The stronger the attractions betweenparticles (mo.pdf

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The stronger the attractions betweenparticles (molecules or ions), the more difficult it will be toseparate the particles. When substances melt, the particles arestill close to one another but the forces of attraction that heldthe particles rigidly together in the solid state have beensufficiently overcome to allow the particles to move. Whensubstances boil, the particles are completely separated from oneanother and the attractions between molecules are completelyovercome. The energy required to cause substances to melt and toboil, and thus disrupt the forces of attraction, comes from theenvironment surrounding the material. If you place a piece of icein your hand, the ice will melt more quickly than if it is placedon a cold counter top. The energy required to melt the ice comesfrom your hand, your hand gets colder and the ice gets warmer. for ice melting hydrogen bonding for sublimation of ice London forcesAmmoniavaporisation having hydrogen bonding Solution The stronger the attractions betweenparticles (molecules or ions), the more difficult it will be toseparate the particles. When substances melt, the particles arestill close to one another but the forces of attraction that heldthe particles rigidly together in the solid state have beensufficiently overcome to allow the particles to move. Whensubstances boil, the particles are completely separated from oneanother and the attractions between molecules are completelyovercome. The energy required to cause substances to melt and toboil, and thus disrupt the forces of attraction, comes from theenvironment surrounding the material. If you place a piece of icein your hand, the ice will melt more quickly than if it is placedon a cold counter top. The energy required to melt the ice comesfrom your hand, your hand gets colder and the ice gets warmer. for ice melting hydrogen bonding for sublimation of ice London forcesAmmoniavaporisation having hydrogen bonding.

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Intermolecular attractions are attractions between one molecule and a neighbouring molecule. The forces of attraction which hold an individual molecule together (for example, the covalent bonds) are known as intramolecular attractions. These two words are so confusingly similar that it is safer to abandon one of them and never use it. The term \"intramolecular\" won\'t be used again on this site. All molecules experience intermolecular attractions, although in some cases those attractions are very weak. Even in a gas like hydrogen, H2, if you slow the molecules down by cooling the gas, the attractions are large enough for the molecules to stick together eventually to form a liquid and then a solid. In hydrogen\'s case the attractions are so weak that the molecules have to be cooled to 21 K (-252°C) before the attractions are enough to condense the hydrogen as a liquid. Helium\'s intermolecular attractions are even weaker - the molecules won\'t stick together to form a liquid until the temperature drops to 4 K (-269°C). van der Waals forces: dispersion forces Dispersion forces (one of the two types of van der Waals force we are dealing with on this page) are also known as \"London forces\" (named after Fritz London who first suggested how they might arise). The origin of van der Waals dispersion forces Temporary fluctuating dipoles Attractions are electrical in nature. In a symmetrical molecule like hydrogen, however, there doesn\'t seem to be any electrical distortion to produce positive or negative parts. But that\'s only true on average. The lozenge-shaped diagram represents a small symmetrical molecule - H2, perhaps, or Br2. The even shading shows that on average there is no electrical distortion. But the electrons are mobile, and at any one instant they might find themselves towards one end of the molecule, making that end -. The other end will be temporarily short of electrons and so becomes +. Note: (read as \"delta\") means \"slightly\" - so + means \"slightly positive\". An instant later the electrons may well have moved up to the other end, reversing the polarity of the molecule. This constant \"sloshing around\" of the electrons in the molecule causes rapidly fluctuating dipoles even in the most symmetrical molecule. It even happens in monatomic molecules - molecules of noble gases, like helium, which consist of a single atom. If both the helium electrons happen to be on one side of the atom at the same time, the nucleus is no longer properly covered by electrons for that instant. How temporary dipoles give rise to intermolecular attractions I\'m going to use the same lozenge-shaped diagram now to represent any molecule which could, in fact, be a much more complicated shape. Shape does matter (see below), but keeping the shape simple makes it a lot easier to both draw the diagrams and understand what is going on. Imagine a molecule which has a temporary polarity being approached by one which happens to be entirely non-polar just at .

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2. Ligamentum arteriosum: The aortic arch loops over the left pulmonary artery and the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, to which it remains connected by the ligamentum arteriosum, a remnant of the fetal circulation that is obliterated a few days after birth. 3. Caecum: The cecum is a pouch-like dead-end passage that branches inferiorly from the end of the ileum (end part of small intestine). Fecal matter entering the large intestine from the ileum passes into the cecum before being pushed superiorly into the ascending colon. The appendix is attached to the inferior end of the cecum and is believed to store beneficial bacteria that help break down undigested food. Solution 2. Ligamentum arteriosum: The aortic arch loops over the left pulmonary artery and the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, to which it remains connected by the ligamentum arteriosum, a remnant of the fetal circulation that is obliterated a few days after birth. 3. Caecum: The cecum is a pouch-like dead-end passage that branches inferiorly from the end of the ileum (end part of small intestine). Fecal matter entering the large intestine from the ileum passes into the cecum before being pushed superiorly into the ascending colon. The appendix is attached to the inferior end of the cecum and is believed to store beneficial bacteria that help break down undigested food..

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what is the mean, median, mode and the midrange for : 191, 167,257,195,381,261,235,332,225,245 Solution Mean = Sum of the numbers/n = 3174.6 Median = Since the no of values is 15 which is odd.. the median will be the middle value i.e. 8th value in increasing order = 1479 Mode = Value with the highest frequency = All have the same frequency so all are modes Midrange = ( max + min ) / 2 = (203 + 9822)/2 = 5012.5.

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Disodium malonate is an ionic sodium salt that is soluble in water. Naphthalene is a molecular covalent organic solid that is insoluble in water. To purify, add the mixture to water and stir to dissolve the disodium malonate and then filter. The insoluble naphthalene residue will be trapped in the filter paper, while the pure disodium malonate can be recovered by evaporating the filtrate. Solution Disodium malonate is an ionic sodium salt that is soluble in water. Naphthalene is a molecular covalent organic solid that is insoluble in water. To purify, add the mixture to water and stir to dissolve the disodium malonate and then filter. The insoluble naphthalene residue will be trapped in the filter paper, while the pure disodium malonate can be recovered by evaporating the filtrate..

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They showed that GFP protein could be expressed in the organisms with which they can be used as a gene expression marker and protein localisation. They used GFP in transcriptional fusions to characterize the expression pattern of genes. They used the transformation techniques using DNA encoding GFP. Solution They showed that GFP protein could be expressed in the organisms with which they can be used as a gene expression marker and protein localisation. They used GFP in transcriptional fusions to characterize the expression pattern of genes. They used the transformation techniques using DNA encoding GFP..

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The impact of Brexit would be visible on the financial instituations of US and Europe. The impact would be shorter and longer term both. The biggest of all is the uncertainty it has created. So at first the financial firms would hold on to the likely investments they are going to make in UK as they would go in wait and watch mode. Also they are likely going to wrap up the operations or shift their base from UK to other European country assuming that the base operations caters primarily to the European nations. This also leads to a number of Mergers and acquisitions as the valuations of a lot of businesses would turn attractive due to currency depreciation. Solution The impact of Brexit would be visible on the financial instituations of US and Europe. The impact would be shorter and longer term both. The biggest of all is the uncertainty it has created. So at first the financial firms would hold on to the likely investments they are going to make in UK as they would go in wait and watch mode. Also they are likely going to wrap up the operations or shift their base from UK to other European country assuming that the base operations caters primarily to the European nations. This also leads to a number of Mergers and acquisitions as the valuations of a lot of businesses would turn attractive due to currency depreciation..

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Ques-1: Normala flora and microbiota of nose and mouth are non-infectious in the region where they are living in colonies at specific pH and temperature. However, if they reach other parts of human body other than nose and mouth may induce “infection” They do possess common characteristics of sensing known as “quorum sensing” in which bacteria flora are going to communicate with each other in the region or habitat where they are living. They have a specific property of “horizontal gene transfer” Staphylococcus epidermis & lactobacillus are going to present in mouth Corynebacterium and spirochetes are going to present in nose due to presence of moist environments Ques-2: Answer: Yes, there are other microorganisms inside the mouth & nose other normal flora and microbiota. There are some fungal microbial pathogens, spirochetes, aspergillus, blastomycosis at the time of infection present in oral & nasal cavities Solution Ques-1: Normala flora and microbiota of nose and mouth are non-infectious in the region where they are living in colonies at specific pH and temperature. However, if they reach other parts of human body other than nose and mouth may induce “infection” They do possess common characteristics of sensing known as “quorum sensing” in which bacteria flora are going to communicate with each other in the region or habitat where they are living. They have a specific property of “horizontal gene transfer” Staphylococcus epidermis & lactobacillus are going to present in mouth Corynebacterium and spirochetes are going to present in nose due to presence of moist environments Ques-2: Answer: Yes, there are other microorganisms inside the mouth & nose other normal flora and microbiota. There are some fungal microbial pathogens, spirochetes, aspergillus, blastomycosis at the time of infection present in oral & nasal cavities.

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7. Answer is A. Cytochromes are protien containing iron or heme groups and function as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways in mitochondria and chloroplasts. It doesn\'t pump ATP, It doesn\'t has sulfur groups and it doesn\'t reduce oxygen to water. 8. Answer is B. Pyruvate to is converted to acetyl-coA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. First Pyruvate is decarboxylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase with help from TPP. Then dihydrolipoyl transacetylase with cofactor lipoamide oxidizes hydroxyethyl- to acetyl- and then transfers acetyl- to CoA, forming acetyl-CoA. Finally dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase oxidizes the thiol groups of the dihydrolipoamide back to lipoamide reducing NAD to NADH. 9. Answer is E. The strongest oxidizing agent is oxygen, the oxidation of reduced NADH by oxygen has potential difference of 1.136 V; the electron flow will be from the most negative system, which is the couple NAD+/NADH, to the least negative system which is the couple O2/H2O. Thus the oxidation of the reduced form, NADH,oxygen is a spontaneous and a slow reaction, unless enzymes are present to catalyze the reaction. Solution 7. Answer is A. Cytochromes are protien containing iron or heme groups and function as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways in mitochondria and chloroplasts. It doesn\'t pump ATP, It doesn\'t has sulfur groups and it doesn\'t reduce oxygen to water. 8. Answer is B. Pyruvate to is converted to acetyl-coA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. First Pyruvate is decarboxylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase with help from TPP. Then dihydrolipoyl transacetylase with cofactor lipoamide oxidizes hydroxyethyl- to acetyl- and then transfers acetyl- to CoA, forming acetyl-CoA. Finally dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase oxidizes the thiol groups of the dihydrolipoamide back to lipoamide reducing NAD to NADH. 9. Answer is E. The strongest oxidizing agent is oxygen, the oxidation of reduced NADH by oxygen has potential difference of 1.136 V; the electron flow will be from the most negative system, which is the couple NAD+/NADH, to the least negative system which is the couple O2/H2O. Thus the oxidation of the reduced form, NADH,oxygen is a spontaneous and a slow reaction, unless enzymes are present to catalyze the reaction..

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A and C. RGB analog component video uses no compression, imposes no real limit on color depth and resolution, requires a large amount of bandwidth to carry a signal, and is being superseded by DVI and HDMI, which provide better clarity. Solution A and C. RGB analog component video uses no compression, imposes no real limit on color depth and resolution, requires a large amount of bandwidth to carry a signal, and is being superseded by DVI and HDMI, which provide better clarity..

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Public key authentication is the most secure colution and utilizes a public key cryptography(PKI) system, using both public and private keys.A PKI is certainly the easiest solution from the users prespective.It mainly supports the distribution and identification of public encryption keys, enabling users and computers to both securely exchange data over networks such as the internet and verify the identity of the other party. Without PKI , sensitive information can still be encrypted ( ensuring confidentiality) and exchanged but there would be no assurance of the identity(authentication) of the other party. Any form of sensitive data exchanged over the internet is relianton PKI for security. Elements of PKI A typical PKI consists of hardware, software , policies and standards to manage the creation,admisinstration , distribution and revocation of keys and digital certificates. Digital certificates are at the heart of PKI as they affrim the identity of the certificate subject that bind the identity to the public key contained in the certificate. Following are the elements of the PKI: Certificate Authority (CA) Registration authority A certificate database , it mainly stores the certificate requests and issues and revokes certificates. A certificate store , which resides on a local computer as a place to store issues certificates and private keys. --------------------------************************----------------------------- To connect many distant employees at once, all office locations must be able to access the same network resource. Most time iof we will would house the core infrastucture needed to establish the network, such as the servers and databases. Generally Wide area network (WAN) to connect the remote offices. WAN are used to connect Local area network(LAN) for disparate offices together. However installation and overhead of LNS and WANS is expensive. To over come this Virtual private networks that run over the internet. VPN it mainly provides secure connections between individual users and their organizations network over and their organizations network over the internet, have several upsides. They provide more secure site to site connections. They provide information transfer much faster that WAN\'s and most importantly to small and medimum sized business, VPN\'s are much lessexpensive since you can use a single leased line to the internet for each ofice, cutting down on broadband cost. While VPN\'s are highly recommended and trusted a new technology gaining traction with compaines is the remote desktop. Remote dsktops requires software or an operating system that allows aplications to run remotely on a server, but to be displayed locally simultaneously. This network server hosts remote files and application in a secure location , ensuring your data is never lost , even when something happens to device you are working on. Solution Public key authentication is the most secure colution and utilizes a public key cryptography(PKI) sy.

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Particle Charging Mechanisms in ESP: Particles are charged by negative gas ions moving toward the collection plate by one of these two mechanisms: 1. Field charging 2. diffusion charging. In field charging, particles capture negatively charged gas ions as the ions move toward the grounded collection plate. Diffusion charging, as its name implies, depends on the random motion of the gas ions to charge particles. In field charging, as particles enter the electric field, they cause a local dislocation of the field. Negative gas ions traveling along the electric field lines collide with the suspended particles and impart a charge to them. The ions will continue to bombard a particle until the charge on that particle is sufficient to divert the electric lines away from it. This prevents new ions from colliding with the charged dust particle. When a particle no longer receives an ion charge, it is said to be saturated. Saturated charged particles then migrate to the collection electrode and are collected. Diffusion charging is associated with the random Brownian motion of the negative gas ions. The random motion is related to the velocity of the gas ions due to thermal effects: the higher the temperature, the more movement. Negative gas ions collide with the particles because of their random thermal motion and impart a charge on the particles. Because the particles are very small, they do not cause the electric field to be dislocated, as in field charging. Thus, diffusion charging is the only mechanism by which these very small particles become charged. The charged particles then migrate to the collection electrode. Each of these two charging mechanisms occurs to some extent, with one dominating depending on particle size. Field charging dominates for particles with a diameter >1.0 micrometer because particles must be large enough to capture gas ions. Diffusion charging dominates for particles with a diameter less than 0.1 micrometer. A combination of these two charging mechanisms occurs for particles ranging between 0.2 and 1.0 micrometer in diameter. Solution Particle Charging Mechanisms in ESP: Particles are charged by negative gas ions moving toward the collection plate by one of these two mechanisms: 1. Field charging 2. diffusion charging. In field charging, particles capture negatively charged gas ions as the ions move toward the grounded collection plate. Diffusion charging, as its name implies, depends on the random motion of the gas ions to charge particles. In field charging, as particles enter the electric field, they cause a local dislocation of the field. Negative gas ions traveling along the electric field lines collide with the suspended particles and impart a charge to them. The ions will continue to bombard a particle until the charge on that particle is sufficient to divert the electric lines away from it. This prevents new ions from colliding with the charged dust particle. When a particle no longer receives an ion charge, it is.

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