The document outlines the principles of system analysis and design, defining key concepts and objectives, and explaining the roles and qualities of a systems analyst. It discusses various types of systems, phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC), and methodologies such as the waterfall approach and agile methodologies. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of integrating new technologies and the impact of information systems on organizational operations.

1. System Analysis and
Design
Saroj Dhakal
Lecturer
Trinity International College,
Kathmandu, Nepal

2. Objectives
 Define the terms system, system analysis, and system design.
 Types of systems.
 Describe the principal functions of the systems analyst.
 List and describe the phases of the systems development life cycle.
 Describe the various data gathering and analysis tools.
 Describe a selection of systems design tools.
 Alternative approaches to Structured analysis & Design to the SLDC
 Explain the role of the maintenance task in the systems development
life cycle.

3. Chapter 1
Overview of Systems
Analysis and Design

4. System Analysis and
Design: what is it?
Firstly we will define the system, than system analysis and system design as
well.
System:
o Term system is derived from the Greek word
‘Systema’ which means an organized relationship
among functioning units or components.
o A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent
components linked together according to a plan to
achieve a specific objective.
Systems Analysis and
Design

5. Characteristics of a System
•Organization
•Interaction
•Interdependence
•Integration
•Central Objective

6. Elements of a System
•Outputs and Inputs
•Processor
•Control
•Feedback
•Environment
•Boundaries and Interface

7.  System Analysis
 The dissection of a system into its component pieces to study how
those component pieces interact and work.
(1) The survey and planning
(2) The study and analysis
(3) The definition
 System Design
The process of defining the architecture, components, modules,
interfaces and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements.
Systems Analysis and
Design

8. Need for System Analysis and Design
 Installing a system without proper planning leads to great user
dissatisfaction and frequently causes the system to fall into
disuse
 Lends structure to the analysis and design of information
systems
 A series of processes systematically undertaken to improve a
business through the use of computerized information systems
Systems Analysis and
Design

9. Roles of the System Analyst
 The analyst plays a key role in information systems development
projects.
 Must understand how to apply technology to solve business
problems.
 Analyst may serve as change agents who identify the
organizational improvement.
Systems Analysis and
Design

10. Qualities of the System Analyst
 Working knowledge of information technology
 Computer programming experience and expertise
 General problem solving skill
 General knowledge of business process and terminology
 Good interpersonal communication skills
 Good interpersonal relations skills
 Strong personal and professional ethics
 Self-disciplined and self-motivated
 Flexibility and adaptability
Systems Analysis and
Design

11. System Analyst Recommend, Design, and
Maintain Many Types of Systems for Users
Systems Analysis and
Design
Strategic
Level
Operational
Level
Knowledge
Level
Higher
Level
A system analyst
may be involved
with any or all of
these systems at
each organization
level

12. OPERATIONAL LEVEL
o It is a process of large amounts of data for routine
business transactions.
o Automate handling of data about business
activities (transactions)
o Process orientation
o Support the day-to-day operations of the company
Example: Payroll Processing, Inventory Management
Cash deposit and withdrawal system at bank used by the teller
Computerized attendance system at school and college.
Systems Analysis and
Design
Transaction Processing System (TPS)

13. KNOWLEDGE LEVEL
 Office Automation System (OAS)
 Supports data workers who share information, but do not usually
create new knowledge
Examples: Word processing, Spreadsheets etc.
 Knowledge Work System (KWS)
 Supports professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and
doctors
Examples: computer-aided design systems, virtual reality systems.
Systems Analysis and
Design

14. Higher Level
o Management Information System (MIS)
• To supports data worker who share information but do not usually create
new knowledge.
• Converts raw data from transaction processing system into
meaningful form
• Data orientation
• Example: Word processing, Spreadsheets, Desktop publishing, Email
Electronic scheduling, Communication through voice mail, Email,
Video
o Expert System (ES)
• Captures and uses the knowledge of an expert for solving a particular
problem which leads to a conclusion or recommendation.
• Examples: MYCIN ( is an early expert system, or artificial intelligence (AI)
program, for treating blood infections. In 1972 work began on MYCIN at
Stanford University in California.
Systems Analysis and
Design

15. Decision Support Systems (DSS)
◦ Designed to help decision makers
◦ Provides interactive environment for decision
making
◦ Involves data warehouses, executive
information systems (EIS)
◦ Database, model base, user dialogue
◦ Examples: financial planning with what-if
analysis, budgeting with modeling
Note:
A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant and
non-volatile collection of data in support of management's decision
making process. For example, "sales" can be a particular subject.

16.  Executive Support System (ESS)
 Helps executives to make unstructured strategic decisions in an informed
way
Examples: drill-down analysis, status access
 Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
 Permit group members to interact with electronic support
Examples: email
 Computer-Supported Collaborative Work System
(CSCWS)
 CSCWS is a more general term of GDSS. It may include software support called
“groupware” for team collaboration via network computers.
Example: video conferencing, Web survey system
Strategic Level
Systems Analysis and
Design

17. Information System (IS)
An arrangement of people, data,
processes, and information technology
that interact to collect, process, store
and provide as output the information
needed to support an organization.

18. Integrating New Technologies into
Traditional Systems
 Ecommerce and Web Systems.
 Enterprise Resource Planning Systems.
 Wireless Systems.
 Open Source Software.
Systems Analysis and
Design

19. Systems analysts need to be aware that integrating
technologies affects all types of system
Systems Analysis and
Design

20. Ecommerce and Web Systems
 Benefits
 Increasing user awareness of the availability of a service,
product, industry, person, or group.
 The possibility of 24-hour access for users.
 Improving the usefulness and usability of interface design.
 Creating a system that can extend globally rather than remain
local, thus reaching people in remote locations without worry
of the time zone in which they are located.
Systems Analysis and
Design

21. Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
(ERPS)
 Performs integration of many information systems existing
on different management levels and within different
functions
Example: Oracle
Systems Analysis and
Design
Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or
simply as Oracle) is an object-relational database management
system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation

22. Wireless Systems
 System analyst may be asked to design standard or wireless
communication networks that integrate voice, video and email
into organizational intranets or industry extranets
 System analyst may also be asked to develop intelligent agents
 Example: Telecommunication services
 Wireless communication is referred as m-commerce (mobile
commerce)
Systems Analysis and
Design
An extranet is a private network that uses Internet
technology and the public telecommunication system to
securely share part of a business's information or
operations with suppliers, vendors, partners,
customers, or other businesses
An intranet is a private network, accessible
only to an organization's staff. Generally a wide
range of information and services from the
organization's internal IT systems are available
that would not be available to the public from
the Internet

23. Open Source Software (OSS)
 An alternative of traditional software development where
proprietary code is hidden from the users
 Open source software is free to distribute, share and modify
 Characterized as a philosophy rather than simply the process
of creating new software
 Example: Linux Operating System, Apache Web Server,
Mozilla Firefox Web browser,, and Joomla.
Systems Analysis and
Design

24. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
 Traditional methodology used to develop,
maintain, and replace information systems.
 Phases in SDLC:
◦ Planning
◦ Analysis
◦ Design
◦ Implementation
◦ Maintenance

25. Standard and Evolutionary Views of
SDLC

26. Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) (Cont.)
Planning
o An organization’s total information system
needs are identified, analyzed, prioritized, and
arranged.
o Project management begins
Project management is the application of
knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to
project activities to meet project
requirement
o Input
o Initiation/ Investigation – highest level
o System concepts development
o Tools used: Gantt chart (for project

27. Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) (Cont.)
Analysis
o System requirements are studied and
structured.
o Gathering system requirements.
o Documentation
o Know scope, constraints, risk and costs
Tool used
o DFD diagram
o WBS (work breakdown structure)

28. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Design – a description of the
recommended solution is converted into
logical and then physical system
specifications.
 Logical design – all functional features
of the system chosen for development in
analysis are described independently of
any computer platform.
Process view
Tools : UML diagram
Activities diagrams

29. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Physical design – the logical
specifications of the system from
logical design are transformed into the
technology-specific details from which
all programming and system
construction can be accomplished.
 Data view
 Tools : ERD diagram
 Communication sequence
 Dimensional model

30. Tools
 Logical
UML diagrams (unified modeling
language) standardized general purpose
modeling language in the field of object
oriented software engineering.
Activity diagram – graphical
representation of workflow.
 Physical
ERD (Entity relationship diagram) is
notational way to describe relationships
in a diagram.

31. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
 Implementation – the information
system is coded, tested, installed and
supported in the organization.
 Execute
 Coding/ Construct system
 Testing
 Installing

32. Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) (Cont.)
Maintenance – an information system
is systematically repaired and improved
 Maintaining the system
 Supporting
 Training
 Updating/ Improving
 Repairing

34. FEASIBILITY ANALYSES
 Technical Feasibility: can we build it?
 Economic Feasibility: should we build it?
Systems Analysis and
Design

35. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY:
CAN WE BUILD IT?
 Familiarity with application: less familiarity more risk.
 Familiarity with technology: less familiarity generates more
risk.
 Project size: large projects have more risk.
 Compatibility: the hard it is so integrate the systems with the
company’s existing technology, the higher the risk will be.
Systems Analysis and
Design

36. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY: SHOULD WE BUILD IT?
 Development Costs.
 Annual operating costs.
 Annual benefits (cost saving and revenues).
 Intangible costs and benefits.
Systems Analysis and
Design

37. Methodologies:
-is used to execute a process
Examples(System analysis and design tools)
oWaterfall approach
oPrototyping
oComputer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools
oJoint Application Design (JAD)
oRapid Application Development
(RAD)
oAgile Methodologies
oeXtreme Programming

38. Waterfall approach
oIs one phase begins when another
competes with back tack or looping
Pros
o High control for the developer
Cons:
o Increased time for development
o System requirement are locked in
and cannot be changed

39. Prototyping
oIterative development process:
oRequirements quickly converted to
a working system.
oSystem is continually revised.
oClose collaboration between users
and analysts.

40. Prototyping (Cont.)

41. Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools
oDiagramming tools enable graphical
representation.
oComputer displays and report
generators help prototype how
systems “look and feel”.
oAnalysis tools automatically check for
consistency in diagrams, forms, and
reports.
oCentral repository for integrated
storage of diagrams, reports, and
project management specifications

42. Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools
(Cont.)
o Documentation generators standardize
technical and user documentation.
o Code generators enable automatic
generation of programs and database
code directly from design documents,
diagrams, forms, and reports

43. Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)
Pros
o Display a good look and feel
o Creates graphical representation
o Keep it in a central repository
Cons:
o Difficult to use with existing system

44. Joint Application Design
(JAD)
oStructured process involving users,
analysts, and managers.
oSeveral-day intensive workgroup
sessions.
oPurpose: to specify or review
system requirements.

45. Rapid Application Development
(RAD)
o Methodology to radically decrease
design and implementation time.
o Involves: extensive user
involvement, prototyping, JAD
sessions, integrated CASE tools,
and code generators.

46. Rapid Application Development
(RAD) (Cont.)

47. Rapid Application Development
(RAD) (Cont.)
Pros:
o Decrease design and implementation
time
Cons:
o High cost
o Meant for large project

48. Agile Methodologies
oMotivated by recognition of software
development as fluid, unpredictable,
and dynamic.
oThree key principles
Adaptive rather than predictive.
Emphasize people rather than roles.
Self-adaptive process.
Pros: Flexible, Adaptive
Cons: Heavy customer interaction

49. eXtreme Programming
o Short, incremental development
cycles.
o Automated tests.
o Two-person programming teams.

50. eXtreme Programming (Cont.)
Pros:
o Communication between developers
o High level of productivity.
o High-quality code.
Cons:
o Requires lots of communication with
developer who are not necessarily good
at communicating with individual who
are not technical