Paraphrasing, summarising and quoting

1. Why to cite
information?
Paraphrasing, summarising &
quoting

2. Paraphrasing
Ideas written in your own words and
structure, but must have the same
details as the original, so do not
change any ideas in the original, do
not remove or add any ideas.
shared language such as proper
nouns, common nouns difficult to
reword, technical terms and numbers
and dates are not changed.
It is more and less the same length as
the original.
● Only 9% of the students who work part-time
earn sufficient income to support themselves.
● Due to the widespread availability of imported
food, even ordinary people’s diets are
becoming internationalized.
● Due to the shortage of space, on-campus
housing is not common in big city universities.
Most students commute from their home or
rent an apartment near the campus.
● Throughout most of the developed world,
universities have seen a steady increase in the
number of women enrolling in engineering
courses.

3. Summarising
It is similar to paraphrasing as it
involves rewriting the original text
using different vocabulary and
structure. However a summary is
different in that it:
• only has the main idea from the
original text.
• is much shorter than the original
text.
How to summarise - six step process
1. Read original passage. Make sure you understand it.
2. Identify key points. Normally supported by specific
details.
3. From the key points, identify and write down: shared
language and details from the original.
4. Using only the words and phrases resulted from the
above write your summary. Do not look at the
original. First draft.
5. Compare your summary with the original. Check:
a. Does the summary use different vocabulary?
b. Does the summary have a different sentence
structure?
c. Does the summary include only key points?
d. Does the summary avoid using more than three
words in a row from the original?
6. Revise your summary as necessary - final draft.

4. Read the text below

5. Compare these summaries of the original passage

6. Choose the best
summary of the
original. Explain your
answer

7. Quoting
When you quote you present
information from outside sources.
When you quote, present the
original text in quotation marks
“...”
The words in quotation marks
must be exactly the same as the
original; you must not add,
change or omit any words.
However, look at points 1 to 3
next.
① You can use this in the quote (...) to indicate that you
have taken out a chunk of information not relevant to
your discussion. “Many students attend university to
study a (…) subject.” The word taken out is particular.
② Use this [ ] when there are missing letters or verbs or
you wish to add a small connective to add flow to your
discussion. This is common when reporting from verbal
communications such as interviews. For example: Her
father said: “She danc[ed] with elegance [and] passion
during her audition yesterday.” Probably, the father
forgot to say these words, but when writing you must
incorporated the missing information.
③ When do you quote? When the original text is a powerful
or an elegant comment that leaves a strong impression
on the reader.

8. Putting it all together
Author says/ said that
states/ stated that
reports/reported
that
argues/argued that
claims/ claimed that
Paraphrase , quote
According to (author)
Reporting verbs argue, state, found,
claim, suggest,
conclude, note,
believe, point out,
show, indicate,
assert
According to Ellis, the Inupiat people in Alaska go out to sea in
small boats and kill whales with old hand-thrown harpoons.
When citing, paraphrasing or
summarising you must use
“reporting words”.
By using these words you
can integrate your
paraphrases, summaries
and quotations into your
Sketchbook in any format
and style you want following
the P.E.E principle.

9. Review questions:
1. What should you be careful of when you choose information from outside
sources?
2. What are the three ways to present information from outside sources in your
essay?
3. What are the differences between them?