The Participatory Irrigation Management Policy

The Participatory Irrigation Management Policy
Case study
The selected case study investigates the relationship of community (farmers) participation in policy
formation towards rural development of Sri Lana. In this case (Merrey et al., 1992) the alternative
approaches to encourage public participation was highlighted aiming rural development by
participation in irrigation management. Both the government and NGO's (non–governmental
organisations) jointly implemented a series of activities for enhancing farmer participation in
irrigation management. It has been a successful intervention and the government incorporated the
lessons learnt into the government policy.
In 1990 this unique initiative was implemented by the government of Sri Lanka with the
development partnership with United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The
Irrigation Management Policy Support Activity (IMPSA) followed a systematic process to integrate
the experiences, recommendations and guild lines from people from all levels varying from farmers
to policy decision making officials in the government to come to a clear consensus to form the
participatory irrigation management policy in Sri Lanka (Merrey et al., 1992).
The irrigated land area of the county is more than 5700 km3. About 65% this area under major
irrigation schemes managed by the Ministry if Irrigation, the rest categorised under minor irrigation
schemes and responsibility is vested on the ministry of Agriculture and provincial level government.
The focus of the case study
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Essay On Empowerment
II. The first dimension to Empowerment: the materialistic component The problem with
categorising the poor in the context of participation is that the poor are often fragmented –
geographically, economically and socially – and the preferences within the poor vary vastly
(Emmett, 2000). Additionally, one must not forget the existing inequalities between the members
within a community; one has to be cautious of the spatial politics of the poor. Hence, external actors
(such as NGOs) must be careful not to reinforce existing ethno–nationalist and gender dynamics
(Ruwanpura, 2007). Historically, the nature of the NGO sector to specialise – on an issue or on one
community– has had positive and negative implications. The positive aspect of this specialisation is
that it is easy to implement, monitor and report. The negative aspect of this specialisation is that it
can create tension/spite between the affected party and the excluded party (Ruwanpura, 2007). This
makes employing an approach that solely focuses on mobilising a challenging task to do. This
magnifies the attraction towards a market–orientated approach. Paying for a service can be
empowering. It derives a feel good, uplifting utility. Some projects in Bangladesh experienced
success that justifies the utility derived from the ability to pay for something. Women felt
empowered because they were making money; they no longer need to ask their husbands for money
(Bebbington et al, 2007). This utility derived by women implies

Examples Of Participatory Paradigm
I have chosen my paradigm based on my research background and working experience. I have taken
my position of participatory paradigm. Participatory paradigm is relatively new concept of paradigm
in social science theories(Heron & Reason, 1997). It is derived from qualitative research tradition.
Participatory paradigm has been growing in recent years and particularly in the developing
countries. Chambers(1986: 1) describes participatory paradigm as "...[c]oherent and mutually
supportive pattern of concepts, values, methods and action amenable to wide application" . It is
based on the principle of participation and call attention to bottom up approach. It treats society or
people as research participants rather than research subjects (Brown, ... Show more content on
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"Constructivism is posited ontologically on the premise that reality, the world, as the subject of
research does not exist independently from our experiences. In addition, constructivism argues that
multiple realities exist which are intangible, local and specific in nature" (Sumner & Tribe, 2004: 5).
Its nature of knowledge is individual and collective reconstruction. According to Glasersfeld (1993),
constructivism is created by researcher's new thinking. This new thought leads new understanding
and interaction of his/her believes by which he/she attach in real world. Fact is that, researcher in
constructivism, is isolated and deal with fixed ideology to find the truth in world. In critical theory,
epistemology is transactional and subjective that is influenced by values; methodology is dialogue
based and logical. Willis has taken Guba's poins on critical theory. Willis opined, "Guba points out
that several terms are associated with this approach, including neo–Marxism, materialism, the
Frankfurt school, and Freireism." (Willis, 2007:45). Critical theory emphasize on the intrinsic link
among values, politics and subjective reality based on structural/historical insight (Bryman, 1984).
Though In this paradigm the researcher acts as an advocate but the main disadvantage is, it has not
practical relevance of

The Internet As A Participatory Culture
The internet is populated by over 2 billion users across the globe (Ross, 2013, p. 10). The early days
of the web, also called Web 1.0 are over; the internet is now in Web 2.0. Web 2.0 "is characterized
by openness, participation, and sharing", in other words, user–generated content (Kim, Jin, Kim, &
Shin, 2012, p. 305). These terms underwrite the internet as a positive, democratic space. "Another
list of words could be added, which has a somewhat negative sound to it: exploitation, losers, free
labor, and enclosure." (Peterson, 2008). Media corporations encourage users to view their
contributions to the web as participatory and inclusive. However, user–generated content is more
appropriately understood as exploitative. This paper will explore the ways in which user–generated
content supports and deepens hegemonic power structures under the guise of a participatory culture.
This essay will outline the ways in which internet users are empowered to perform labour for free
and how this work is then exploited by companies which users are told to love and trust. Internet
users populate websites and smartphone applications such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram,
Twitter, Tumblr, and Pinterest. These social media platforms are presented as tools to connect with
other people in the online and real world by uploading, sharing, and liking user–generated content.
The use of these networks is presented as advantageous and beneficial to individuals' social lives.
Users are also empowered

Participatory Democracy In The United States
No matter how small a nation may be, it certainly will not allow a type of participatory democracy.
It is critical for governments to have a way of knowing what the people want, and making those
wants into ideas. Many nations want democracy and in order to have an efficient democracy it is
necessary to have a sort of representative government. In a representative government the people
vote and elect whom they want to represent and express their concerns and ideas. Instead of people
voting on the laws or debates the people whom they elected will meet and discuss the peoples
concerns which will then lead to making laws. In order for a more effective democratic government
it is crucial to have institutional mechanisms to convert public opinion into government policy. Two
types of democracy are Majoritarian and pluralist, they basically stand as an outline of how they
will attain a democratic government.
A majoritarian democracy is based on what the majority vote on, they always take into consideration
what is fair and they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
national government system is much like a majoritarian democracy because there is more unity
between republicans and democrats, there is way less overlap between these too, less than there has
been throughout modern history. In the united states we have the freedom to elect whom we want.
We decided who we want to represent our opinions and ideas, we the people have a say so in many
things that occur. Therefore, we are considered a majoritarian type of democracy. Although having
this type of democracy seems like a great idea, it may not always be the most efficient. It is in fact a
brilliant idea but many people tend to not give their opinion. A way this type of democracy can be
improved is by getting the people to take advantage of the fact that they have the option to give their
own opinion by voting which can affect their society. Therefore, it is extremely crucial that the
people realize the great importance and opportunity that this

Examples Of Participatory Culture
1.Introduction 1A. Statement 2. Participatory culture, Everyone can join 2A. Media convergence,
Everything is connected 2B. The Doujin Circle 2.1. Gems or trash 2.1A. Collective Intelligence
Filtering 2.2. Ametuer or Professional 3. Social Aspects of Participatory cultures 1. Introduction Are
participatory cultures always a positive force in the age of convergence? As the media world keeps
evolving, new forms of content delivery systems are constantly being made and interlaced into the
entire spectrum of mainstream media. and one of the biggest systems to emerge from this
technological advancement and convergence is the 'Participatory Culture' Statement I believe that
Participatory cultures are a positive force and in this essay I will explain media convergence,
participatory cultures, and collective intelligences together with relevant examples and examine if
participatory cultures really are a force for good in this current technological convergence. 2.
Participatory culture, Everyone can join Participatory culture is "a culture in which private persons
(the public) do not act as consumers only, but also as contributors or producers (prosumers). The
term is most often applied to the production or creation of some type of published media." (Willis,
2003) and as described by by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How massive? As of March 2013, the website has around 25 million members (DeviantArt, n.d.),
and is host to over 246 million submissions and publishes over 140,000 unique submissions every
day(Sotira, 2010). Additionally, DeviantArt users submit over 1.4 million "favorites" and 1.5 million
comments daily. The domain deviantart.com attracted at least 36 million visitors annually by 2015
according to (Compete.com, 2015) and as of July 2011, it is the 13th largest social network with 3.8
million weekly

The Art Of Resistance Hidden Transcript
James C. Scott The art of resistance: Hidden transcripts explains the modes of discourse employed
by the power holding groups of society. The public transcript describes the dominant groups policies
and how the oppress groups feel about them. The difference in these two groups is the dominance
that one places over the other in society. The oppress feel as if they don't have power to act or
change what the "powerful" dominant groups hold. The hidden transcripts are created from those
who find themselves subjects of the social, political and economic classes that dominant their
society. The purpose of the hidden transcripts take up a model of communication in the public
atmosphere that address the individuals who struggles with disparity, power and privilege in their
communities and societies overall. According to Scott "The highly charged atmosphere created by
the open declaration of the hidden transcript may produce social effects that bear the marks of
collective madness" (Scott 222). By opening the hidden transcript it could led you to more
individuals who share similar views as you do. Sometimes when it looks like nothing is happening
sometimes is happening. However, in the groups of the offstage individual there is very much a
change happening amongst the conversation that are had but they is no action to enforce that
change. The only thing that is lacked in these transcripts is the confidents to act upon what the ideas
in those conversation create. Ultimately, there is

Participatory Action Research
Now that you know who we are, I think it's about time we let you know what it is that we do. Our
Goal is to help serve the community, to stand up for their rights and beliefs, to inform our
community on what is corrupt in their neighborhoods. Building solidarity that will make use of our
diversity and perseverance. empowering people in and around the community. We are reaching our
goal by taking 6 weeks out of the summer to implement our Participatory Action Research (PAR).
Our research seeks to understand the world (in this case community) by trying to change it,
collaboratively and following reflection. We research problems in our communities or
neighborhoods that needs to be changed to make a drastic change, for the better. Last year, LOC

Community Based Participatory Summary
After our discussions in class and reflecting on the readings it made me think more critically about
the efforts actually put forth to young kids ad their communities. The fact that programs are not
always implemented help a kids growing up experience to the best of their ability due to the lack of
concern if it is another race or ethnicity is heart wrenching. As time goes on I like to think those
thoughts and bystanders have passed but that is not always the case. The environment in which
someone grows up in has a lot to say about his or her character and future holdings as an individual.
After seeing the effect CBPR had in the reading "Engaging Homeless Youth in Community– Based
Participatory Research: A Case Study from Skid Row, Los Angeles" was impactful in the fact they
video tapped the condition, discriminations and harassment one faced in a multicultural society. I
know where I grew up it was definitely considered diverse after ... Show more content on
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This hopefully reduces the effect of students thinking that teachers don't actually care or see them
not going anywhere in life, according to the reading "What is Community–based Research" points
out that doing this research shows how important "the desire to have a responsive, active and
equitable role in the community advances the public good and when students and teachers are
civically engaged with the right preparation." (What is Community Based Research, n.d. p.1) It
builds connections starting when you're young making connections. Social justice focuses on what
is morally right and wrong within a society. The way one is treated, looks for outlets to help sponsor
active motions for those not given the same level of fairness due to differing

Participatory, And Justice-Oriented Citizens
There are three types of citizens in our society, they consist of personally responsible, participatory,
and justice–oriented citizens. Many people say that personally responsible citizens are not enough
and that they should be more like participatory or justice–oriented citizens but I disagree with that
opinion. I feel that in order for a community to be a successful and productive, they need to have all
types of citizens. Each type of citizen is different from each other although they contain some of the
same characteristics. For example, if there was a food drive all types of citizens would participate.
The difference is where each group would take it. Personally responsible citizens would donate
some food and address the problem, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although they are important, they are probably the least important type of citizen. They are the type
of citizen that doesn't go far out of there way to help provide for others. In the starvation scenario I
spoke about earlier, they would be the people that provide the food in the times of need. They would
donate and maybe volunteer to do community service to address and support the cause, but they
wouldn't work very hard to solve the problems. Personally responsible citizens are by far the largest
type of citizen population wise and because there are so many of them, none of them would have to
donate too much if everyone pitched in a little. So as an individual, one personally responsible
citizen is the least important type of citizen but, because there population is so large, as a whole,
personally responsible citizens are very crucial to a modern day

Pros And Cons Of Participatory Democracy
CDM Essay: Prompt 2 – Participatory Democracy
In recent decades, well–established, conventional methods of political participation in the United
States have begun to be uprooted and replaced by new forms of interaction between the government
and the American people, accompanied by changing trends in which groups of Americans seem to
most participate and influence our political system. An increase in media coverage of politics, as
well as vast expansion of social media networks, have resulted in more youth participation and
discussion of current events in politics. Unfortunately, online interaction seems to replace more
effective means of political participation, and the media in general has a tendency to cause
Americans to lose trust in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At times, this misinformation and one dimensional coverage drives away potential voters who give
up on trying to make a decision in an environment where they are presented with unnecessary drama
rather than actual viewpoints of the candidates (Nti–Asare). Second, with easy access to mountains
of information, many believe they are doing their civic duty by reading the news and keeping up
with current events, however it is important to note the difference between participatory politics and
simply staying informed. "Watching a televised presidential debate in one's living room by oneself
is not an instance of participatory politics. Watching that same debate and then writing a letter to the
editor or Tweeting about it is. [That is], while seeking out political information is important, we do
not regard consumption of information as a form of participation" (Kahne, 10–11). Many, perhaps
without realizing it, are not actually participating in our political system, which is the essence of a
participatory democracy. Lastly, even those who do participate with politics in some way, such as
tweeting their opinions after watching a presidential debate, are not necessarily guaranteeing their
influence on the political

Participatory Culture Through The Media
Old media like broadcasting, print, and film created a consumer culture in the public. Participants
would consume the media they could find, and that was the extent of their engagement with a piece
of media. But during the digital age, participatory culture has exploded. Participatory culture is a
concept coined by Henry Jenkins where consumers take part in both the consumption and the
production of media. The advent of computers facilitates a low barrier of entry for creation of digital
media and its propagation. With the availability of personal computers and consumer level software
to manipulate media as well as the popularity of the internet to spread content, fans have become
more engaged with the media they consume. In turn, participants can create forms of that media that
comment and expand upon the original content. Participants who used to only consume media now
have the avenues to become producers of media. In this essay, I will explore participatory culture
through the lense of Lev Manovich's Five Principles of New Media: Numerical Representation,
Modularity, Automation, Variability, and Transcoding.
The first of Manovich's principles is Numerical Representation. A piece of new media can be
represented by discrete numbers. For example, an image file is a collection of numbers describing
the color of each pixel in the image. A game is a piece of software compiled to 1's and 0's that
respond and react to input from the user. Anything in digital form is at its based

The Design Method For Older People
2.4 Design Method for Older People
2.4.1 Background
As mentioned in Chapter 2.1, older people are different from younger people in both physiological
and psychosocial aspects. Due to the decrease in somatic capabilities, or common chronic diseases,
older people may not use technologies in ease. In addition, older people's knowledge about
technologies updates not as fast as younger people, which make the problem even worse [5, 9]. For
example, older people's lack of understanding of computer concepts and lack of experience in using
technologies may lead misunderstanding of computer jargons and metaphors [16]. Apart from older
people's special characteristics, Gatto and Tak indicated that insensitive and inappropriate design is
another ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
will be discussed. Newell et al. recommend that design process can be more effective if involve
older people in the design process [3]. And it can be seen that in lots of studies older people played a
important role in design process [2, 8, 22, 25, 27]. This project will also discuss three techniques
commonly used in requirement collection phase, interface design phase and evaluation phase,
including focus group, prototyping, user testing. There were rarely studies involving older people in
requirements analysis phase. Thus, requirements analysis phase was excluded. In addition,
challenges emerged in literature and correspondent suggestions will be listed and discussed.
2.4.2 Participatory Design
From the literature, it can be seen that participatory design method is a common guideline for
involving older people into design process [15, 18, 19, 24, 25]. Prompting can be a major benefit of
participatory design. In Lindsay et al's study, they used a video to prompt older people to talk about
what the possible product could be in user requirement collection phase [25]. In the video, they did
not give the specific feature of the possible product, and they did not give a biased point of view
during the discussion [25]. In another study conducted by Lindsay et al., they used an iPod nano to
prompt older people with dementia to discuss about "futuristic aesthetic" [24]. As mentioned in
Chapter 2.2, older people

Hart's Ladder of Participation
Critically analyse Hart's Ladder of Participation.
What are the types of decisions children and young people can be involved in, and what is the link
between the children and the adults when the participatory approach is put into practice? When
should adults be more active in guiding children, and when should they step back and allow the
children to work autonomously? Roger Hart (1992) developed a model, the Ladder of participation,
which is made up from eight steps, each step indicate increasing degrees of pupil participation and
dissimilar forms of cooperation with adults. The three lowest steps on the ladder of participation are
called the "non–participation" steps , and they strongly state that many projects claiming to engage
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout group working and appropriate support of facilitation, children may be able to negotiate
'new kinds of relationships and partnerships' as suggested by O 'Kane (2002).
Cases involving children as participants enjoy better efficiency and effectiveness. Children's
participation is considered to lead to better decision–making, whether this is in relation to projects
that are interested on issues of specific concern to the children (Lansdown, 2003) or within
development processes in the wider society (Phillips, 2000).
Additionally, in some people's view, functioning with children may be the most successful way of
bringing out issues of concern within the society as a whole since the young are less self–conscious
in their discussion of matters. It is usually supposed that the Unite Nations Convention on the Rights
of the Child (UNCRC) provides an apparent support for children 's participation.
Actually, this issue has been questioned by quite a few commentators. It is pointed out, for instance,
that the reference in Article 12 to children's developing capacities and the proclamation in Article 3
about children's 'best interests' both offer valuable grounds for adults to take priority over the
expressed ideas and wishes of children ( Cantwell, 1998; Liebel,2000). It can be said that the
UNCRC provides 'a new vision of children'. It combines the recognisable view of the

Literature Review On Participatory Photography
Literature Review on Participatory Photography
Introduction
Participatory Photography is among research tools using visual research methods for researchers
and other professionals, particularly those who are working on research for social work and
community development. In 1997, Carolin Wang and Mary Burris introduced a new methodology
called "Photovoice" which is later sometimes referred to as participatory photography. Since then
photovoice has become a popular approach in the field of participatory photography and it has been
applied in many projects worldwide, particularly those focusing on marginalized groups and the
socially excluded. A broad purpose of using photovoice is to get participants ' view and stories on
their own perspective by providing them cameras to record their realities according to any topic they
have been given. This literature review was conducted with the aim of understanding why
photovoice method is chosen for use in research, highlighting the effectiveness of the use of
participatory photography and the process of photovoice in addressing the quality of life of young
refugees, including some common concerns when doing the participatory project.
Background of Photovoice
Participatory photography was first introduced in 1992 when Dr. Caroline Wang and Dr. Mary
Burris did their community–based participatory research on the lives of rural women in Yunnan
Province, China. They provided women cameras in order to shed light on their difficulties in

The Importance Of Democracy
Democracy, in essence, is the governance of and by the entirety of the population. In a democracy,
the citizens exercise their power directly or through an elected representative. Democracy is ideally
a structure of governance that is by and for the people. These definitions represent democracy in its
most pure unadulterated sense, true direct democracy (or participatory democracy). James N.
Danziger in Understanding the political world expresses that "[...] participatory democracy [...] is
when all the citizens are active, direct participants in making public policy decisions. Realistically
[there is no true form of this political system]." (Chapter 7, Page 170) As inevitably experienced
with any political system, some are more equal than others. Though. in contrast to other forms of
governance, such as federalism, republics, monarchies, dictatorships, etc., democracy has been
proven to be the most efficient. As Winston Churchill famously said, "Democracy is the worst form
of government, except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time." Democracy
should be promoted in its purest form, despite knowing that true democracy is an unreachable and
unrealistic goal. Promoting true democracy is not naive, although it may be idealistic. Focusing on
the basics provides a platform where every person, despite their views or role in society, can partake
in creating a fair and equitable social order. Democracies can develop and become corrupt because
people can become

Participatory Action Research Essay
Understandings of Participatory Action Research
Research is the method of intense enquiry into a particular topic/s. The ethical implications of
conduction of research ventures without properly defined values or ethical process allows for the
risk of breakdown of research structures and possible legal sanctions. This paper will aim to provide
a meaningful, in–depth understanding of the research approach 'Participatory Action Research' and
its conducive uses in relation to effective implementation with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people.
The National Health and Medical Research Council has currently a released document titled 'Values
and Ethics: Guidelines for ethical conduct in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Research'.
This thorough document acts as a guide to research in Indigenous matters and incorporates core
process and justifications to conclude with the best possible research outcomes. The inception of
separate guideline process when conducting research with Indigenous people was put forward
"...both in submissions and in personal representations at public forums..." (NHMRC, 2013), by
Aboriginal and Torres Strait communities, researchers and health organizations. Several
recommendations have since followed in reference to the need for review and updated to the
relevant research guideline policies.
In the past history of Indigenous life, many challenges were present for the Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander community, however in our

To Build Or Not To Build: Examples Of How The Urban...
To Build or Not to Build: Examples of how the Urban Environment gets chosen
While, in his article Building Landscapes, Lebbeus Woods looks at the idea of reconciling nature
with architecture, he also says that 'in our contemporary urban world, with its aggregates of
buildings that become ... artificial landscapes and contexts – entirely displacing the natural – the
architect 's role would seem to inevitably expand beyond designing built single objects. ' Creating
this artificial environment has impacts in smaller and larger scales. It might >simply< change the
living environment of the few, have social repercussions, or create urban microclimates.
This essay will explore some approaches to choosing the environment, by briefly looking at ... Show
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When disputes arose, or one group became too dogmatic and fixated, Kroll re–organised the teams
so that each one became familiar with the other's problems. Not until a possible solution was in
sight did he draw up the plans to make it workable. The resultant buildings show a complexity and
richness of meaning, a delicate pluralism that reflects the codes of the inhabitants and builders (the
contractors were actually encouraged to participate as well, hence such things as the undulating
stone walls).'
1 Facade of the Louvain University building showing the personalised character
While the intentions behind this approach might be commendable, in reality, the question of
sustainability and longevity become apparent. As was the case with the faculty buildings by Kroll,
the individualisation, which made the project such a great success for the people involved, only
lasted one generation – in this particular case only four years. Though a more extreme example, as
the degree of participation was unusually high and the span of occupancy relatively low, it shows
the potential problems with participatory design approaches.
Standardised Design Approaches
If individualisation is considered as a strategy for designing the environment, its counterpart needs
to be examined too. As the opposite, standardised housing creates a uniform environment that
eliminates the problem of fitting in. Pre–fab housing of the post WWII era, such as the Airey House

Participatory Modes
What is a documentary? The technical term is utilizing pictures or interviews with people involved
in real events to provide a factual record on a particular unique subject. In other words, it is a
programme that provides a reputable document on a detailed subject. One influential person on
documentaries is Bill Nichols who is a film critic and theorist known for his pioneering work in
documentary, he compared film theory to that of documentaries for the first time and that even
though they are made with different purposes in mind that does not separate them. Documentaries or
film have conventions and practices such as screenwriting, staging, re–enacting, rehearsal and
performance , non actors, handheld cameras, improve and found footage. ... Show more content on
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Rather than not influencing or getting involved with the subject they will directly engage with
them/it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YN4nzQO0B1E Reflexive Mode acknowledges how a
documentary is made and that it is infeasible for it to be an untouched fact so to speak because it
gets affected by so many different processes and techniques for example the camera and editing to
enhance it and so it accepts it and may also make these matters recognized to the viewers with the
aid of authentically having and exhibiting them in the movie itself. It admits to the audience this is
not the truth but a reconstructed version of it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cId3MgHgKpo
Performative Mode is where the filmmaker is deeply involved and this type of documentary is on
the whole subjective, the filmmaker and the film might depict their personal journey. It does not set
out to lecture truth or a point of view in any case but acknowledges the emotional and subjective
facets. They might also be autobiographical

Participatory Class Analysis
Overview Overview are important in setting a general plan for the future. They also serve as a way
to get a quick reference. This paper will cover an overview of what I plan to do in class. It will detail
how I plan to attend, participation, and finally student agreement. Attending class in a participatory
class is import as in order to participate you need to be there. I plan to attend every class to the best
of my abilities. I do not make a promise that I'll attend every class because there might be situations
that I can't attend class such as an emergency or sickness. In these cases, I will inform the teacher if
I cannot make it to class. I plan to follow up on this by reminding myself that this is a participatory
class and that I need to attend it to pass. Should I forget I will pull out this document of what I
agreed to. Since I am also depending on getting a good mark for a scholarship it will also serve as a
constant reminder to come to class. Lastly, this is usually the last class of the day and since I'm
already at school I'll really have no excuse to not go ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I plan to contribute by putting listening and putting forth ideas and opinions in class. I will also
come prepared by doing the assigned readings. I am skilled in presentations and experience in
various technologies so I can share my knowledge with my group. In large group discussions I have
no trouble speaking my mind the same goes for small group discussions. I can support other
classmates by reminding myself to let them speak when it is there turn and to listen as well. I will
also not will side conversations while others are talking. I will remind classmates that they are free
to speak their minds and that they should be entitles to their own opinions in this classroom. Fear of
speaking one's mind inhibits and environment where participation can thrive. I can connect with my
classmates by talking to them inside and outside of class if I see

Utilisation Of Participatory Research ( Pr )
FOCUS GROUP AS A PR METHOD, THE POTENTIAL, THE LIMITATIONS AND THE
CHALLENGES
By (Name):
Course:
Tutor:
Date:
Introduction
This paper investigates the utilisation of Participatory Research (PR) in sports education using focus
groups. A focus group is a manifestation of the qualitative study in which a set of individuals are
questioned about their judgements, beliefs and opinions, towards an item, benefit, or idea. Queries
are asked in an intelligent group setting where members are allowed to talk with others in the group.
PR is a methodology used with groups that emphasises support and activity. It looks to comprehend
the world by attempting to transform it, collectively and after reflection. PR is a source of
significant contention. It varies from other qualitative strategies because in a coordinated effort the
researcher encourages the members. Commonly, the researcher trains members to be co–researchers
themselves and includes them in the research process. The participatory procedure itself raises the
awareness of members so they may move to productive activity. Sports education gives a wide
assortment of chances to help youth create the abilities for professions (Farnsworth, 2010). For
example, physical education focus groups are centred on two central suppositions. The primary one
is that people can give a rich source of data around a theme. The second is that the aggregate and
individual reactions supported by the focus group setting will produce material

Participatory Response
According to Gerrig, participatory response is a process where readers encode the types of mental
contents as they would encode them if they were the participants in the narrative world. Gerrig
divides participatory response in the following seven categories, such as the emotional response,
outcome preference, problem solving instructions, problem–solving assertions, self–projection, re–
plotting and character evaluation. Immersion is a phase called by Victor Nell as "lost in a book"
where reader's mind merges with the storyline and simulates a fictional world as a temporary escape
from reality. As a part of the emotional response, the reader might feel sorry, sympathetic or even
start associating himself with one of the characters. Reading process provides an environment for a
reader that engages him in a passive participation. The following forms of participatory response
help readers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As his mental state worsens, he transforms himself into a knight and fights with the imaginary
enemies and abandons his niece and household to search for fictitious adventures. Don Quixote's
obsession with his books leads him to the point where he loses his mind and finds an escape in the
fictional chivalry. Don Quixote shows participatory responses in the following scenes where he re–
plots the ordinary events to fit his fictional adventures. For example, he fights with windmills while
seeing them as giants. When Sancho tells him that they are windmills, Don Quixote persuades him
that it is enchanter who turned them into the mills. Moreover, Don Quixote sees an ordinary peasant
woman as a noble lady and calls her Dulcinea del Toboso and vows to fight for her honor. His
immersion into Don Quixote is seen during his imaginary battle with muleteers, where he fights
according to the code of chivalry that he read in his

Apathy And Its Impact On Society
Chap. 1. What is apathy? Before inspecting the root causes and solutions to the problem of apathy, a
uniform definition of apathy must be obtained to be used throughout this thesis. In the Oxford
English Dictionary, the word apathy is defined as: lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern. The
usage of the word apathy can be traced back to 17th century France, and then still further back to the
ancient greek word apathēs, which meant without feeling. As the dictionary makes clear, the concept
of apathy has many meanings, but the common link may be summarised as a lack of interest in a
certain subject. Although the subject could vary from gardening to engineering, this dissertation
thesis will focus on apathy in relation to politics. Having defined apathy, the crucial question is to
decide whether apathy has either a positive or negative impact on society. The answer depends, in
part at least, on one's view of human nature. In ancient Athens, Aristotle declared that 'man is a
political animal', meaning by this that a full human existence demanded active participation in the
public life of the agora. Apathy in this respect would mean being condemned to a subhuman
existence. For Christian thinkers of the Medieval Age, by contrast, the highest good is outside
politics, being the purely personal quest for religious salvation. From this standpoint, political
apathy might well be a desirable thing, since politics is merely a distraction from religion. In the
early

What Features Of American Society Seem Most For Trouble...
1. What features of American society seem most to trouble the authors of the Port Huron Statement?
When writing the Port Huron Statement, its authors explicitly mentioned two key features of
American society that they found troubling. First, they considered the presence of racism and
overall bigotry in the American South as "...the permeating and victimizing fact of human
degradation" (Foner 283). The authors acknowledged the presence of practices that essentially
dehumanized African Americans in the South, claiming that its existence is what "...compelled most
of us from silence to activism" (Foner 283). In addition to this, the authors of the Port Huron
Statement were also troubled by the existence of the atom bomb and the possibility that an all–out
nuclear war could break out at any given moment. It is stated that the presence of the bomb brought
awareness that "...we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of 'abstract ' others...might die at any
time" (Foner 283). While contemplating the aforementioned problems in American society, the
authors of the Port Huron Statement also began to rethink the American ideal that "all men are
created equal", finding paradoxes between the claim and what was really occurring in American
society. They stated that the declaration "...rang hollow before the facts of Negro life in the South"
(Foner 283) and was contradicted by the United States ' "...economic and military investments in the
Cold War status quo" (Foner 283). These two

Disadvantages Of User Centered Design
Introduction
'User–centered design' (UCD) is a broad term to describe design processes in which end–users
influence how a design takes shape. (Abras, Maloney–Krichmar, & Preece, 2004) Getting the
opinions and input from the end–user in the design of an information system. Also getting
requirements from the users about what they want the system to do and then meeting those
requirements in the design and development of the system.
During which stages of SDLC is UI most effective?
There are many different opinions on whether users should be involved in the in the development of
an information system also, there are also many different ways in which they can be involved. There
are different parts in the development of an information system including: ... Show more content on
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There are different methodologies on the Software Development Lifecycle, including the Waterfall
Method and the Star Method. Some user–centered design approaches such as the participatory
design and the star lifecycle, focus on including users in all phases of design. (Preece, Rogers,
Sharp, Benyon, Holland, & Carey, 1994) In participatory design, users become members of the
actual development team. In the star lifecycle, users get to evaluate each stage of development.
(Lazar, 2011)
So when using a lifecycle like the participatory design or the star lifecycle, users are very involved
in the design of the information system, resulting in making usage easier and more understandable
for the users when the information system gets placed into production. Another advantage in having
the users involved in the every step of the development would be that the information system will
meet exactly the requirements that the users have specified and thus making the system more stable
and productive. Knowing where to include users in the design process is very important and can
make the information system design process faster and better or cause conflict, problems and result
in the design and development running over the allocated

Pros And Cons Of Participatory Journalism
Research in the past gives little confirmation that proposes participatory journalism has significantly
changed the beliefs of journalism, but in Bourdieu's words, the institutionalized cultural capital
(Lewis, Kaufhold, and Lasorsa, 2010). The extension of accepting participatory features at news
sites worldwide was generally determined by newsrooms' competitive motion to help boost web
activity and users' loyalty with the brands (Vujnovic et al. 2010). The newsrooms see participatory
journalism as their very own coverage to encourage community talk and to give free gathering
sourcing labors. Journalists apply old journalistic values and norms, for instances, objectivity,
fairness and accuracy, to judge the originality of the user generated ... Show more content on
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According to (Creeber and Martin, 2009; Bennett, 2003) the difference between producers and
consumers will become increasingly difficult to draw. In looking at the difference between the
mainstream media the new media, there are technical distinctions one can understand between the
various media forms (Brydon 2011). New media have different characteristics, such as the Internet;
can be used for mass to point message supply and points to mass communications. They are de–
centralized and needs low investment, that gives interactivity and public engagement and it is also
difficult to control (Banerjee,

The Benefits Of Participatory Democracy
Several forms of government have been formed since the development of centralized power. The
form of government that has showed the most international growth in the last century is democracy.
There are currently over 160 democracies in the world today. These democracies, however, are not
complete democracies. They are representative democracies that have been created by the leaders of
our predominantly patriarchal international system. Due to this, many citizens of these democracies
are considered second class citizens and their views are not heard by their supposedly democratic
society. A solution to this problem is participatory democracy. Participatory democracy is better than
the existing patriarchal society because it allows the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a patriarchal system is in charge, the abuse of women and minorities rises substantially. This
is in direct correlation with the fact that when a certain group of people are in charge, those who are
not in charge are valued as lesser people who do not deserve the same treatment and luxuries as
those who are above them. In such a society the progression of the civilization only favors the one
group that is in charge, leaving no room for people to work themselves out of the lower classes and
into the group in charge. A society where this occurs is prone the internal destruction because it
eliminates hope for improvement of oneself and therefore hope of the improvement of the society.
As this is a characteristic of patriarchal democracy and not participatory democracy, it is less likely
for women and minorities to be abused in a participatory democracy.
Women in a patriarchal democracy are often forced into nothing more than a reproductive role.
When women are treated like this their opinions, ideas, and personal wellbeing are held at having no
value to society, while their bodies hold the only thing they are valued and overall kept in the world
for. In a participatory democracy this would not happen because women have just as many rights as
men and these rights are enforced by the government. As in our patriarchal driven world today
women are too often oppressed and mistreated and this treatment would not

Participatory Action Research And Explanation
In the reviewed literature, a case is made for participatory action research and explanation given on
its composition and on how it enhances the quality of research (Greenwood et al, 1993). They define
participatory action research as a type of research that brings together a member of the organization
(insider) and an expert research to carry out the research process.
Gibbons et al (1994) talks about the knowledge production mode as well as a number of author later
(Huff and Huff, 2001; Huff, 2000; Starky and Madan, 2001; Tranfield and Starky, 1998). The
definition is articulated into 'traditional' or mode 1 (pursuit of scientific truths), and 'interactive' or
mode 2 (production of knowledge by application) (Huff, 2000). Mode 3 and mode 1.5 is also
referenced by Huff (2000). It is worth noting that no specific mode fit my organization exactly: I see
a lot of mode 2 as management wants to solve problems quickly to reduce loss.
In the problem solving process, innovations (their spread or lack of spread), pro–innovation biases,
and their influencers will be encountered. From review literature, Abrahamson (1991) teaches us
how to handle these and how to prevent pro–innovation biases by using a matrix and rejecting
assumptions.
Critically reflecting on my wicked problem, some thoughts were investigated and in some cases
evidence: these were reviewed.
First to consider is if a metaphor (or school of thought) can adequately represent the totality of our
organizational life. This

Participatory Action Research At A Public New England...
In the case study about Participatory Action Research (PAR) in a public New England middle
school, researchers attempted to implement the PAR approach into a program that moves students
who are behind 1 year, at an accelerated rate – 3 years of school over the course of 2 years –
allowing them to be in the appropriate grade for their age group. The accelerated program was
called Higher Academic Achievement Program (HAAP). Two teachers and their classes participated
in the research, taking on the PAR approach two days a week, while continuing their normal
academic schedule the rest of the week. The HAAP program was a very traditional and strict
program. The academic schedule was to be abided by profusely to ensure that students were being
properly prepared for their state exams. While the actual teaching style of the teachers differed, their
traditionalistic teaching views were shared. Both students, teachers, and administrators were
assessed and interviewed at the conclusion of the study to report feedback about the successes,
weaknesses, opinions, and criticisms about PAR. While the program has a unique and engaging
approach, there were several large complications in appropriately implementing PAR into the HAAP
program.
First, in implementing the PAR program, researchers did not assess the fit between the program and
the setting as extensively as required. This is the first factor that researchers should fully look into
before proceeding with placing a program into a new

The Report : Crisis Of Democracy
The report: "Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracy to the Trilateral
Commission" by Crozier, Huntington and Watanuki is not a crisis theory in the classical sense. Far
below the level of abstraction of Habermas's "theories of legitimation," the three authors of the
report do not begin with theoretical considerations or normative explanations, but with a question:
"Is political democracy, as it exists today, a viable form of government?" (Crozier et al. 1975: 2).
The answer can be boiled down to the following lines: As a result of rapid growth of social
complexity, proliferation of pluralist private interests, erosion of traditional values, and in particular
increasing demands of citizens democratic governments are losing their ability to formulate the
common good or to effectively implement and enforce their policies. "The system becomes one of
anomic democracy, in which democratic politics becomes more an arena for the assertion of
conflicting interests than a process for the building of common purposes" (ibid: 161). Democratic
governments
P a g e | 6 lose the ability to govern and face a bleak future. The authors of the Trilateral Report, see
four frontal attacks on the continued existence of effective governance and thus to democracy itself:
1. Delegitimation of political authority
The relentless pursuit of equality and individualism leads to a loss of public confidence in the
authority of political leadership. But a trusted political leadership is

Paul Graham's Participatory Narcissism
On the Guise of Happiness Oftentimes, it seems as though success is the defining myth of
adulthood. With the exception of fleeting moments of satisfaction, the denizens of the working
world seem to inhabit a world in which happiness is task based–– success is only a brief gulp of air
in an unending relay race. Considering this, one encounters a recurring query–– if people are
unhappy working, why do they attempt to act as though they are not? In his answer, "How to Do
What You Love," Paul Graham dissects the myths of the modern worker and delves into the
mechanics of manufacturing a fulfilling work life. Using a delightfully straightforward and
simplistic tone, Graham's knowledge of his audience–– young people–– proves to be the driving
force behind his rhetoric. All people were young once, and Graham embraces this fact with gusto––
he starts his paragraph off with an anecdote from his childhood, "When ... Show more content on
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Graham, published an article entitled, "Paul Graham's Participatory Narcissism," in which he
wonders, "whether Mr. Graham... has devolved into self absorption and irrelevance"(Atwood).
Thankfully, Mr. Atwood provides ample explanation for the title term, "He projects his reality
outward, reflecting it against the rest of us so brightly and so strongly that we're temporarily
blinded. We stop seeing our own reality and trade it for his, in a form of participatory narcissism"
(Atwood). While the article was geared more toward the moral implications of this situation, it does
serve to illustrate the fact that Mr. Graham has so successfully mimicked his audience that, like a
strange face, he's gotten stuck that way. Yet this flawless imitation is the key to his success: young
people want mentors, and when they get one, they emulate it to a tee–– consequently, Paul Graham,
a successful investor and apparently headstrong, energetic, carefree adult, is the perfect standard for
them to

Participatory Theatre Analysis
What are the key elements for a successful participatory children's theatre production
The participatory theatre for children does not only entertain children with the fantasy world but the
aim of this theatre is providing high quality arts projects for young audience and open the door for
children to be more cooperative and social development from involving the performance.
Fortunately, children have huge enthusiasm to response the performance that it is different from
adult character who do not want to be expose in the stage so this benefits can reduces space of
theatre that will provides opportunity of children can have deeper understanding. This essay will
explore the four main elements which activate the success of participatory children's ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
How the environment which can promote imagination need to be considered. Indeed, a space always
have own story that the audience will get into the world of play (Reason, 2016). For example, The
treasure of island selects the location of the production near the Bristol Harbor where the scenery
setting are similar to the island. From this point, the audience can imagine from the environment so
it could lead to greater engagement from the immersive.(Cavendish, 2011) Moreover, Machon
(2013) presents that providing sensation experience can stimulate the sensory awareness about
smelling, touching or eating in the performance that will directly impact nature of perception. For
instance, I have seen this performance is successful method for sensory performance in The Seagull
,the bird characters was created cannot feel from touching so the characters ask the audience to
select the soft material to do their nest so the children use their sensory for engaging in the

Participatory Fandoms
Many American markets today are filled with apathetic consumers who demonstrate a lack of
concern for authenticity and originality. " Consumerism is built on building blocks laid down in
industrial modernity: progress, designed obsolescence, dismissal of the past unless rendered as
nostalgia, a utopian sheen projected onto technology, commodity and product." (Neimeyer, 212)
Nostalgia is this utopian sheen, which almost all consumers seem to prefer above overt realism.The
environment for resale value has never been better. Speculative merchandising, including DLC sales
and crowdfunding campaigns, is a product of this constant demand for intellectual material.
Originally, a product was only sold once it had reached completion, but not even that is required any
more. Especially in the gaming industry, things are sold before they are completed and consumers
often pay full price for products that may be incomplete or dysfunctional. It is not recommended for
companies to release ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The willingness for rapid reproduction comes from the culture of participatory fandoms. People
become enthralled with specific franchises and cinematic universes, and wait hungrily for any form
of iteration of their favorite one. There are many different ways in which people participate and
cooperate with each other through fandoms. Some people may join facebook groups or online
message boards and threads that relate to their favorite media. Some people may even go as far as
reaching out to the people who develope their favorite franchises and ask for more if they feel they
are being neglected. There is high demand for repetitive releases that cater specifically to nostalgic
advertising. A shorter release gap and high demand on means one thing, the potential for monetary
success in a market with this many dedicated consumers is

The Movement Of Participatory Design
Abstract
This report seeks to understand the movement of Participatory Design (PD) and how it has
influenced Information Systems Design since the 1990s. Has the body of knowledge around
Participatory Design made an impact on how organisations today approach the design of
information systems? Can it work in a global context? What tools have been developed as a reaction
to this movement? Can we ever really design a system that meets the needs of all stakeholders due
to those at the heart of human centred design all providing unique perspectives? These are some of
the questions we asked while trying to understand this subject.
Having undertaken a detailed literature review of the subject we identify the key success factors
involved in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to him Participatory Design (PD) leads to hybrid practices that can take place neither in
the user's base, nor the technology developer, but the "in–between" region . He calls this a "third
space"– a fertile environment in which participants can combine diverse knowledge into new
insights and plans for action.
Participatory Design was born in Scandinavia with its heart originating in Industrial Relations.
Originally it was known as cooperative design. Later when it was introduced to the US community,
the name cooperative was changed for participatory to resonate better with strong separation
between workers and managers. (Wikipedia, 2015).
PD research began in the mid 1970's as a reaction to the ways in which computer–based systems
were introduced in the workplace and to the deleterious effects these systems were having on
workers (dislocations, deskilling, etc.) (Kening & Blomberg, 1998). The authors stress there were a
lot of debates taking place at the time in Scandinavia and Germany about the introduction of
computers at work. The main discussion point was that technology neglected workers' interests, and
it was just another management tool to control workforce but not toimprove working conditions.
Workers and their unions were concerned that the introduction of computers would reduce their
control over their immediate work situation as well as the overall planning and administration of
production (Kening & Blomberg, 1998).
The

Participatory Culture Paper
It's no secret that people are engaging more and more with the Internet and social media everyday. A
simple Google search can lead you to various discussion forums, Tumblr blogs, and a plethora of
hash–tagged Tweets. The Internet is an interactive medium, and as users of that medium, we have
access to innumerable amounts of data and information previous generations could only dream of.
With the rise of an interactive, communicative platform, people and companies can send and receive
messages instantaneously. Take the phenomenon of live tweeting for example: audience members
(particularly fans) watching a television show in real time can provide instant feedback of their
responses, and using particular hashtags, can have their responses appear ... Show more content on
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392). In other words, people are acting as "prosumers," a term coined by Alvin Toffler, by
consuming and producing media texts of their own (Toffler, 1989). The Internet provides a space
where this participatory culture can thrive. Discussion–based forums and boards are especially
active places where fans can interact. According to Jenkins, "message boards and forums become
knowledge communities that structure and organize the fans' knowledge about a particular text"
(Booth, 2010, pp. 37–38). From these interactive online hubs, fans can work together to create
distinct meanings unique to their fan culture and themselves, according to media scholar Paul
Booth: "Dialogue through forums and listservs create meaning for the members of the community
separated from the meaning contained (or read) within the extant media object" (Booth, 2010, pp.
37–38). Discussion boards and forums aren't the only places where this type of interaction occurs;
blogs are another place where fans can engage in this participatory culture. Blogs, and more
importantly, their ability to comment and provide feedback are integral to the interactivity and
productivity of online fandom. According to Booth, "Comments become a way for the blog to elicit
feedback and participation by members of a community." This ability to provide instantaneous
feedback fulfills the desire of instant gratification and fosters the ability to communicate more
effectively as a collective

Participatory Citizens Dbq
The planet earth is dying, due to the overuse of natural resources. Knowing this, the United States of
America has decided to send a group of 1000 total citizens of 3 different types to start a New
Democratic government, which is a government where the people have a say in it. They will be
colonizing a newly discovered planet known as Nevermore. Using their knowledge of how well the
citizens would go to the colony and act based on the different types of citizens, they have chosen
500 of The personally responsible, 400 of the participatory citizens, and 100 justice oriented citizens
for the best colonization on Nevermore.
The reason the United States of America has chosen 500 personally responsible citizens, because
they will help the colony ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They will help Nevermore by keeping the colony clean and make sure everyone will have what they
need. According to document b, it states that the participatory citizens are the ones who participate
in canned food drives and other community helpful thing. Knowing this about this type of citizen,
the US has decided that with them, the colony to find a better place for humans to thrive.
The justice oriented citizen is the type that will make the colony better and better each and every
day. They will do whatever means necessary to make your life better. According from document c, a
now well known justice oriented citizens went on a food fast until the government gave him what he
wanted. This is why the US chose 100 of them to accompany the other citizens to Nevermore.
So, if the US were to take 1000 citizens to Nevermore to colonize it, the best people needed to
create a democratic government would be 500 personally responsible citizens , 400 participatory
citizens, and 100 justice oriented citizens. The personally responsible would be the people to follow
the laws, the justice oriented citizens would be the ones who would make the laws and colony
better, and the participatory citizen would keep the colony clean and do things to make it a better
place. Now, what would happen if we traveled to Nevermore and it wasn't hospitable. If it was going
to happen, would the human

American Lip Project Analysis
I entered the delicate balance project process with the intention of continuing the American chestnut
restoration project that I initiated last semester. I was enticed by the appeal of bringing a lapsed
keystone species back into the forests of Vermont, and the romantic legacy it might provide for my
project. Unfortunately, I encountered a few challenging roadblocks in the American chestnut
project's early stages of implementation, such as lack of availability of blight resistant seedlings and
the reality that non–blight resistant seedlings would most likely die as they did at Sterling College.
Although I was enthusiastic about the hands–on physical element of my original project, I did feel
that it lacked an element of social justice that I hoped to convey through my project.
Given the lackluster social implications of the chestnut project, combined with its high likelihood of
failure, I decided to look for a worthy past delicate project to continue or for a current project to
join. Ultimately, I wanted to find a project that combined my passion for political activism with
meaningful, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the course of several meeting with senate and specific senate members, it became clear that
senate was fully aware that something had to be done to involve students in campus wide decision
making and provide a forum where students' needs and concerns could be shared.
We ended up collaborating with senate in presenting the first community conversation to the student
body. Although this proto–community meeting didn't follow the structure of future community
meetings, it served to gauge student interest and exceeded our project proposals "ideal results" with
a turnout of over forty students (10% of the on campus student body). The feedback session we led
the following week was also a success, although, as expected, it did not generate the same level of
participation that the original community meeting

Participatory Approaches To Chronic Diseases
In our final unit, we primarily discussed the importance of inspiring people to become active in
working to promote policy changes relevant to chronic diseases and the importance of involving
community members, who possess insider knowledge of the particular community, in the process of
planning health interventions. Participatory approaches can be advantageous in comparison to
traditional approaches because of they are designed to be tailored to meet the specific needs of the
community.
We began our discussion of the need to inspire social movements specifically for chronic diseases
by addressing how the manner in which a public health issue is framed can have a large impact on
how much attention is given to a particular condition. I think ... Show more content on
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This is best accomplished using a participatory approach, which is an approach created to benefit
the participants by direct intervention or by use of the results to enact change (cite lecture slide).
Participatory approaches aim to involve community members in all aspects of the health
intervention design process from identifying the problem that needs to be addressed to identifying
the most effective interventions for the community of interest. This is important because members
from within the community can often identify the problems most pertinent to their community
members better than outsiders would be able to. However, outside researchers likely have more
experience planning interventions, therefore the combined efforts of both trained public health
workers and community insiders can provide the most specific and well–designed interventions.
Community–based participatory research (CBPR) can empower individuals of the community by
making them feel as though their concerns and being taking into consideration, rather than
traditional methods which may have involved researchers who were not as familiar with
communities. My group's report on Finland includes another example relevant to this point. The
Finnish people had success reducing CVD rates by adopting community–based

Participatory Culture –
Participatory Culture –
Case Study– The Reporting on China's High–Speed Train Crash 2011
Hui Liu
University of Nicosia
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Comm – 532 New Media: Aesthetics, Interactivity and Representation
Instructor's Name: Costas Constandinides
Fall 2011
Table of Contents
1 Introduction.......................................................3
2 Literature Review................................................3
3 Case Study – The Reporting on China's high–speed Train crash
2011..................................................5
4 Analysis.............................................................7
5 Conclusion..........................................................11
References............................................................12
1 Introduction
In this paper, base on participatory cultural from Henry Jenkins to analysis ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Not a single attendant here!" Two hours later, a call for blood quickly clogged local hospitals with
donors. Sina Weibos have posted an amazing 26 million messages on this tragedy. The messages
show contempt for railway authorities, suspicion of government explanations and shoe–leather
journalism by citizens and professionals alike.
Sina Weibos reported the train accident more quickly and detailed than the description from the

Railways Ministry. On top of that, the Railways Ministry was already in trouble with a bribery
scandal before the accident happened. From the beginning they just gave very little information on
how they saved the children using the state television and this only because they were under
pressure from the public's discontent and thus were forced to give more information on the train
accident to the public.
While the Weibos have exposed wrongdoers and broken news before, this time, Weibos performed
and demonstrated social power which influenced the Internet which until then had been completely
dominated by the government.
The government sent the censors to monitor public opinions on the internet, though that still left
many of the Weibo posts streaming on the Web unhindered. Many experts [source/] say that the very
nature of Weibo posts, which spread faster than the censors can react, makes Weibo not easy to be
controlled. And a large number of growing Weibo's users makes

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