Angina Case Study Essay

Angina Case Study Essay
CASE STUDY #3 CARDIOVASCULAR
A 56 year old male arrives in the emergency room after complaints of severe pain to the upper
abdomen and jaw. For 7 years he has been seeing a doctor off and on for high blood pressure. He
has hyperlipidemia. He smokes ½ packs of cigarettes per day.
(1) Differentiate 3 different types of angina and identify the associated clinical symptoms.
A. Classic or Stable Angina Pectoris which is also called Chronic Coronary Syndrome is the most
common form of angina. In stable angina, because of the buildup of plaque (stenotic
atherosclerotic), the coronary vessels has become much narrowed. Arteries that have become
severely narrowed (stenosed) poor dilation, "reduce coronary blood flow to a critical level," only
allowing enough blood to reach the heart while resting or sitting, when demand for oxygen is
decreased. With exertion, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prinzmetal or Variant Angina is caused by a spasm in a coronary artery, that narrows the artery and
causes decreased or stop blood flow to the heart, the pain is described as being unpredictable
attacks. Vasospasm has been acknowledged as the plausible means leading to Variant Angina, while
the cause of vasospasm is unknown. Suggested means include atherosclerosis–induced
hypercontractility, abnormal calcium flux across vascular smooth muscle and abnormal secretion of
vasospastic chemicals by local mast cells. The Clinical Symptoms of Prinzmetal or Variant Angina
are fatigue, weakness, nausea, chest pain , and most individuals with Prinzmetal Angina have
substantial coronary atherosclerosis, the initiation of ischemic symptoms is not linked to physical or
emotional exertion, heart rate, or other obvious causes of greater myocardial oxygen demand.
Patients with Variant Angina react well to treatment with calcium channelblocking drugs, which
prevent vascular smooth muscle contraction (Copstead & Banasik, 2013, p. 385).
(2) Outline the pathophysiology of ischemia and the role it plays in myocardial
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Disease Condition : Heart Failure
Heart Failure
Marikate Williams
Delaware County Community College
Disease Condition Heart failure (HF) is a chronic, progressive condition defined as the hearts
inability to efficiently pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body (Naab,
2011). Heart failure may be the result of the heart chambers not adequately filling, also known as
diastolic HF or the decreased contractility of the valves to perfuse blood to the body, also known as
systolic HF. "Heart Failure is a progressive disease which arises as a consequence of an abnormality
in cardiac structure, function, rhythm or conduction" (Naab, 2011). Possible risk factors of heart
failure could be due to advanced age, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, previous episode of HF,
and coronary artery disease (CAD). Heart failure may be the result of a single risk factor; however, a
combination of factors greatly increases the risk. As we age, the muscles of the heart become weak
and the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart lose elasticity and over time become hard.
Frequent comorbidities in patients with heart failure include hypertension, coronary artery disease,
diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Paul & Hice, 2014). Conditions such as
hypertension and coronary artery disease cause an increase in blood pressure. Blood pressure
increases when arteries become narrow as a result of hardening or due to build up of fat deposits;
both of which are major

Cardiomyopathy: Congestive Heart Failure
Patients presenting Symptoms: Gradual onset of dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, frequent dyspepsia
with nausea and occasional epigastric pain, trouble breathing while lying on his back and, which is
relieved by sitting up (orthopnea), an hypertension.
Congestive Heart failure: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a cardiac disease associated with the
decreasing capacity of the cardiac output. It has been shown that the CHF is the main cause of
cardiac death around the world (Lucena, Barros, & Ohnishi, 2016). Congestive heart failure is the
inability of the left side of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood due to certain conditions.
Because of these conditions, the heart become weak and unable to pump all of the blood forward
and some of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In cardiomyopathy the heart muscle becomes enlarged, thick or rigid, and in rare cases the muscle
tissue can be replaced with scar tissue. As this disease worsens, the heart becomes weaker and
unable to pump blood normally through the body and maintain a normal electrical rhythm. This can
lead to heart failure or irregular heartbeats. The weakening of the heart also can lead to other
problems such as heart valve problems. Cardiomyopathy can be acquired or inherited. It can affect
people of all ages. There are various types of cardiomyopathy includes, hypertrophic, dilated,
restrictive cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and unclassified
cardiomyopathy. Some people with cardiomyopathy will never have any signs and symptoms. But
in some people the signs and symptoms will develop in the early stages of the disease. As
cardiomyopathy worsens and the heart weakens, signs and symptoms of heart failure usually occur.
The signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy includes, shortness of breath or trouble breathing,
especially with physical exertion, fatigue, swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen, and veins in
the neck. Other signs and symptoms may include dizziness, light–headedness, fainting during
physical activity, irregular heartbeats, chest pain, especially after physical exertion or heavy meals,
and heart murmurs. The treatment of cardiomyopathy include lifestyle changes, medicines, surgery,
implanted devices to correct arrhythmias (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,

Air From Inhaling
The pathway of air from inhaling to exhaling: Inhalation: the process by which air is drawn into the
lungs a) The diaphragm is pulled down (contracts) b) The ribcage is pulled up c) The ribcage is
pushed out d) The lungs inflate with air (like blowing up a latex balloon) Exhalation: the process by
which air is pushed out of the lungs a) The lungs deflate (removing the air from a balloon) b) The
ribcage is pulled in c) The ribcage is pulled down (like a window shade) d) The diaphragm is pushed
up (relaxes) If you have had a cold or suffered from allergies, you know what it feels like to have
trouble breathing. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is of an oval shape, the extremities of the oval being directed upward and downward. The upper
extremity is formed by the diaphragm which extends as a dome over the abdomen, so that the cavity
extends high into the bony thorax, reaching on the right side, in the mammary line, to the upper
border of the fifth rib; on the left side it falls below this level by about 2.5 cm. The lower extremity
is formed by the structures which clothe the inner surface of the bony pelvis, principally the Levator
ani and Coccygeus on either side. These muscles are sometimes termed the diaphragm of the pelvis .
The cavity is wider above than below, and measures more in the vertical than in the transverse
diameter. In order to facilitate description, it is artificially divided into two parts: an upper and larger
part, the abdomen proper; and a lower and smaller part, the

Black Panther Exchanges Gases
The black panther exchanges gases and breathes just like humans using their lungs. Black panthers
lungs are a bit larger considering their size and weight. First, the breathing starts at the panther's
nose and mouth. The panther inhales air into their nose or mouth and into their windpipe, or in other
words, trachea. Trachea then divides into tiny air passages called bronchial tubes. As the bronchial
tubes pass through the lungs, they divide into even smaller air passages called bronchioles.
Bronchioles end in tiny balloon air sacs called alveoli. Next, the alveoli are then surrounded by a
mesh on small blood vessels called capillaries. At this stage, oxygen from the inhaled air of the
panther passes through the alveoli walls and into

Congestive Heart Failure Case Studies
A 57–year old male came to my clinic with the following symptoms, gradual onset of dyspnea,
frequent dyspepsia with nausea, epigastric pain and breathing difficulty, especially while lying on
his back. His vital signs are B/P 180/110, pulse 88, temp. 98.0 and his respiration 20.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) affect nearly 26 million people worldwide. (Kumar, Pachori, &
Acharya, 2017). This a condition that is seen when the heart is unable to provide sufficient blood
supply to fulfill the requirement of the body (Kumar, Pachori, & Acharya, 2017). The body need an
adequate amount of blood to survive. CHF affect the heart pumping power of the heart and in return
reduce the pumping power of the ventricles. Because of this blood moves through the heart and
body slowly which causes pressure in the chambers to increase (Kumar, Pachori, & Acharya, 2017).
The individuals experience symptoms because the heart cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients
blood to meet the body's need. Some of the common symptoms of CHF are dyspnea, edema, and
fatigue (Kumar, Pachori, & Acharya, 2017). Patients may also have these symptoms epigastric pain
and difficulty breathing while lying flat which is relieved by sitting up ... Show more content on
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The symptoms he presented to the office correlate with CHF. It is unfortunate that he is diagnosed
late because of the poor prognosis that is related to late diagnosis. I would obtain a medical history,
review his symptoms and do a complete physical examination, listening to his lungs while checking
for abnormal heart sound. I would evaluate his risk factors, paying close attention to B/P, coronary
artery disease, and diabetes. I would also order blood test including BNP, chest X–ray, Stress test,
Echocardiogram and Electrocardiogram (ECG) (Mayo Clinic, 2017). I would make my diagnosis
based on his medical history, family histories, diagnostic test, and his physical exam (National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,

A Study On The Bony Pelvis
Chapter 1: Introduction
The bony pelvis is consisting of 4 bones which are 2 os coxae or innominate bones, 1 sacrum and 1
coccyx. According to Applegate, E. J. (2010), the term pelvis is used to describe large bony structure
at the base of the spine which the lower limbs and many other vertebrates are attached to it. Thus,
pelvis is applied to the bony that formed by the coccyx, the sacrum and the two hip bones which are
called as the bony pelvis. The term of pelvis also can consider as the cavity surrounded by the bony
pelvis and preferred as the pelvic cavity. Pelvis has strength and power to keep the body upright and
enable it to bend, twist at the waist, to walk and run.
The female pelvis differs from the male pelvis in terms of shape and size. For example, the pelvic
inlet and pelvic outlet of females are wider compared to males. In females the pubic angle is greater
and the ischial spines are shorter than males. Moreover, the widest diameter of female pelvic brim is
transversely oval and further forwards (Medical Art Library, 2015). Meanwhile, the male pelvic
brim is widest towards the back of the pelvis and the outlet is heart–shaped (Figure 1). Table 1 show
the comparison of the male and female pelvis.
2.1 Pelvic Cavity
Dr. C. Dlugos (1999) was mentioned the enclosed chamber located within the abdominal pelvic
cavity is called pelvic cavity. Pelvic cavity is above by the superior aperture and below by the pelvic
diaphragm. It extends backward and downward from

Atherosclerosis Research Paper
What is Atherosclerosis Disease?Well Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside
your arteries.Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen–rich blood to your heart and other parts of
your body.The Atherosclerosis Disease is caused by high blood pressure,smoking,or high
cholesterol.Did you know that about 360,000 people will die from the Atherosclerosis disease each
year. Nikolai N. Anichkov was the one who discovered the Atherosclerosis disease.Atherosclerosis
was discovered in 1964 by Anichkov. Like any other disease the Atherosclerosis disease has
common symptoms.Like pain in the neck,jaw,throat,upper abdomen or back.Men are more likely to
have chest pain but women are more likely to have other symptoms along with chest discomfort,
such as shortness of breath,nausea and extreme fatigue.Another symptom is weakness or coldness in
your legs or arms if the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed.Confusion occurs if
the blockage affects circulation to your brain.Trouble speaking or understanding speech.Trouble
seeing with one or both eyes, those are the symptoms of the Atherosclerosis disease.

Sacrum Research Paper
The sacrum consists of five vertebrae that begin to fuse during adolescence and completely fuse
around the age of thirty. There are four curvatures of the vertebral column the cervical and lumbar
are termed lordotic and project posteriorly while the thoracic and sacrum curvature is known as a
kyphotic and curves anteriorly. Another name for the coccyx is the tailbone. Knee The artery that is
located behind the knee is the popliteal artery which branches off of the femoral artery. Blood Flow
through the Body after Entering the Aorta Once the oxygenated blood has been pushed through the
aortic semilunar value into the ascending aorta and through the aortic arch it branches into three
arteries of the systemic system; the ascending aorta, arch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The mesentery also supports the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the
intestinal wall. The greater omentum is a double fold of the peritoneal membrane that hangs from
the stomach over the transverse colon and small intestine. Visceral peritoneum is an inner membrane
layer that covers the solid viscera such the stomach, spleen, liver, jejunum, ileum, kidneys, bladder
and uterus. Parietal peritoneum is the thin membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic walls. The
peritoneum is a serous membrane that forms a sac within the abdominal cavity. Retroperitoneal
organs include the aorta, inferior vena cava, duodenum, kidneys, ascending and descending colon,
pancreas (except the tail), ureters, urinary bladder, and

Heart Assessment Essay
During inspection of the heart assessment observe abnormal finding. Inspect the jugular vein and the
carotid artery. Note pallor or cyanotic skin color, temperature, turgor, texture, and clubbing of finger.
Observe for swelling, edema and ulceration. Clubbing is a sign of chronic hypoxia caused by a
lengthy cardiovascular or respiratory. Poor cardiac output and tissue perfusion is noted by cyanosis
and pallor. For dark–skinned, inspect his mucous membranes for pallor. Decreases or absent of pulse
with cool, pale, and shiny skin, and hair loss to the area, and the patient may have pain in the legs
and feet may indicate arterial insufficiency. Ulcerations typically occur in the area around the toes,
and the foot usually turns deep red when dependent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Follow a systematic palpate the sternoclavicular, aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid and epigastric areas
using a systematic sequence. Using the ball of hand find the apical pulse then tips of finger over the
precordium. Note abnormal finding such as heaves, thrills and fine vibration (purring cat). Palpate
the other arterial pulses by pressing with the pads of your index and middle finger. Start at the
temporal artery and work down to the dorsalis pedis pulse. Abnormal finding such week pulse could
be due to cold weather or can indicate sever heart failure or peripheral vascular disease. Strong or
bounding pulsations usually occur in a patient with a condition that causes increased cardiac output,
such as hypertension, hypoxia, anemia, exercise, or anxiety. A thrill usually suggests a valvular
dysfunction.
Percuss at the anterior axillary line and continue toward the sternum along the fifth intercostal space.
The sound changes from resonance to dullness over the left border of the heart, normally at the
midclavicular line. Percussing is used to help locate cardiac borders. It is important to know that the
right border of the heart is usually aligned with the sternum and can't be

Acute Diverticulitis: A Case Study
Acute Diverticulitis
Introduction
Acute diverticulitis is the third most common cause of gastrointestinal–related hospitalizations in the
United States with an estimated annual healthcare cost that exceeds two billion dollar (Stollman et
al., 2015). Acute diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of diverticulosis, which is a condition
wherein a sac–like pocket develops in the colonic wall. The probability of developing acute
diverticulitis from diverticulosis is four percent and 15% to 30% of patients will experience
recurrence (Strate, Peery, & Neurmann, 2015).
The primary risk factors for acute diverticulitis are advanced age, smoking, lack of physical activity,
and obesity. (Van Buren & Fisher, 2017, p. 194). More than 60% of cases ... Show more content on
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A variety of diseases could be considered in patients who present with LLQ pain. These include
colorectal cancer, urinary tract infection, urinary calculus, bowel obstruction, irritable bowel
syndrome, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemic bowel, gastroenteritis, and
gynecologic disorders (Feingold et al., 2014, p. 285).
The main focus here is acute diverticulitis. Its clinical presentation depends on the severity of the
inflammation or the presence of infection. The most common signs and symptoms are pain in the
LLQ of the abdomen, fever, and leukocytosis (Strate et al., 2015). Other signs and symptoms
include nausea, vomiting, constipation or loose stool, palpable mass, and stool occult blood
(McQuaid, 2017).
Mr. B is most likely suffering from acute diverticulitis based on his clinical presentation and workup
findings. The laboratory results showed leukocytosis, hypokalemia, kidney injury, anemia, and
borderline low platelet count. He also has fever and loose stool. These tests are a good start, since
the patient's past medical history is not particularly suggestive of any gastrointestinal disease, but for
a definite diagnosis and to rule out complicated diverticulosis, additional tests are

Cardiovascular System Research Paper
Cardiovascular Systems. The Cardiovascular system actually have two different systems, the cardio
system which refers to the heart and the vascular system which refers to the blood. So when talking
about the cardiovascular system we are talking about the heart pumping blood around the body. The
Respiratory System is the system in which delivers oxygen from the air to our blood system and
then return as waste products back outside into the air. In order for our bodies to carry out any form
of exercise, the cells in our body need oxygen. The cardio and the respiratory systems supply this
oxygen to out body. To understand how the Cardio–respiratory system works you need to
understand how, first of all, the heart works. Diagram of the heart. ... Show more content on
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They are tiny branches of arteries that lead to capillaries and help maintain the pressure and blood
flow in the body.
Connective tissues make up the outermost layer of a vein which is also known as – tunica adventitia
or tunica externa. The middle layer is known as tunica media and is made up of smooth muscles.
The interior is lined with endothelial cells called tunica intima. The vein also contains venous
valves– one way flaps that prevent blood from flowing back and pooling in the lower extremities
due to the effects of gravity. To ensure unrestricted flow of blood, a venule (blood vessel) allows
deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the vein.
There are two types of arteries in the body: Pulmonary and systemic. The pulmonary artery carries
deoxygenated blood from the heart, to the lungs, for purification while the systemic arteries form a
network of arteries that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body. Arterioles
and capillaries are further extensions of the (main) artery that help transport blood to tinier parts in
the

Cancer Medical History: A Case Study
Cancer Medical History– Patient M.W.
In August 2009 M.W. a 56 year old female, was diagnosed with a stage II–B adenocarcinoma of the
pancreatic head, ductal type, with perinueral invasion, with two of nine lymph nodes involved by
direct extension and positive margin. Shortly after diagnosis, she received the Whipple procedure
followed by treatment with gemcitabine and 5FU chemoradiation. She was diagnosed later with a
regional cancer recurrence in the retro portal space nestled between the portal vein, the inferior vena
cava, the superior mesenteric artery, and the left renal vein. It is possible this recurrence was nodal
in origin rather than in the autonomic neural sheath surrounding the artery which is the typical
region of recurrence. Subsequently, she was treated with six cycles of Folifirinox with 5FU adjuvant
followed by an additional four cycles ending in May of 2012. Following this treatment, a CT scan
showed improvement of her disease. A few months later she received a partial cycle of Abraxane
with Gemcitabine. In the first few months of 2014, she was enrolled in a ... Show more content on
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's radiotherapy and Capecitabine treatment he presented a troubling set of symptoms. He was tired,
lacked appetite, and felt an overall depression in his mood and health. His physicians expected his
symptoms to originate from metastatic disease or tumor progression but no signs of either were
found. A CT scan was ordered and revealed thickening of the second portion of the duodenum,
which may have been the first sign of liver disease caused by PVT. By the beginning of 2014 there
were still no tumor recurrence or metastatic disease in the chest, abdomen, or pelvis, but he
exhibited worsening cachexia. The patient took a series of two liver function tests within two
months. The first showed mild elevation of liver enzymes. The next month, repeat liver function
tests revealed the worsening condition of his disease (Table 2) accompanied by declining

The Cardiovascular System Of The Body System
The cardiovascular system is one of the major body systems. The cardiovascular system is a
transportation device that transports waste products,oxygen,nutrients,carbon dioxide, and hormones
throughout the body through the blood. The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, arteries,
veins, capillaries (also known as blood vessels and blood. The heart is a hollow fist sized organ that
is made up of muscle.It contains 4 chambers that all involuntarily contract to pump blood
throughout the body. The four chambers are then separated into two sides (right side and left side).
Both sides contain an atria and ventricle which pumps the blood out of the heart. Both sides also
stop the black flow of blood. The heart also contains 3 layers. ... Show more content on
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Though hyperactive tension does not have signs it does have some symptoms which include
dizziness, shortness of breath, headaches, fatigue, and chest pain. Medication and lifestyle changes
can manage hypertension such as. Peptic ulcers are round defined craters usually 1–4 comes in
diameter in the mucosa of any part of the Gastrointestinal tract exposed to the secretions of the
stomach, Peptic ulcers are commonly found in 50–70–year–old but may happen at any age. If
untreated they can be reoccurring by healing and then flaring up again. They can be treated by
medication but if left untreated they could cause anemia, a blockage in digestion, and death if the
ulcer perforates. The signs of peptic ulcer are symptoms of anemia, shock due to blood loss, Pain in
abdomen below ribcage, blood in vomit and blood in faeces. Some peptic ulcer doesn't show any
symptoms but if they the symptoms would be Loss of appetite, Nausea, Bloating, Indigestion and
weight loss.Vital signs are important because they can help to develop a baseline for the patient so
that those treating the patient know when something is not right. They also help to identify any
medical problem that the patient might have. Vital signs also help show how the body is coping and
responding to treatment Browns Vital signs were – 37.6, RR – 22, PR – 120, BP 190/100, SpO2 –
94%. His Vital signs show that his pulse rate and blood pressure are elevated which is due to the

What Is Heart Disease?
Have you ever wondered how much a lifestyle can affect someone's heart? How about what habits
can increase the chance of getting heart disease? Heart disease is very deadly and more people in the
United States have it than many may think. Though many people do not know about heart disease,
they should educate themselves on the types, the symptoms, and the prevention of the disease in
order to maximize their longevity.
What is heart disease? What is heart disease; or commonly known as cardiovascular disease? Heart
disease is a narrow or blocked blood vessel in the heart, but can come in many different forms.
(Mankad, www.Mayoclinic.com). Heart arrhythmias are a special type of heart disease; they are
abnormal patterns in the heart beat. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cardiovascular disease is caused by a buildup of fatty plaques in the arteries or the valves of the
heart.(Mankad, www.Mayoclinic.com) Arrhythmias and coronary artery disease is a result from
high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, excessive use of alcohol or caffeine, drug abuse, stress,
over–the–counter medications or prescriptions, or valvular heart disease.
(Mankad,www.Mayoclinic.com) Some causes of congenital heart defects could be medical
conditions, medications the mother took while pregnant, or genes can cause this. (Rogers, 70).
Bacteria, viruses, and parasites can result in heart infections. Rheumatic fever, infections, and
connective tissue disorders can result in a valvular heart disease. (Mankad, www.Mayoclinic.com).
Most of these diseases can be treated with drugs, lifestyle changes, medical procedures, or surgery.
If the notion of surgery and medications are too redundant or is very alarming, self–treatment and
prevention are available. If an individual wants to avoid receiving heart disease they should: stop
smoking, control your blood pressure, check your cholesterol, keep diabetes under control, exercise,
eat healthy foods, manage stress, deal with depression, avert from infectious diseases, and receive
vaccinations. (Mankad, www.Mayoclinic.com) All of these limit the likelihood of obtaining heart
disease. Some complications of heart disease could be heart failure, heart attacks, strokes, aneurysm,

Pig Reproductive System Research Paper
The Reproductive System: The reproductive system of a male pig includes: the testis, the scrotum,
seminiferous tubules, urethra, epididymis, and ductus deferentia. In a female pig, the reproductive
consist of: oviducts, uterus, vagina, vaginal vestibule, and the oviduct. The reproductive systems are
located between the hind legs in both male and female pigs. The Cardiovascular System: The
cardiovascular system includes: the heart, thymus gland, coronary artery, septum, right and left
atrium, pulmonary trunk, trachea, and systemic circuit. The veins and arteries that help move blood,
are located throughout the body. The other major parts of the cardiovascular system are located
around the chest area, and between the rib cages. The Respiratory System: The respiratory system
includes: the lungs, alveoli, nares, glottis, trachea, bronchi, larynx, the esophagus, and diaphragm.
Oxygen is inhaled and carried throughout the body through all of these parts of the body and
released using the same parts. The location of these parts are primarily between the throat and ribs
with veins being used to carry oxygen throughout the body. ... Show more content on
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In the cranial region, there is the thalamus, brain stem, cerebellum cerebrum, and corpus callosum.
In the lumbar region of the pig there is spinal nerves, and axons. The spinal cord extends from the
bottom of the cranial region, through the cervical region, to the lumbar

Cognitive Heart Failure
The patient has been diagnosed with atrial defibrillation and congestive heart failure. There is no
visible jugular vein distention or pulsations on either side of the neck. The patient was not
comfortable with removing her sweater, therefore, pulsations, lifts, or heaves were not seen if
present. Palpated and auscultated the carotid arteries for vascular sounds, no bruits heard. Heart
sounds were auscultated with the bell and diaphragm of the stethoscope. S1 82/min, even and
regular. S2 85/min, even and regular. S3 82/min, even and regular. S4 83/even and regular. No
murmurs were heard. The apical pulse rate was 92 bmp, regular and was accessed with patient in
sitting position and between the 4th and 5th intercostal space. Patient stated ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Patient unable to walk heel to toe, perform the Romberg test, stand on one foot, or perform a
shallow knee bend without risk of falling. The patient complains of lower back, hip, and knee pain. .
Assessed patient's pain at this time. Patient states that, "the pain is felt in her lower back, hips, and
knees constantly and relieved with ibuprofen" she rated the pain a 4 on a scale from 0 to 10. Patient
stated, "lower back always aches." Described the pain as constant and dull. Affects her activities of
daily living because she "isn't able to cook, clean, or exercise." In a supine position the patient, with
help, was able to extend legs upwards about 40 degree and flex hips with limited range of motion.
Patient was able to resist with light resistance when pressure was applied to the legs anteriorly and
posteriorly. Sitting back in the patient's chair, the patient was able to bend at the hip. No pain or
tenderness felt when palpating the spinous process. The patient was able to actively flex and extend
the ankle joints with limited range of motion and some resistance with support under the lower leg.
The patient was able to flex and extend the feet with limited range of motion and some resistance.
No pain or crepitus with flexion and extension of the feet and ankles. Inspected the patient's skin of
the anterior and posterior legs, ankles, and feet. The skin of the upper legs were dry, with

Essay about Wzhou22
Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42–0008–01–01
Purpose
Please explain the purpose of this lab. Include in your explanation the major concepts you learned
and any safety concerns associated with the lab.
Learning the structural and functional differences among arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Identify the major arteries arising from the aorta through observation and dissection of a preserved
specimen. identify the major veins draining into the superior and inferior vena cava through
observation and dissection of a preserved specimen
Exercise 1: Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels Observations Sketch your slide in the space
below and label the structures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Axillary artery supplies blood to the upper arm while brachial artery supply upper arm region below
the elbow. Radial artery supply lateral side of forearm, ulnar artery supply medial side of the
forearm, and palmar arches supplies hand and fingers (Wright, 1993)
E. List the arteries that branch from the descending abdominal aorta to the femoral artery.
Mesentaric artery, vena cava, abdominal aorta iliolumbar artery and vein common iliac vein, iliac
artery, iliac vein.
F. What is the large vein that enters the liver? Where do its branches originate from?
Lower vena cava.
Branch root is another name for lateral root. Originates from the pericycle
G. Name the major artery and vein that deliver and drain blood to and from the kidneys.
The main artery that supplies blood to the kidney is called the renal artery.
H. What are the differences (if any) you noticed between the major arteries and veins in the human
versus those in the cat?

In the human, the right common carotid artery branches from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the
left common carotid artery comes directly from the aortic arch. In the cat, both common carotid
arteries branch from the brachiocephalic artery.
Conclusion
Do some research on the internet about deep vein thrombosis (DVT). What

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Research Paper
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an area in the lower part of the aorta that becomes
enlarged.1 The aorta is usually about the width of a garden hose,1 but when it dilates 1.5 times the
diameter of its normal width (commonly about 3 cm) it is then termed a AAA.2 Although an
aneurysm can occur along any part of the aorta, it is termed "abdominal" along any segment below
the diaphragm.3 An aneurysm above the level of the diaphragm is termed "thoracic."1 The most
common location for a AAA to occur is the infrarenal segment,2 therefore it is common practice to
restrict the term AAA to that portion of the aorta.3 There are two types of AAA, bulging and
dissecting.1,3 Bulging (or ballooning) aneurysms can be either fusiform or saccular.4 Most
aneurysms are fusiform since the whole artery is affected, but in more rare cases can be saccular.3
An aortic dissection occurs when the inner layer of the aorta tears and perfusion of blood ... Show
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Risk factors for an AAA include: age of 65 years old, smoking, atherosclerosis, male gender, and
family history.1,2,3,4 The three most powerful predictors are age, smoking and male gender, and
smoking accounts for 78% of the excess prevalence of AAA.2 Gene defects with some of the
connective tissue disorders associated with AAA have been identified in chromosome 11 and 15,4
but genetic background paired with environmental factors is a more likely cause of AAA than
genetics alone.3 Family members are four times more at risk for an AAA if a parent, adult child, or
sibling has had an AAA4 (15–19% in relatives, compared to 1–3% in unrelated cases).3 Additional
risk factors that are seen in individuals with an aortic dissection include: hypertension, pre–existing
aortic aneurysms, an aortic valve defect, aortic coarctation, certain genetic diseases (Turner's
syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, and Loeys–Dietz syndrome), and
inflammation or infection (giant cell arteritis, syphilis, and sexually transmitted

Cure Fibroids
Treatment Options to Cure Fibroids Developed in approximately 30% of women over 35 years and
many women who are Driving first past their childbearing years, uterine fibroids are the most
common type of pelvic tumors in women. Uterine fibroids are benign (noncancerous) – however –
they can produce a wide variety of painful symptoms, such as heavy bleeding, which may cause iron
deficiency and obstruction of the intestinal tract or urinary tract. Fibroids can cause just the sex
painful, and they are one of the leading causes of miscarriages and infertility. Medical Treatments
Medical treatments may depend on several factors, such as age and general health, the type of
fibroids and its severity, whether the woman is pregnant or if the woman in question would like to
form a traditional family in the future. Medical treatments include oral contraceptives, NSAIDS (for
its acronym in English), androgens and hormonal therapy. Depo Leuprolide, an injection filled with
a type of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hysteroscopic fibroid resection is a procedure performed in women who have fibroid within the
uterine cavity. To perform this procedure, is inserted through the cervix a very small camera and
some power tools to remove the uterus and fibroids. Hysterectomy involves complete removal of the
uterus, with or without ovaries. You may complete hysterectomy through the vagina, without
making incisions in the abdomen – however – this will depend on the size of tumors. If tumors are
very large, they must submit the patient to an abdominal hysterectomy. It is a major surgical
procedure that requires the patient to administer general anesthesia, to remain hospitalized for
several days and a recovery time of up to six weeks. After undergoing a hysterectomy no longer it is
possible to get pregnant. Surgical option –

Stab Wound Case
Stab Wound To The Heart Introduction Stab wound is one of the commonest mode of homicide.
Detailed and careful examination is vital for judicial proceedings. Autopsy examination should
tackle mainly two aspects which is the nature of stabbing weapon and characteristic of stab wound.
This is a case of homicidal stab wound to the heart. Case A 31–year–old man was found dead by
roadside on 26th June 2014. Post–mortem was carried out within 24 hours after he was recovered
from the scene. External Examination The body was that of a 31 years old man measuring 164 cm
and weighing 70 kg. He had medium built with body mass index of 26. His body felt cold, flaccid
and purplish hypostasis fixed on the back apart from contact areas. The body of the deceased was in
a stage of early decomposition evidenced by marbling on the upper chest and corneal haziness. A
midline infra–umbilical surgical scar noted, measuring 20 x 0.5 cm. Head and Neck: Conjunctiva
were pale and no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The attack on his face probably caused distraction before the assailant stabbed him. There was no
defence wound found on the deceased could account for rapidness of the scene. Post injury survival
is often asked by the police and the counsel at trial.2 It is often difficult to answer unless there was
brainstem or aortic arch were injured which cause death almost instantaneously.2 This case was
found at a roadside with early decomposition. The fatal injury is the stab wound to the root of aorta
which resulted in hemopericardium. It is most likely ,this wound caused the deceased became
unconscious immediately after the stab wound to the heart but might be alive for few minutes as
evidenced by vital reactions of the

Anatomical And Structural Differences Between Arteries And...
Briefly identify and discuss the anatomical and structural differences between arteries and veins.
I found the differences between arteries and veins are their functions they provide to the heart as
well as their structure. Arteries transfers blood away from the heart into the periphery resulting in
the pressure of the blood in the arteries being high. Where as, the veins transfer blood towards the
heart. Arteries carry oxygenated blood distributing it in the periphery as the pulmonary artery moves
deoxygenated blood into the lungs for purification. The wall of an artery consists of three layers
machining it thicker than veins. The elasticity within the layers of the muscle allows arteries to
handle great pressures of blood within it. The thickest layer is known as tunica media as the other
two are recognized as tunica externa, and tunica interna. The vein obtains blood from the periphery
and carries it towards the heart. Veins are known to carry deoxygenated blood and transfers it the
heart for purification. The pulmonary vein is known to carry oxygenated blood. However, there are
semilunar valves found within the vein that does not allow retrograde flow of blood in preventing
blood to flow in the opposite direction. Veins are thinner when compared to arteries consisting of
thin elastic muscle layers with one thick layer being the tunica adventitia. Arteries consist of:
carrying oxygenated blood expect for the pulmonary artery; deeply found in the body; thick walled
and

Similarities Between Sheep Heart And Pig Heart
Cardiovascular System
The fetal pig heart and the sheep heart were very similar in structure. They both consist of two atria
and two ventricles. The biggest difference noted between the fetal pig and the sheep hearts were the
size. The sheep heart was larger than the pig, although the pig heart seemed to have thicker
myocardial muscles. The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the
mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the
right ventricle. It is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle,
preventing backflow of blood into the atrium. The pulmonic valve is located between the pulmonary
arteries and the right ventricle and is responsible for allowing blood flow from the heart to the lungs.
The mitral valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, which allow blood to flow
from the left atrium into the left ventricle preventing backflow of blood back into the left atrium.
The aortic valve is found between the aorta and the left ventricle and allows blood to flow to the
aorta and throughout the body.
The similarities between the right and left sides of the heart are that both sides contain one atria and
one ventricle and are both made up of strong cardiac muscle. They each also have strong cardiac
muscles with the left side of the heart being thicker than the right to give it the ability to push the
blood throughout the circulatory system

Summary Study Guide: Inguinal Region: Femoral Artery
Study Guide
Inguinal Region – Femoral Region – Femoral Artery
Definations: Inguinal region n. The lower lateral region of the abdomen on either side of the pubic
region. Also called iliac region , inguen .
Inguinal means: of or relating to the groin. Pronounced: ing gwuh nl
The femoral artery and vein is the second most frequently used set of vessels for arterial embalming.
It is located in the proximal upper third of the thigh between the hip and the groin. It is a good
alternative to the carotid artery if it is not available because it is one of the major arteries in the
human body. If using your fingers as a guide,
Position your thumb anterior superior iliac spine.
Position your pinky finger at the tip of the pubic tubercle.
Locate the femoral vein under your pointer finger. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Or, make the opening directly over the linguini ligament or an inch or more inferior to the ligament.
Once the cut is made, dissect the fat and fascia then bypass the superficial great saphenous vein.
Locate the Sartorius muscle; the vessels are along the medial side of this muscle. When you place an
arterial tube into the femoral artery or vein and it is pointed toward the trunk and head of the body it
is actually placed into the external iliac artery/vein. This supplies the embalming solution to the
opposite leg as well as the body.
When you place an arterial tube into the femoral artery or vein and point it distal/toward the feet this
supplies the leg and foot with solution.
Injection will be in the femoral artery and drainage will be from the femoral vein (which is assisted
by gravity).
Thoughts: The femoral artery is large. Sometimes the size may fool you if you are expecting it to be
really, really big – it may be just as small as the carotid artery

Aneurysm Essay
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is sometimes called the triple A. AAA is often called a "silent killer"
because there are usually no obvious symptoms of the disease. It is swelling of the lower part of the
aorta that stretches out through the abdominal area and sometimes, the upper part of the aorta in the
chest can be enlarged. The aorta is the main blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest
of the body. Most arteries and the aorta are stretchy, which allows it to be filled with blood under
high pressure. An aneurysm is developed when the wall of the artery becomes too weak and inflated,
like a balloon. It's like a bubble in a water hose would be the correct term for explaining an
aneurysm. Aneurysms are generally discovered before they show symptoms, such as back pain,
abdomen, or groin, but like a weak hose, they may burst if they become too large. Since a ruptured
aneurysm is very serious and can be life–threatening to the point of bleeding to death, aneurysms are
sometimes fixable by surgery usually before this happens. Once the aneurysm bursts, the symptoms
may include: Severe back or abdominal pain that begins suddenly, paleness, dry mouth/skin and
excessive thirst, nausea and vomiting, signs of shock, such as shaking, dizziness, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most abdominal aneurysms are diagnosed during a routine physical examination or on X–ray when
being tested for other health reasons. When an aneurysm is thought as a possiblity, the following
imaging test may be used to determine size, location of the aneurysm, and treatment options:
Ultrasound,. CT scans, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and a Angiogram: test in which a thin
tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel and a contrast dye is injected to make the blood vessels
visible on the X–ray. This is rarely used to diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm but may be used
to aid in the treatment of an

Symptoms Of Cardiovascular Disease
Heart Disease
Heart disease is many different conditions that can affect your heart in many different ways. Some
of these conditions include blood vessel diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart arrhythmias.
One other condition would be a heart defect you may have been born with such as congenital heart
defect. Another name people often use to describe heart disease is cardiovascular disease. This term
is about narrowed or blocked blood vessels. Symptoms for heart disease depend on what type of
heart disease you have.
3.jpgSymptoms of cardiovascular disease include; chest pain, shortness of breath, pain,numbness,
weakness or coldness in your legs or arms if the blood vessels in these spots are narrowed or
blocked, and pain

The Importance Of Vaccination
Vaccination is necessary to prevent human health from viruses and bacterias around us. There was
some disease that once killed or injured thousand of people, but had been eliminated because of the
existing of vaccines. Polio is a great example of that. This disease had been a most feared disease,
was the cause of deaths of many people. But thanks to vaccines, right now there isn't any report
about Polio in United States. Vaccination is a must for all of people in order to prevent yourself stay
away from disease, illness, and death.
Flu shot is an example of how vaccination could help the body, especially the immune systems. This
system is a network of cells, organs, and tissues that work together to defends the body from
infectious, and the attacks of outside invaders. Also it helps the healing process in case harm occurs.
All of these are to maintain the homeostasis. When the body is infected by a virus, the body need to
have a lot of energy than usual to fight off the invaders. This can lead to fever, which slow down
bacteria and viruses, make it longer for the immune cells B and T lymphocytes to find and get rid of
the invaders. B cells are not directly kills the cell, instead they are producing antibodies that can
hijack invaders as they travel in the blood. Antibodies then act as the flag whenever there is an
infected cell so T cells can recognize and attack it. T cells on the other hand, may kill the targeted
cell that might become infected by the invader or cancerous

Dialysis Is The Process Of Cleansing
What is Dialysis? Dialysis is the process of cleansing the blood whether it be through hemodialysis
or peritoneal dialysis. It is used to replace the kidney of a kidney failure patient. As said by The
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), "Hemodialysis uses a
special filter called a dialyzer that functions as an artificial kidney to clean your blood." The NIDDK
also said that peritoneal dialysis was when "A mixture of minerals and sugar dissolved in water,
called dialysis solution, travels through a catheter into your belly." But wait, there are still more
questions to answer. When thinking about dialysis, three questions come to mind; what is it, what is
the process, and is there an alternative method to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hemodialysis is also done in a doctor's office. Peritoneal dialysis is done at home or in the patients
private setting. Next, we answer the question, how is it done? Well hemodialysis is done by first
having a looped graft surgically inserted into the arm. Then, 2 needles are inserted into a vein. One
is used to remove the blood and one is used to return the clean blood. When the blood is removed it
is monitored by an arterial pressure monitor. It then goes through a blood pump to a Heparin pump
to prevent clotting. The next step is passing through a dialyzer inflow pressure monitor. After that,
the blood goes through the dialyzer which is said by the NIKKD to "filter(s) out wastes, extra salt,
and extra water." The now clean blood travels through the tubes to a venous pressure monitor and air
trap/air detector. Lastly the air and toxic free blood is processed through an air detector clamp and
put back into the body. Hemodialysis is done three to five times a week for four to five hours at a
time in a designated facility. Peritoneal Dialysis is can be done by the patient in their own home and
without any help. The process starts with surgically inputting a catheter in the chest or abdomen of
the patient for putting in and taking out the

Air From Inhaling
Discuss the pathway of air from inhaling to exhaling.
The journey of the breath begins when the air is drawn into the nostrils (sometimes the mouth) The
motion of taking a breath is made possible by the diaphragm. The diaphragm contracts, which
causes a vacuum in the thoracic cavity.
The air is pulled into the nostrils and continues its journey by being drawn through the nasopharynx,
the oral pharynx and into the glottis.
As the vacuum created by the diaphragm continues, the air is pulled into the trachea and down into
the lungs. The breath of air leaves the trachea and is drawn into the two branches of the bronchi.
Like meeting a fork in the road, the breath of air splits and some goes to the left lung and some to
the right lung. These two branches, branch off even more into bronchioles and our breath of air finds
its way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Capillaries in the alveoli diffuse the dissolved oxygen into the blood by entering the red blood cells
and joining with the hemoglobin. This oxygenated blood is carried to the heart and from there
distributed via the circulatory system to the body.
But what about the rest of our breath of air...? The blood returns back to the lungs to pick up a fresh
supply of oxygen and to expel carbon dioxide from the blood stream. The alveoli are busy
exchanging the carbon dioxide that the blood has diffused by reversing the process of what
happened with the oxygen. This gas exchange only happens in the alveoli.
When the contraction of the diaphragm has stopped the vacuum, the lungs with their bronchial
apparatus, return to their normal relaxed state. This relaxation expels the remaining air. The expelled
air carries away the carbon dioxide that was exchanged in the alveoli and continues on the reverse
course of our journey up the trachea through the glottis, the oral and nasopharynx, and out the
nostrils or mouth.

Curricular Proficiency Syndrome
The femoral artery (Fig 4) begins immediately behind the inguinal ligament, midway between the
anterior superior spine of the ileum and the symphysis pubis, and passes down the front and medial
side of the thigh. It ends at the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thigh, where it
passes through an opening in the Adductor Magnus to become the popliteal artery.(Henery, 2007)
The femoral sheath. In the upper third of the thigh the femoral artery is contained in the femoral
triangle (Scarpa's triangle), and in the middle third of the thigh, in the adductor canal (Hunter's
canal).
The femoral sheath (crural sheath) (Fig5) is formed by a prolongation downward, behind the
inguinal ligament, of the fasciæ which line the abdomen, the transversalis fascia being continued
down in front of the femoral vessels and the iliac fascia behind them.(Henery, 2007). ... Show more
below the inguinal ligament. The lateral compartment contains the femoral artery, and the
intermediate the femoral vein, while the medial and smallest compartment is named the femoral
canal, and contains some lymphatic vessels and a lymph gland imbedded in a small amount of
areolar tissue.
The femoral canal is conical and measures about 1.25 cm. in length. Its base directed upward and
named the femoral ring, is oval in form, its long diameter being directed transversely and measuring
about 1.25

A Miniature Adventure inside the Human Body
Today is going to be a great day. I'm working with Discovery Channel as a reporter and I have been
assigned to take a tour in a mini–sub traveling through the femoral vein of a female going all the
way to her lung. This is going to be a challenge as I have been instructed there may be a bacterial
infection in the lung. The hardest part is that I have to pilot the sub in the right direction to be able to
exit the body through the nose. Every wrong turn can take me in the wrong direction and I could run
out of fuel and be stuck inside. Following the map that was given to me should be enough in order
to finish my story and get the recording to the studio manager. Since everything is working as
planned, my engines are starting and I'm advancing into the right femoral vein, going up into the
thigh and pelvic region parallel with the femoral artery (Inner Body, Cardiovascular System, 2012).
The femoral vein is a continuation of the popliteal vein and from lower extremities conducts blood
back to the heart. I'm losing speed as I'm going against gravity entering the abdomen passing the
inguinal ligament going towards iliac vein. Starting at the groin area the external iliac vein intersects
with the internal iliac vein and together combine to form the common iliac vein, which allows blood
circulation from the lower abdomen and legs (Wise Geek, common iliac vein, 2012). I'm getting
ready to travel through the hepatic veins which are blood vessels that drain deoxygenated blood

Fetal Pig Prelab
Fetal Pig Prelab
Explain dorsal; ventral.
In the fetal pig, dorsal refers to the exterior anatomy on the back portion of its body, and ventral
refers to the underside, or belly, of the pig.
Which structures are anterior; posterior?
In the fetal pig, an anterior structure would be the head, whereas posterior refers to the tail end of
the pig.
What type of instruments will be used to expose internal structures?
According to the list of materials, the instruments that will be used in this dissection are scissors,
dissecting pins, a scalpel, a dissecting tray, a probe, forceps, dissecting needles, and a cord.
The first step upon obtaining your pig is...
The first step upon obtaining the pig is to carefully examine the pig to determine its age and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This opening lead to the outside of the body below the anus.
Where is the epididymis in the male pig?
The epididymis, a small coiled tube, is located next to the testes, and is continuous with the sperm
duct.
Where will you find the testes in the male pig?
Depending on how developed the pig is, the testes can be found in different locations, but for the
fetal pig, the testes can usually be found within the abdomen, specifically the inguinal canals. If not,
they will be found in the scrotal sacs.
Describe how you will expose the heart area.
To expose the heart, you have to gently pull apart the wall of the chest along the incision (made
earlier) and pin down the two flaps. Finally, pull away any of the pleural membrane that has not
been pulled away with the body wall.
What is the pericardium?
The pericardium is one of the membranes located in the chest cavity. This membrane serves to cover
the heart itself.
Where is the diaphragm?
The diaphragm is located in the fetal pig attached to the body wall and it serves to separate the
abdominal cavity from the chest cavity.
What gland covers the heart? The upper, or head end, of the heart is partially covered by the thymus

Health Screening and History of Older Adult
Health Screening and History of an Older Adult
Kimberly Owens
Grand Canyon University: NRS 434V (0102)
June 28, 2014
Health Screening and History of an Older Adult
Biographical Data
Client Initials J.H.
Age: 78 years old
Sex: Male
Occupation: Retired Professor
Health History and Review of Systems
Past Medical history includes : Essential Hypertension, Cardiac pacemaker, Coronary Artery
Disease, Dyspnea, Sensiosenural hearing loss, Restless legs, headache, acute hypothyroidism due to
radiation, Mandible Cancer, Pseudophakia of both eyes, Posterior vitreous detachment, malnutrition,
Generalized weakness, Smoker of 2 packs of cigarettes per day for 30 years.
J.H. s is a 78 y.o. male with a history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
J.H. s is a 78 y.o. male with a history of moderately differentiated SCC of the left mandible. This
was diagnosed in October 2013. There was some delay on the patient's behalf on scheduling the
surgery. He then had a sync opal episode and was found to have severe bradycardia and junctional
bradycardia. He underwent a CABG X4 for 3 vessel disease and pacemaker placement on
11/10/2013. He underwent a left marginal mandibulectomy and left neck dissections of level 1–4 on
01/23/2014. Pathology reported grade 2 moderately differentiated SCC nodes were positive. Patient
declined adjuvant therapy. Patient did well until June when he developed an infection in the
hardware. He was taken back to surgery 02/10/2014 for removal of hardware and biopsy of the left
cheek and mass, which was found to be invasive cancer. He then agreed to radiation and
chemotherapy, which has since started. Since he develop issues with dysphagia during therapy, and a
peg tube placement was recommended. He underwent a successful placement of a peg tube on
4/05/14.
Physical Examination
BP 166/73 | Pulse 69 | Temp 96.9 °F (oral) | Resp 14 | SpO2 99% on room air
General appearance: alert and oriented x 3, cooperative, no distress
Head: Normal
Eyes: Cataract surgery 5 years ago; slightly red

Nose: Normal
Ears: Hearing is abnormal, currently having to repeat questions

Left Ventricular Dysfunction Research Paper
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Left ventricular dysfunction is a condition that happens when the main pumping chamber of your
heart (left ventricle) is not working well. The heart is a muscle and needs a constant supply of
oxygen and blood. If the arteries that deliver the oxygen and blood are blocked, parts of the heart
may become weak and not pump well. The heart may also get weak from having to constantly pump
against the resistance of high blood pressure or narrow arteries.
CAUSES
Damage after a heart attack.
High blood pressure.
Leaking or malfunctioning heart valves.
Toxins, such as alcohol.
Metabolic problems such as:
○ Vitamin deficiencies.
○ Thyroid problems.
○ Diabetes.
Heartbeats that are irregular

Lower-Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease Case Study
Individuals who are experiencing aching in their legs may have lower–extremity peripheral arterial
disease. The venous surgeons at Advanced Vascular Associates can assist individuals who are
suffering with aching legs through Aching legs treatment Mendham.
Lower–Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lower–extremity peripheral arterial disease occurs when the arteries in the legs are damaged and
have hardened. When the arteries in the legs are blocked or narrowed, adequate blood flow is
impossible. The inability of the muscles to receive the blood they need can lead to cramping and
pain in the lower legs. Another symptom commonly associated with the narrowing or blocking of
arteries is slow wound healing.
This painful cramping and aching frequently occurs as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aorta exits the heart, descending into the abdomen at which point it divides into the iliac
arteries, ultimately splitting into the femoral arteries at the groin.
The femoral artery descends along the back of the femur, knee and then branches into smaller
arteries responsible for providing oxygenated blood to the lower legs, feet and toes.
Individuals who are experiencing cramping and pain in their legs should consider seeking aching
legs treatment Mendham at Advanced Vascular Associates. Dedicated staff members and venous
surgeons ensure that patients receive the best venous care possible in and around Mendham.
Understanding the Venous System of the Leg
The venous system returns the deoxygenated blood to the heart. This deoxygenated blood carries the
waste products of metabolism, including carbon dioxide away from the muscles and up to the torso,
where they are disposed of.
The leg has two sets of veins the deep venous system and the superficial

Atherosclerosis Risk
Risk factors for heart disease cause problems because inevitably, they lead to atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is the deposition of plaques of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries
("What Is Cardiovascular Disease?" 2014). It develops for years without causing symptoms and it
can happen in any part of the body. Around the heart, it is known as coronary artery disease because
coronary arteries feed the heart muscle itself. Coronary heart disease symptoms include angina
(dull/heavy sharp chest pain or discomfort), or pain in neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen or back. All
of these symptoms and risks of cardiovascular disease may be the result of high cholesterol.
Cholesterol is the macromolecule (fat/lipid) in our blood. Our bodies create all the cholesterol our
cells need, but most of the time we get cholesterol from the foods that we eat as well. ... Show more
The buildup of plaque will narrow the arteries; this makes it impossible for blood to travel through
the vessels properly. This eventually leads to dangerous blood clots and heart attacks. Additionally,
many things can affect a person's cholesterol level. This includes the foods being eaten, being
overweight, being inactive, age, and even family history. Cholesterol levels begin to rise after the
age of twenty (Pagano, 2009). By being overweight and not keeping active, an individual may lower
their HDL (good cholesterol). HDL is good cholesterol and is linked to lowering the risk of heart
disease. It helps move cholesterol out of the body. HDL achieves this by binding with cholesterol in
the bloodstream and carrying it back to the liver for disposal. LDL is bad cholesterol and is the type
to raise the risk of a heart disease. It carries mostly fat and only a small amount of protein from the
liver to other parts of the

The Cardiac Cycle
Why is the heart important?
The heart is analogous to any other muscle inside the human figure in seeing that the
aforementioned contracts and expands. Furthermore, each time the heart contracts it does so with all
its dynamism. The pumping of the heart is titled the Cardiac Cycle.
The heart pumps blood, retains our blood pressure, and eradicates the waste products. For example,
the brain requires oxygen with glucose, which, if not received continuously, will cause it to lose
cognizance. Essentially, if the heart was to fail, consequently the entire form would shut down in a
matter of minutes. Your heart is sort of like two pumps in one. The right side of your heart acquires
blood from the body, then pumps it to the lungs. Nevertheless, the

Hemodialysis Research Paper
Dialysis
Dialysis is a procedure that replaces some of the work healthy kidneys do. It is done when you lose
about 85–90% of your kidney function. It may also be done earlier if your symptoms may be
improved by dialysis. During dialysis, wastes, salt, and extra water are removed from the blood, and
the levels of certain chemicals in the blood (such as potassium) are maintained. Dialysis is done in
sessions. Dialysis sessions are continued until the kidneys get better. If the kidneys cannot get better,
such as in end–stage kidney disease, dialysis is continued for life or until you receive a new kidney
(kidney transplant). There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
HEMODIALYSIS
Hemodialysis is a type of dialysis in which a machine called a dialyzer is used to filter the blood.
Before ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before beginning peritoneal dialysis, you will have surgery to place a catheter in your abdomen. The
catheter will be used to transfer a fluid called dialysate to and from your abdomen. At the start of a
session, your abdomen is filled with dialysate. During the session, wastes, salt, and extra water in
the blood pass through the peritoneum and into the dialysate. The dialysate is drained from the body
at the end of the session. The process of filling and draining the dialysate is called an exchange.
Exchanges are repeated until you have used up all the dialysate for the

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Research Paper
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Description
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an enlarged area in the lower part of the aorta, the major blood
vessel that supplies blood to the body. Because the aorta is the body's main supplier of blood, a
ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause life–threatening bleeding. Depending on the size and
rate at which your abdominal aortic aneurysm is growing, treatment may vary from watchful
waiting to emergency surgery. Once an abdominal aortic aneurysm is found, doctors will closely
monitor it so that surgery can be planned if it's necessary. Emergency surgery for a ruptured
abdominal aortic aneurysm can be risky. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), also known as a triple–
A, is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Later stages may cause symptoms like
A pulsating feeling near the navel
Abdominal pain
Back pain which may spread to other regions.
Nausea
Vomiting
Increased heart rate
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is done with the help of diagnostic techniques like CT or magnetic resonance angiogram
(MRA).
Echocardiogram, an ultrasound exam used to study the heart. A trans–thoracic echocardiogram
(TTE) or a trans esophageale chocardiogram (TEE) may be done to diagnose thoracic aortic
aneurysm.
Angiogram. An angiogram can help in estimating the size of the aneurysm and to check if there are
aortic dissections, blood clots, or other blood vessel involvement.
PRECAUTIONS/PREVENTION
The best way to prevent getting an aneurysm, or reduce the risk of an aneurysm growing bigger and
possibly rupturing, is to avoid anything that could damage your blood vessels. This includes:
smoking
eating a high–fat diet

not exercising regularly
being overweight or obese

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