3. Q: What is Personality?
A: Are all people the same?
4. PERSONALITY-DEFINITION
a. Salvatore Maddi
Personality is a stable set of characteristics
and tendencies that determine those
commonalties and differences in the
psychological behavior (thoughts, feelings
and actions) of people that have continuity
in time and that may not be easily
understood as the sole result of the social
and biological pressures of the moment.
5. PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (CONTD.)
b. Gordon Allport
Personality is the dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical systems that
determines his unique adjustment to his environment.
6. PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (CONTD.)
c. R.T. Hogan
Personality refers to the relatively stable pattern of
behaviours and consistent internal states that
explains a persons behavioural tendencies.
11. 1. TYPE A BEHAVIOUR
Restless, Impatient,
Does several things at once,
Starts another before completing one,
Schedules too many work in less time,
Has no time to relax and enjoy
Is stress prone
12. 2. AUTHORITARIANISM
Blind acceptance of authority
Conservation, strong parental control
Make good followers
Dogmatic
13. 3. BUREAUCRATIC
Respect for authority not totally blind
Rule bound; do not take risks
Better supervisors in routine, repetitive,
proceduralised work.
14. 4. MACHIAVELLIANISM
Cool, calculating
Use others to serve their own goals
Do not hesitate to lie
Not swayed by friendship, trust, loyalty.
Exploit vulnerable people
15. 5. LOCUS OF CONTROL
Extent to which individuals believe
they control their own lives (internals)
external factors control their lives(external)
16. 6. GOAL ORIENTATION
Goal orientationPredisposition to
Learning -develop new skills
and mastering new
situations.
Performance -demonstrate and
validate competence by
seeking favourable
judgemet from others
and avoiding negative
judgements.
17. PERSONALITY THEORIES
1. PSYCHO ANALYTICAL THEORY
Sigmund Freud- unconscious nature of personality
psycho analytical concepts:
Id- reservoir of thoughts, biological pleasures
Ego- conscious in nature
Super ego- higher level of restraining force
18. 2. TRAIT THEORIES
Visualises personality as a reflection of certain traits
of the individual
Many traits are common to most people
Some traits are unique to some people
19. 3. SELF CONCEPT THEORY
Personality and behaviour are largely determined by
the individual himself.
We act in ways consistent with our image
20. 4. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Personality more a result of social variables rather
than biological drives.
Motives can be traced to known and conscious needs
rather than unconscious desires
Learning by observation of others rather than
interaction
22. PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS-
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Personality traits are enduring characteristics that
describe an individual’s behaviour.
Early research identified- 17,953 traits
R.B. Cattell reduced it to- 171 traits.
He further reduced it to-16 primary traits
23. CATTELL 16 PF
1. Reserved Vs. Outgoing
2. Less intelligent Vs. More intelligent
3. Affected by feeling Vs. Emotionally stable
4. Submissive Vs. Dominant
5. Serious Vs. Happy go lucky
6. Expedient vs. Conscientious
24. CATTELL 16 PF (CONTD.)
7. Timid Vs Venturesome
8. Tough minded Vs. Sensitive
9. Trusting Vs Suspicious
10.Practical Vs Imaginative
11. Forthright Vs Shrewd
25. CATTELL 16 PF (CONTD.)
12. Self assured Vs. Apprehensive
13. Conservative Vs. Experimenting
14. Group dependant Vs. Self sufficient
15. Uncontrolled Vs. Controlled
16. Relaxed Vs. Tense
26. MYERS & BRIGS TYPE
INDICATORS(MBIT)
1. E or I- Extroversion or Introversion
2. S or N- Sensing or Intuitive
3. T or F- Thinking or Feeling
4. J or P- Judging or Perceiving
27. ESTJ- Corporate executives, organizers
ENTJ- Natural Leaders
ISFJ- Have high sense of duty
INTJ- Visionaries
ENTP-Conceptualisers
28. BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS-
FACTOR 1
HIGH CONSCIENTIOUSNESS LOW
FOCUSSED BALANCED FLEXIBLE
Stable, measures of Impulsive,
Confident, reliability Irresponsible
Careful, Distracted,
Organized, Disorganized,
Dependable Unreliable,
Persistent, Spontaneous,
Cautious, Fun loving,
Stubborn. Experimental.
29. FACTOR 2
HIGH EMOTIONAL STABILITY LOW
RESILIENT (ADJUSTMENT) REACTIVE
RESPONSIVE
Relaxed, measures of persons Depressed,
Secure, ability to with Anxious,
Calm, stand stress Indecisive,
Poised, Have mood swings,
Unflappable, Insecure,
Guilt free, Excitable,
Worrying,
High strung.
30. FACTOR 3
HIGHOPENESS TO EXPERIENCE LOW
Explorer MODERATE PRESERVER
Creative, measures an Practical,
Curious, individuals range Conservative,
Artistically of interests Efficient,
sensitive, fascination to Expert,
Broad interests, novelty Conventional,
Impractical. Finds comfort in
familiar.
31. FACTOR 4
HIGH AGREEABLENESS LOW
ADAPTER NEGOTIATOR CHALLENGER
Courteous, measures Uncooperative,
Good-natured, individuals Short tempered,
Empathic, propensity to Irritable,
Caring , defer to Cold,
Warm, others Rude.
Tactful,
Considerate.
32. FACTOR 5
HIGH SOCIABILITY LOW
EXTROVERT AMBIVERT INTROVERT
Assertive, measures Private,
Sociable, one’s comfort Independent,
Warm, level with Works alone,
Optimistic, relationships Reserved,
Talkative, Timid,
Outgoing. Quiet,
Hard to read.
34. HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY (CONTD.)
TYPE PERSONALITY CONGRUENT
(Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION
4. Conventional: Conforming, efficient, Accountant
rule regulated, Orderly practical, unimaginative, Corporate manager
unambiguous. in flexible. Bank Teller, File clerk.
5.Enterprising: self confident Lawyer, Real estate
Opportunities to ambitious, energetic agent, Public relations
Influence others & domineering. & specialist,
And attain power small-business manager.
6. Artistic: Imaginative, Partner,
Ambiguous& disorderly, Musician,
Unsystematic that idealistic, Writer,
allow creative emotional, Interior decorator.
expression. Impractical.
35. CONCLUSION
Personality and job, occupation and organization fit.
Know your associates personality to function better.
Know your personality for self development.
