten African Americans in slavery
gained their freedom.

FIGURE 7–1 Growth of the Free BlackFIGURE 7–1 Growth of the Free Black
Population between 1750 and 1800Population between 1750 and 1800

Northern Blacks and the RevolutionNorthern Blacks and the Revolution
• Most northern states gradually abolished
slavery but African Americans struggled
against racial prejudice.
 Natural rights
- Political philosophy that maintains that individuals
have an inherent right, found in nature and
preceding any government or written law, to life
and liberty.

Phillis Wheatley was an acclaimed African-Phillis Wheatley was an acclaimed African-
American poet.American poet.

Richard Allen, a former slave inRichard Allen, a former slave in
Pennsylvania who purchased his freedomPennsylvania who purchased his freedom
in the 1770s, was a co-founder in 1787in the 1770s, was a co-founder in 1787
of the Free African Society inof the Free African Society in
Philadelphia and later a bishop in thePhiladelphia and later a bishop in the
African Methodist Episcopal Church.African Methodist Episcopal Church.

The Revolution’s Impact onThe Revolution’s Impact on
Native AmericansNative Americans
• Most Native Americans stayed neutral
during the Revolution but sought to free
themselves from American domination.
• Territorial demands on the Native
Americans escalated.
• To combat the growing pressure of white
Americans, Native Americans forged new
alliances.

The Revolution’s Impact onThe Revolution’s Impact on
Native Americans (cont'd)Native Americans (cont'd)
• In the 1780s, imperial rivalries continued
to allow Native Americans to play the
United States and European colonial
powers off against each other.

The State ConstitutionsThe State Constitutions
• New state constitutions were in place by
1777 and were written documents that
curbed the power of governors and
strengthened legislatures.
• The new state constitutions weakened the
traditional ties between church and state
for the support of religion.

The State Constitutions (cont'd)The State Constitutions (cont'd)
• Radicals and conservatives held differing
visions of republicanism. Radicals wanted
all male citizens to participate in
government. Conservatives wanted limited
government by substantial property
holders.
• Conservatives ruled in South Carolina and
restricted suffrage to approximately 10
percent of white males.

The State Constitutions (cont'd)The State Constitutions (cont'd)
• Radicals ruled in Pennsylvania where all
free males who paid taxes could vote.
 Bill of Rights
- A written summary of inalienable rights and
liberties.

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation
• The Articles of Confederation delegated
extremely limited powers to the central
government. It was predicated on
protecting the freedoms for which the
Revolution was fought from oppressive,
centralized power.
• Congress was the sole national authority
but constitutional safeguards made it
impossible to to threaten state interests.

The Articles of Confederation (cont'd)The Articles of Confederation (cont'd)
• Congress was primarily responsible for
foreign policy and national defense.
• The issue of western lands hindered
ratification of the Articles until 1781.
 Articles of Confederation
- Written document setting up the loose
confederation of states that comprised the first
national government of the United States from
1781 to 1788.

MAP 7–1 Cession of Western Lands by theMAP 7–1 Cession of Western Lands by the
StatesStates

Problems at HomeProblems at Home

The Fiscal CrisisThe Fiscal Crisis
• The United States and the states had
incurred heavy debts during the
Revolution.
• A group of nationalists wanted to
strengthen the national government and
reduce state power. Robert Morris
organized a Bank of North America to hold
government funds, make loans to the
government, and issue paper money.

The Fiscal Crisis (cont'd)The Fiscal Crisis (cont'd)
• Morris wanted Congress to assume
payment of the national debt but that
required Congress gaining the power to
tax. He proposed a constitutional
amendment for a national impost or tariff
but it failed.
 Nationalists
- Group of leaders in the 1780s who spearheaded
the drive to replace the Articles of Confederation
with a stronger central government.

This invitation in 1784 to discuss plans for a newThis invitation in 1784 to discuss plans for a new
bank led to the founding of the Bank of New Yorkbank led to the founding of the Bank of New York
by Alexander Hamilton.by Alexander Hamilton.

Economic DepressionEconomic Depression
• After the war, Britain kept its markets
closed to American goods, hoping to keep
the United States weak and dependent.
• British merchants flooded the American
market with cheap consumer goods but
ultimately required payment in hard
currency.
• Foreign loans were the United States’ only
source of hard money.

Economic Depression (cont'd)Economic Depression (cont'd)
• Prevailing economic conditions led to an
immense bubble of credit that burst in
1784 triggering a depression that lasted
the remainder of the decade.

FIGURE 7–2 American Exports to and ImportsFIGURE 7–2 American Exports to and Imports
from Britain between 1783 and 1789from Britain between 1783 and 1789

Depicted here in a folding fan, theDepicted here in a folding fan, the Empress of ChinaEmpress of China
was the first American ship to undertake anwas the first American ship to undertake an
extensive trading voyage to China.extensive trading voyage to China.

The Economic Policies of the StatesThe Economic Policies of the States
• Artisans, merchants, and workers pushed
for tariffs against British goods to
encourage domestic manufacturing and to
protect jobs and wages.
• Northern state legislatures passed tariffs,
but the lack of a uniform, national policy
rendered them ineffective.

The Economic Policies of theThe Economic Policies of the
States(cont'd)States(cont'd)
• Tariff policies raised sectional tensions
between northern and southern states.
Southern agrarian states favored free
trade policies.
• The most bitter divisions were between
debtors and creditors. Shays’ Rebellion in
1786 showed the seriousness of this
issue.

The Economic Policies of theThe Economic Policies of the
States(cont'd)States(cont'd)
 Shays’s Rebellion
- An armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in
western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786–
1787. The rebellion shut down courts and created
a crisis atmosphere, strengthening the case of
nationalists that a stronger central government
was needed to maintain civil order in the states.

Armed with long muskets equipped withArmed with long muskets equipped with
bayonets, Shays’s supporters are depictedbayonets, Shays’s supporters are depicted
here gathering on the steps of ahere gathering on the steps of a
courthouse in western New England incourthouse in western New England in
1786.1786.

Congress and the WestCongress and the West
• Congress took several steps to establish
jurisdiction in the West, including
negotiating a series of treaties with Native
Americans to gain their land, and passed
several ordinances to organize the
settlement of western lands.
• Thomas Jefferson wrote the Northwest
Ordinance that included an antislavery
clause.

Congress and the West (cont'd)Congress and the West (cont'd)
 Land Ordinance of 1785
- Act passed by Congress under the Articles of
Confederation that created the grid system of
surveys by which all subsequent public land was
made available for sale.
 Northwest Ordinance of 1787
- Legislation passed by Congress under the Articles
of Confederation that prohibited slavery in the
Northwest Territories and provided the model for
the incorporation of future territories into the
Union as coequal states.

Congress and the West (cont'd)Congress and the West (cont'd)
 Southwest Ordinance of 1790
- Legislation passed by Congress that set up a
government with no prohibition on slavery in U.S.
territory south of the Ohio River.

FIGURE 7–3 Land Ordinance of 1785FIGURE 7–3 Land Ordinance of 1785

Diplomatic WeaknessesDiplomatic Weaknesses

Impasse with BritainImpasse with Britain
• The Confederation Congress was unable
to resolve major differences with Great
Britain.
• Issues included prewar American debts
and treatment by the patriots of Loyalists
that the British used to maintain their hold
on western forts.

Spain and the Mississippi RiverSpain and the Mississippi River
• Spain refused to recognize the southern
and western United States boundaries,
denied United States free navigation of
the Mississippi River, and sought to exploit
the divided loyalties of westerners.

MAP 7–2 Disputed Territory in the WestMAP 7–2 Disputed Territory in the West
after the Treaty of Parisafter the Treaty of Paris

This portrait, sketched in about 1790 by JohnThis portrait, sketched in about 1790 by John
Trumbull, is the only known likeness ofTrumbull, is the only known likeness of
Alexander McGillivrayAlexander McGillivray

Toward a New UnionToward a New Union
• Nationalists saw that everywhere were
unsolved problems and portents of
disaster—the republic’s survival was at
stake. Fundamental actions needed to be
taken to address the situation.

Toward a New Union (cont'd)Toward a New Union (cont'd)
 Annapolis Convention
- Conference of state delegates at Annapolis,
Maryland, that issued a call in September 1786
for a convention to meet at Philadelphia in May
1787 to consider fundamental changes to the
Articles of Confederation.
 Constitutional Convention
- Convention that met in Philadelphia in 1787 and
drafted the Constitution of the United States.

Toward a New Union (cont'd)Toward a New Union (cont'd)
 Constitution of the United States
- The written document providing for a new central
government of the United States, drawn up at the
Constitutional Convention in 1787 and ratified by
the states in 1788.

The Road to PhiladelphiaThe Road to Philadelphia
• A meeting at George Washington’s Mount
Vernon estate began the movement for a
new constitution.
• The subsequent Annapolis Convention
was attended by nine states and called for
a constitutional convention in Philadelphia
in May 1787.
• All states except Rhode Island sent
delegates to the constitutional convention.

The Road to Philadelphia (cont'd)The Road to Philadelphia (cont'd)
• The delegates were largely lawyers, most
had served in the Confederation
Congress, over one-third had fought in the
Revolution, were extremely well-educated,
and wealthier than the average American.

The Convention at WorkThe Convention at Work
• Congress had authorized only a revision
of the Articles of Confederation, but the
delegates quickly moved to replace it.
• Their first action was to elect George
Washington unanimously as the
convention’s presiding officer.

The Convention at Work (cont'd)The Convention at Work (cont'd)
• The Virginia Plan called for a new national
government with a bicameral legislature,
executive, and judiciary. It granted
Congress greater legislative powers and
made representation proportional to
population. It favored large states.

• Small states responded with the New
Jersey Plan that kept the one state, one
vote rule of the Articles but expanded the
powers of Congress and the national
government.

 Virginia Plan
- Proposal of the Virginia delegation at the 1787
Constitution Convention calling for a national
legislature in which the states would be
represented according to population. The national
legislature would have the explicit power to veto
or overrule laws passed by state legislatures.

 New Jersey Plan
- Proposal of the New Jersey delegation at the
1787 Constitutional Convention for a
strengthened national government in which all
states would have equal representation in a
unicameral legislature.

This c.1790 folk art depiction of WashingtonThis c.1790 folk art depiction of Washington
and his wife reveals how quickly Washington’sand his wife reveals how quickly Washington’s
fame became part of the public consciousnessfame became part of the public consciousness
and made him the obvious choice to presideand made him the obvious choice to preside
over the Constitutional Convention.over the Constitutional Convention.

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise
• The issue of state representation in the
national government was solved by the
Great Compromise. Equal representation
was provided in the Senate and
proportional in the House of
Representatives. It also settled the issue
of counting slaves for representation in the
House.

The Great Compromise (cont'd)The Great Compromise (cont'd)
 Great Compromise
- Plan proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut
at the 1787 Constitutional Convention for creating
a national bicameral legislature in which all states
would be equally represented in the Senate and
proportionally represented in the House.

Regulation of Commerce andRegulation of Commerce and
the Issue of Slaverythe Issue of Slavery
• The issue of trade legislation was solved
by compromise.
• A simple majority of Congress could enact
trade legislation but Congress was barred
from acting against the slave trade for 20
years.

The Office of the Chief ExecutiveThe Office of the Chief Executive
• Because Washington was the likely first
president, the delegates provided the chief
executive with broad discretionary powers.

Overview of the ConstitutionOverview of the Constitution
• The Constitution provided for a strong
executive, a Supreme Court, and
specifically delegated economic powers to
Congress.
• The powers of the states were restrained
but provided for internal checks and
balances on the national government.

Overview of the Constitution (cont'd)Overview of the Constitution (cont'd)
• The relationship between the state and
national governments were based on
federalism.
 Judicial review
- A power implied in the Constitution that gives
federal courts the right to review and determine
the constitutionality of acts passed by Congress
and state legislatures.

Overview of the Constitution (cont'd)Overview of the Constitution (cont'd)
 Federalism
- The sharing of powers between the national
government and the states.

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation
and the Constitution Comparedand the Constitution Compared

The Struggle over RatificationThe Struggle over Ratification
• Federalists supported the Constitution and
antifederalists opposed it.
• The Federalists skillfully built momentum
for ratification and used The Federalist, a
series of essays, to allay fears the national
government would be too strong.

The Struggle over Ratification (cont'd)The Struggle over Ratification (cont'd)
• The key to ratification was passage by
Virginia and New York. North Carolina
joined the Union in 1789 and Rhode
Island joined in 1790.
 Federalist
- A supporter of the Constitution who favored its
ratification.

The Struggle over Ratification (cont'd)The Struggle over Ratification (cont'd)
 Antifederalist
- An opponent of the Constitution in the debate
over its ratification.

MAP 7–3 The Ratification Vote on theMAP 7–3 The Ratification Vote on the
ConstitutionConstitution

President Johnson signs the 24th AmendmentPresident Johnson signs the 24th Amendment
barring the poll tax in federal elections.barring the poll tax in federal elections.

Washington presides over the ConstitutionalWashington presides over the Constitutional
Convention.Convention.

ConclusionConclusion

ConclusionConclusion
• Between 1776 and 1789, Americans
developed a unique constitutional system.
• Written constitutions were proclaimed
supreme over legislation and detailed the
powers of government, and protected
freedom through the Bill of Rights.
• Equally important, the nation’s constitution
and government were changed peacefully.

Federalists versusFederalists versus
AntifederalistsAntifederalists

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Editor's Notes