The document provides an overview of Greek architecture from the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. It describes the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - and their characteristic elements. It also discusses various building types including temples, public buildings, and the importance of proportion and optics in Greek architectural design.

1. Greek Architecture Revision

2. Introduction Classical art is considered the formal and aesthetic basis of Occidental Art. This art was born in Greece and continued during the Roman Empire. The chronology of Greek Art is: Archaic period: 8th to 6th century bc Classical period: 5th to 4th century bc Hellenistic period: 4th to 2nd century bc

3. Introduction Archaic period: It is the time of formation To the local basis are added other influences: Crete civilization Mycenaean civilization Oriental influences, above all, Egyptian Art evolved from abstraction to expressive naturalism.

4. Introduction Classical period: It is the peak of this art Every art manifestation reached its zenith It is the period of political, economic and cultural expansion of the polis, mainly Athens. It is the period of the Democracy This situation lasted until the political decay of the polis with the Peloponnesus Wars.

5. Introduction Hellenistic period: Greek culture suffered a deep transformation Alexander the Great expanded Greek culture With culture, Art expanded too: The artistic forms Technical solutions Greece became the artistic reference in the whole Mediterranean area.

6. Geographical space Even when the basic nucleus is Greece, this civilization expanded to other regions due to: Greek colonization (forced by the inner difficulties for communication –difficult relieve, politically divided into polis) South of Italy and Sicily (Magna Greece) Easter Mediterranean coasts (Turkey, Middle East) Rest of Mediterranean coasts. Hellenistic expansion (Alexander).

7. Greek civilization Ideologically: Freedom and individual independence Isodomia: equal right among free men Human being is the centre of their culture: everything is done at man’s measure Rich mythology and religion: gods were used to express beauty ideal. Reason, observation and experience are the basis for the reality: Philosophy and Sciences developed

8. Architecture: Basis Greek created equilibrate and proportional works It is an architecture to be seen (temple) Sculptural values, volumes Building is conceived as an sculpture Beauty= proportion and measure: it is conceived from the human point of view it is anti-colossal

9. Architecture: Basis The organization of the polis did not help the development of the palace. Temple is the essential building, residence of the god, not a place for people Other constructions combined beauty with practical solutions: Theatres Sanctuaries Gymnasiums Importance of urbanism: Hipodamus from Mileto created the orthogonal planning

10. Building systems It has lintels, and it is apparently serene and equilibrate Dominant lines are horizontal and vertical The column is the essential element Building materials limestone and white marble Walls are made of regular ashlars, without mortar ( stretcher and header bond= soga y tizón ) Buildings were polychrome There are not fixed measures, this is why there are different orders

11. Orders Doric: Columns Without basis Sharp-edged shaft Simple capital, without decoration Tablature Frieze divided Metopes Triglyphs Cornice Triangular pediment

12. Of the three columns found in Greece, Doric columns are the simplest. They have a capital (the top, or crown) made of a circle topped by a square. The shaft (the tall part of the column) is plain and has 20 sides. There is no base in the Doric order. The Doric order is very plain, but powerful-looking in its design. Doric, like most Greek styles, works well horizontally on buildings, that's why it was so good with the long rectangular buildings made by the Greeks. The area above the column, called the frieze [pronounced "freeze"], had simple patterns. Above the columns are the metopes and triglyphs. The metope [pronounced "met-o-pee"] is a plain, smooth stone section between triglyphs. Sometimes the metopes had statues of heroes or gods on them. The triglyphs are a pattern of 3 vertical lines between the metopes. There are many examples of ancient Doric buildings. Perhaps the most famous one is the Parthenon in Athens, which is probably the most famous and most studied building on Earth. Buildings built even now borrow some parts of the Doric order .

13. Orders Ionic: Columns: With basis Blunt-edged shaft Capital with volutes Tablature Three bands, without decoration Continues frieze (decorated) Cornice Triangular pediment

14. Ionic shafts were taller than Doric ones. This makes the columns look slender. They also had flutes , which are lines carved into them from top to bottom. The shafts also had a special characteristic: entasis , which is a little bulge in the columns make the columns look straight, even at a distance [because since you would see the building from eye level, the shafts would appear to get narrower as they rise, so this bulge makes up for that - so it looks straight to your eye but it really isn't !] . The frieze is plain. The bases were large and looked like a set of stacked rings. Ionic capitals consist of a scrolls above the shaft. The Ionic style is a little more decorative than the Doric.

15. Orders Corinthian: Columns: With basis High blunt-edged shaft Capital decorated with acantus leaves and small volutes Tablature: Three bands without decoration Continuous frieze Cornice Triangular pediment

16. The Corinthian order is the most decorative and is usually the one most modern people like best. Corinthian also uses entasis to make the shafts look straight. The Corinthian capitals have flowers and leaves below a small scroll. The shaft has flutes and the base is like the Ionian. Unlike the Doric and Ionian cornices , which are at a slant, the Corinthian roofs are flat.

17. Finding for idealism Greek aimed at creating visually perfect buildings To correct optical distortions they used several resources: Curved tablature and stilobatus Columns inclined towards the inside Entasis: columns are wider in the middle Corner columns are wider than the rest Different distances between columns All these deformation corrected optical errors and buildings seemed to be perfect.

18. Greek temple It is based on the pre-Hellenic megaron Structure: Rectangular plan Longitudinal axes Circular temples existed too: Tholos Internal distribution: One to three naves Pronaos : Open entrance Naos or cella : chapel for God’s image Opistodomos : room for holding the treasure of the temple

21. Greek temple Location: in isolated or holy places Ceremonies were celebrated in the outside, in front of the porticos. It was built on a basis with stairs, called crepis in order to avoid humidity. The last stair is called stillobatus . The façade is the main area for developing architectonical orders (they may appear inside too).

22. Temple typology Depending on the disposition of the columns in the portico: In antis : the pillars of the side exceed the wall Prostyle : columns only in one façade Anphiprostyle : columns in both façades Peripteral : columns around the building Dipteral : double columns around the building Monopteral : circular

23. Temple typology Depending on the number of columns in the portico it can be: Tetrastile : four columns Hexastile : six columns Octastile : eight columns Tholos : circular temple

24. The majority of the religious buildings were concentrated in the Acropolis, or fortified city built on a mountain near the city. (This is Athens’ Acropolis)

25. Public architecture Propylaea or porch was a monumental entrance to a temenos or holy area Fountain houses Stoa : long narrow hall with an open colonnade that was used as exhibition room Agora: commercial centre of the city Palestra or gymnasium, the social centre for male citizens Bouleterion or council chamber

27. egend: 17: Ex-voto of Achaeans 18: Ex-voto of Mikythos 19: Nike of Paionios 20: Gymnasion 21: Palaestra 22: Theokoleon 23: Heroon 24: Phidias' workshop and paleochristian basilica 25: Baths of Kladeos 26: Greek baths 27 and 28: Hostels 29: Leonidaion 30: South baths 31: Bouleuterion 32: South stoa 33: Villa of Nero 1: NE Propylon 2: Prytaneion 3: Philippeion 4: Heraion 5: Pelopion 6: Nympheum of Herodes Atticus 7: Metroon 8: Zanes 9: Crypt (arched way to the stadium) 10: Stadium 11: Echo stoa 12: Building of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe 13: Hestia stoa 14: Hellenistic building 15: Temple of Zeus 16: Altar of Zeus

28. Public buildings Theatre: It was used for meeting and dramatic performances It consisted of several parts: Skene : place for the performance, it was circular Orchestra: first line of seats, for the chorus Seats: divided in areas to made it possible the movement Storage rooms (behind the skene ) There were built on a hill They have perfect acoustic due to their location There were small theatres for reading poetry, they were called odeon .