NET/GSET

1. Language Basic Concepts, Theories &
Pedagogy. English in Use.
Ms. Komal Shahedadpuri
Assistant Professor (GES Class 2)
Government Arts and Commerce
College, Gadhada, Botad.
Megha Trivedi
Teaching Assistant
Department of English, MKBU

2. English Language Teaching
● Need of global lingua franca
● 3 concentric circles for diffusion of
English
- As Native Language
- As Second Language
- As Foreign Language
● Language Learning & Acquisition
● Part of Applied Linguistic
● Language is primarily a means of
conveying meaning. Conversation is the
central focus of language and the
keystone of language acquisition.

4. Basic Language Terms
✢ Cliché: A phrase, remark, or opinion that has often been said or expressed
before and is therefore not original or interesting.
✢ Dialect: A regional or social variety within a single language. It differs in
pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary from the standard language. The
dialect spoken in a particular geographical area is called a regional dialect.
✢ Prestige dialect: A dialect emulated by speakers of other dialects. In due
course, the prestige dialect may acquire the status of standard language.
✢ Idiolect: A variety of language used by individual speakers.
✢ Register : Languages according to the context or field of discourse.

5. ✢ Langue: Language structure which consists of vocabulary, principles of
construction,idioms,rulesofpronunciation,etc.
✢ Parole: Speakingorwritinginthelanguage.
✢ Pidgin: Restricted language system, develops as a content language
between groups of people who have no common language, not used by a
speech community as a native language.
✢ Creole: A pidgin which has become the natural language of a speech
community.

6. Language Learning Theories
Behaviourism (J.B Watson, Pavlov & Skinner)
Cognitivism (Jean Piaget)
Gestalt Theory (Wertheimer, Kohler & Koffka)
Stephen Krashen’s Theory (SLA)
Sociocultural Language Theory (Lev Vygotsky)
Nativist theory (Universal Grammar-Noam Chomsky)
Constructivism ( Jean Piaget, John Dewey)
The Acculturation Model (John Schumann)

7. Language Pedagogy
● EdwardAnthony in1963 introduced3
levels ofconceptualization and
associationwhichlabeledas
- Approach(Ex.NaturalApproach)
- Method(Ex.Direct Method)
- Technique(Ex.RoleplayorGroup
Discussion)

8. ● Richards and Rogers' 1986 approach expanded on Anthony's three-level framework
Approach
-Theory of Language
-Theory of Language Learning
Design
- Learning Objectives
- Syllabus
- Teaching and Learning activities
- Learner' roles
- Teacher’s roles
- Role of Instructional Materials
Procedure
- Techniques
- Practices
- Behaviors

9. There are three principal views:
• The structural view treats language as a system of structurally related elements to
code meaning (e.g. grammar).
• The functional view sees language as a vehicle to express or accomplish a certain
function, such as to request, greet, complain, ask, negotiate etc.
• The interactive view sees language as a vehicle for the creation and maintenance of
social relations, focusing on patterns of moves, acts, negotiation and interaction found
in conversational exchanges. This view has been fairly dominant since the 1980s that
emphasis on language in use.

10. Approaches
• Structural
• Functional
• Natural
• Oral & Situational
• Communicative
• Lexical
• Task based language
teaching
• Reading
• Humanistic language
teaching
Methods
• Grammar Translation
• Audio Lingual
• Direct Method
• Total Physical Response
• Suggestopedia
• Silent way
• Community Language
Teaching
• Bilingual
• Eclectic

11. Grammar Translation method
● Derived from classical method of teaching
Latin & Greek
● Focus on grammatical rules, list of
vocabulary and translation exercises
● Emphasis on learning to read and write.
● Vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of
isolated words
● Instructions are given in mother tongue
Ex. में खुरशी पर बेठा हु!
I am seating on the chair.
Methods

12. Audio-Lingual method
● Developed during outbreak of World
war
● Know as Oral/Army method
● Based on behavior psychology
● Identify the grammatical structures and
the basic sentence patterns.
● Practice these patterns by systematic
attention to pronunciation and intensive
oral drilling.
● Material in dialogue form , Repetitive
drills , limited vocabulary

13. Direct method
• It is also known as a natural method that developed as a reaction to the
grammar-translation method
• It sought to immerse the learner in the same way as a first language or
mother tongue is learnt.
• All teaching is done in the target language without use of L1
• Grammar is taught inductively
• Focus on speaking and listening, and only useful ‘everyday' language is
taught.

14. Total Physical Response
James Asher (psychologist)
● Strong association of action and
vocabulary
● Teaching language or vocabulary
concepts by using physical
movement to react to verbal input
● Connection between language and
child psychology
● Coordination of speech and action
Ex. Teacher says ‘shut the door’ or
‘open the window’ and leaners follow
through physical action.

15. Suggestopedia
● A method developed in 1970s by the
Bulgarian psychotherapist Georgi
Lozanov
● The music is specially selected to bring
the students into the optimum mental
state for the effortless acquisition of
the material
● SUGGESTOPEDIA is the study of
these suggestive factors in a learning
situation

16. Silent Way (Caleb Gattegno)
● Makes extensive use of silence as a teaching
method
● It was first introduced in Gattegno's book
Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools: The
Silent Way in 1963.
● It is well known for the use of colored sticks
called Cuisenaire rods and for his approach
to the teaching of initial reading in which
sounds are taught by colors.
● Pronunciation is fundamental

17. Community language learning
● An approach in which students work together
to develop what aspects of a language they
would like to learn.
● Base on Counselling-approach in which the
teacher acts as a counselor and a paraphraser,
while the learner is seen as a client and
collaborator.
● Encourages interaction as a vehicle for
learning in a group and meaningful
conversations in which they discuss actual
messages.

18. Bilingual Method
• It is developed by C.J. Dodson
(1967)
• Combination of the Direct
method and the Grammar
Translation Method.
• Two languages used (Mother
tongue and Target language)
• Different from translation
method where mother tongue
used only to make meanings of
English words.
Eclectic Method
• It combines various approaches and
methods to teach language
depending on the objectives of the
course and the abilities of the
learners.
• It is also known as mixed- methods
which was first used in 1920s-1930s
by English linguists (Henry Sweet
and Harold Palmer)
• It allows the language teacher to use
the techniques and activities drawn
from a range of language teaching
approaches and methodologies

19. Approaches
Structural Approach
• Based on the belief that language
consists of ‘structures’ and
mastery of these structures is
more important than acquisition of
vocabulary
• Importance of Word order,
presence of function words and
use of few inflections
Ex. Tom read a book.
A book read Tom.
Functional Approach
• Focus is on the use of
language in actual situations
to perform various functions
• Derived from
communicative approach
• Choice of language to meet
the particular needs of a
situation

20. Natural Approach
• Tracy Terrell (1977) and Stephen
Krashen (SLA)
• Incorporate naturalistic principles
that emphasis on exposure, or input,
rather than practice and central role
of comprehension
• Built on the theories of language
acquisition than language structures
• Language is viewed as a vehicle for
communicating meanings and
messages.(acquisition can take place
only when people understand
messages in the target language)
Lexical Approach
• Michael Lewis (early 1990)
• Based on the idea that important
part of language learning is being
able to understand and produce
lexical phrases as chunks
• Vocabulary is prized over grammar
without which fluency is
unachievable
• Lexical chunks used as
conversation starts
Ex. What are you doing?
What are you saying?
What are you looking for?

21. Communicative language teaching
● Emphasizes interaction as both
the means and the ultimate goal
of learning a language
● At level of approach (theory) ,
design and procedure
● Successful communication in
the target language is the main
goal of communicative language
teaching
● Dogme language teaching
Task based language teaching
● Developed by N.S Prabhu in the
Bangalore Project
● An approach which offers students
opportunities to actively engage in
communication through various
tasks.
● Students are free to use whatever
vocabulary and grammar they
know.
● Students will be exposed to a
whole range of lexical phrases,
collocations and patterns as well as
language forms

22. Teaching Proficiency through Reading
and Storytelling
● Developed by Blaine Ray, a language
teacher in California, in the 1990s
● Part of the comprehension approach to
language teaching
● Incorporate narrative and descriptive
component
● Stories contain vocabulary and grammar
introduced with physical gestures or body
movements developed and then dramatized
in the class
The Oral approach and Situational
language teaching
● Speech and structure were seen to be the
basis of language and, especially,
speaking ability.
● New language points are introduced and
practiced situationally.
● Language teaching begins with the spoken
language. Material is taught orally before
it is presented in written form. The
meanings of words can be learned only in
a linguistic and cultural context.

23. Humanistic Language Teaching Approach
• It is new and radical approach to learn language that came to light in the
1970s
• Based on the principle that the whole being, emotional and social, needs to be
engaged in learning not just mind.
• Shift from teaching to learning
1) Suggestopedia
2) Total Physical Response
3) The Silent Way
4) Community Language Learning

24. To sum up…
● Thus, there are diverse pedagogical approaches in English
language teaching that can make language learning more
innovative, interesting and easy for learner.
● In brief, learning methods are many just like roads are many but
the point or destination where we are supposed to reach is one. So
get command over English language as L2 is essential and we are
marching towards it.

25. Thanks!
Any questions ???.....
“One language sets you in a corridor
for life. Two languages open every
door along the way."
Frank Smith