Gender Wage Gaps

Gender Wage Gaps
Many believe that those who don't have education can't have wages that are higher than a minimum
wage job. In some cases this is true but Hispanics and blacks who have received the same amount of
education in a certain field to those of the Asian and White races still make less. However, looking
just at those with a bachelor's degree or more education, wage gaps by gender, race and ethnicity
persist. College–educated black and Hispanic men earn roughly 80% the hourly wages of white
college educated men ($25 and $26 vs. $32, respectively). White and Asian college–educated
women also earn roughly 80% the hourly wages of white college–educated men ($25 and $27,
respectively). However, black and Hispanic women with a college degree earn only about ... Show
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But since 2000, progress has all but flatlined. A big underlying factor is the slowdown in women's
wage growth. That's what helped propel the closure of the gap in earlier decades, but women have
seen a standstill in wage growth since about 2001, as has most of the country.Women make less than
men, on average, for a number of reasons. About 10 percent of it is thanks to different work
experience, often because women are much more likely to take breaks from work to care for family
members. The drop of women in the labor force over the last decade can be tied to the country's lack
of paid family leave, child care assistance, and support for flexible schedules.Some of it is also due
to the fact that women end up working in areas that tend to pay less. But that doesn't mean they can
escape the gap by choosing different paths. They make less in virtually every industry and every
job. And while getting more education boosts earnings, women make less than men with the same
educational credentials at every level and even make less than their former male classmates when
they graduate from top–tier universities. Some of that difference may be due to different majors or
grades, but when salaries in the first year after graduation are compared while taking the college,
major, grades, and other factors into account, women still experience a significant wage
gap.Discrimination therefore plays a role. Economists consistently find a portion of the gap that
can't be explained by a variety of other factors. Studies have found that people of both genders are
inclined to give men more money, especially if the woman is a mother. Meanwhile, women's job
performance is continuously underrated compared to men's. Therefore in the workforce are
discriminated
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Gender Income Gap
Gender Income Gap
Diane Smith
ENG 122 English Composition II
Instructor Stephanie Derisi
August 30, 2014
Gender Income Gap In American society today there is an imbalance in the gender income gap
between men and women in the work force. Many factors such as discrimination, productivity,
educational background and disproportional hours worked contribute to this ongoing challenge.
While many are skeptical, others remain to have strong beliefs that women and men are treated
equally. In most professions according to Glynn "women only earn seventy seven cents for every
dollar earned by men" (2014). Although, the seventy seven cents figure does not accurately reflect
gender discrimination, it does capture some discrimination, ... Show more content on
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Moreover, evaluators are more prone to assess groups of people rather than as individuals, basing
their decisions on group stereotypes instead of individual past performances on a job, skills and
abilities. Goldin research suggests that "some would claim that earnings differences for the same
position are due to actual discrimination" (Goldin, 2014). According to Hayes, a bias still exists as
there is not a state of the union that pays women the same wage as men, dollar for dollar (2012).
Undeniably, discrimination can have a significant impact on females as employers base their
decisions on irrelevant information, placing women in groups instead of evaluating them through
past job experiences, educational background, credentials and their ability to perform the tasks
required. Discrimination based on appearances and characteristics rather than their ability is
detrimental to a woman's potential to perform the same job functions as a men. Women can be
mentally, emotionally and physically affected by this type of gender discrimination. Women can
develop depression, suffer from malnutrition as they may stop eating and suffer from the anxieties
of pursuing meaningful employment, thus, preventing them from seeking and obtaining career–
oriented and higher paying occupations. Other issues that women face is productivity in the
workplace paired with long hours worked, as this fluctuates greatly between women and men. The
Civil Rights Act of 1964, makes

Gender Gap And Technology : Gender Pay Gap In Technology
Semhar Tesfazghi
Professor N Tong
ENG 111/ ENF 3
11 July 2017
Gender Pay Gap in Technology
In the past, men outnumbered the women workforce, but women have made large economic and
educational progress during the past decades despite the gender pay gap. This was possible due to
the 1963 Equal Pay Act and the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, which are designed to bring the gender
wage and other discriminatory practices to an end. Organizations are failing to apply the law of the
Equal Pay Act and for this reason the progress of gender pay equity is not satisfactory. In the tech
sector, the ratio of female employees to male employees is much lower than in other fields. The
gender wage gap has been a major issue for women in the workforce, making the pay scale unequal
regardless of the individual's experience, skills, and equal educational background as men; thus the
government has to take action on this matter to ensure pay equity.
Employees' pay varies for different reasons such as level of education, duties, performance, working
hours which is acceptable. Bianco says that "[d]espite many efforts to change the status quo, current
research shows a persistent gender pay gap between men and women, and an even greater gap
between men and minority women, in the tech industry" (Bianco). Employees with the same skills,
equal educational background and equal working hours tend to be discriminated in many ways and
one of them is wage. Men and women are not paid equally, even in the

The Gender Wage Gap
Lilly Ledbetter had worked at Goodyear for years before a colleague of hers had slipped her a note
telling her that she was making a lot less money than the men at her job at her seniority level. Lilly
is one of thousands of women who have experienced the gender wage gap. Because she is a women
she was payed less then the men at her job because she was seen as "not smart enough, or not
qualified enough."The gender wage gap is a pretty big problem today and has been a problem since
the beginning, and many people have been trying to change that and tell their stories. I believe
women and men should get equal pay for the same jobs.
The gender wage gap has been a problem for a while now in not just the US but around the world,
and women all over the world have stories of the gender wage gap affecting them. Jana
Kasperkevic, the author of Unequal Pay for Women 'I was Told Men Should Make More' points out,
Working women all over the US have had their own equal pay awakenings, when they realized their
salaries lagged those of others who had the same qualifications. The knowledge can be a shock. One
thing is clear, however: most American women are still not getting paid as much as their male
colleagues.
Women all over the United States have dealt with the gender wage gap, and it shocks many people
that even in today's society after everything women have go through to be equal they still aren't
equal to men in the working world.
Sadly though not much has been done recently to

The Gender Pay Gap
From 1960 to the early 1970s the movement of married women workers accounted for almost half
of the total labor force, and women were staying on their jobs longer before starting families. The
Equal Pay Act of 1963 promised equal pay for equal work, so it is hard to believe that in 2017, we
are still talking about the gender pay gap. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "in
2010, women on average earned 81 cents for every dollar men earned, While the wage gap has
narrowed considerably in the nearly 50 years since the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, many
contend that the gap has not narrowed fast or far enough" (Labor Organization 2017). One of the
claims used to explain the wage gap is the opinion of choice. Women obviously choose to study less
productive subjects, enter lower–paying professions and choose to remain at the bottom steps of the
career ladder. They need to work flexibly, and often go part–time. If you are working part–time, you
do not get the same raises. While these choices might give them shorter working hours and greater
flexibility, it also negatively affects their earnings. Women are almost half of the workforce, some
are the sole or co–breadwinner in half of American families with children. They obtain more college
and graduate degrees than men. Yet, women continue to earn considerably less than men. Even with
their increased presence in the work force that has risen since the 1960's, most women still have
prime responsibility for

Gender Wage Gap
Is The Gender Wage Gap A Product Of Personal Choice? As stated by the World Economic Forum,
women are being paid less for the same work in every country in the world. They also stated that it
will take almost two centuries to close the gender pay gap in the world. So is this the result of
personal choice? There is no denying that individual choice makes up some portion of the wage gap.
These choices which are a part of social structure, like gender socialization, culture, and so on. But,
there are other factor that makes up the gender wage gap also and the idea that the gender wage gap
is a product of only personal choice is incorrect. According to her article The Wage Gap Is a Result
of Women's Choices, Christina Hoff Sommers argues that the wage gap isn't the result of
discrimination but because women and men have difference in "education, experiences, and job
tenure." This is only partly correct especially now where women are known to have more education
than men and the same amount of experiences. The wage gap is also due to the history women have.
Jobs that lean towards more domestic labor work like nursing and teaching are more heavily skewed
towards females than males. As mentioned by Barkan's piece, Gender Inequality, this is because
women bear and nurse children and men do not. Women are also seen as more gentle and caring so
therefore they were the perfect gender out of the two to stay home and care for the children. Other
duties also involved cooking for their

Gender Gap
"The world has gotten more verbal; boys haven't," Richard Whitmire. Educators and administrators
always had a desire to notice which students were facing difficulties within the classroom. Since the
1990s, they were able to specifically pinpoint what students were struggling; the female students.
Years later, educators began to look at, what they called the gender gap, yet again to see if female
students were improving their performances within the classrooms. Female students were improving
their performances with flying colors, yet the male students scores and results showed concerning
data. The gender gap, between male and female students, within education is a debate that has been
researched habitually over the years only to show evidence ... Show more content on
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Within the article, Why Boys Can't Keep Up, Whitmire discusses ways to improve the education
system to improve schooling for male students. Discussing heavily about whether or not parents are
a contributing factor, Whitmire said that parents need to encourage their children and be attentive to
what teachers are telling them at conferences (Why Boys Can't Keep Up). There are red flags that
teachers say that proves it's an issue with teachers instead. If teachers are saying that it's normal for
male students to be behind in a class, those particular teachers tend to not give extra attention to the
male students that need help within their classes (Why Boys Can't Keep Up). Instead, the teachers
should be concerned and willing to make changes in their teaching techniques to adapt to their
students to benefit them and also give extra help with tutoring or having a group of students stay
after school. In the other article that Whitmire contributed to, he states that there are a few specific
things that need to be adjusted to attended to that will help all male students succeed. A few
examples of his suggestions would be increased funding to tutoring and mentoring, creating a better
environment for male students for interest, and having teachers develop the

Gender Gap In Science And Gender
In the past, boys were at the top of their classes. However, in the 21st century, this is no longer the
case. In recent years, girls do better in the school and achieved higher grades than boys, despite the
stereotype which is males are better in science and math than female. There is a particular saying in
Arabic that says, "girls have stolen the march from boys" when it comes to excelling in classrooms.
This means females have gained a strong interest in studies, received higher grades, and had better
attitude towards education. Literacy skills have mainly increased the gender gap between girls and
boys in education, which has led to the difference in the performance for all the subjects in the
school. However, the gender gap between girls and boys is negligible in Science and Math.
Starting from Kindergarten, girls perform better than boys because they have better self–regulation
compared to males. In the 21st century, only self–regulated students are intended to do well in
school. Such regulations include raising hands in the classroom, listening and following teacher's
instructions, and paying attention (Gnaulati, 2014). These kinds of skills are a very important for
most beginner classes. Teachers say that most of the boys are impatient and do not have these skills,
while girls read the instructions before attempting questions compared to males. Most of the boys
begin to develop self–regulatory skills a year after the girls (Gnaulati, 2014). Girls carry their

Gender Gap In The Workforce
A hot topic in today's society is women in the workforce and what we think their place really is. A
large sect of the workforce where this problem is prevalent is the field of engineering. Engineering
lacks diversity with respect to gender around the world. This problem is of large severity. Within the
science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields, particularly engineering, there is a wide
gap between the amount of men and the amount of women working in the field caused by
stereotypical, psychological, and educational factors. This gender gap can be alleviated by
encouraging girls to get involved or interested in the science, technology, engineering and
mathematics subjects at an earlier age, creating more female role models in ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The stereotypes of women in today's society shape how women think when making their career
decisions. It is not uncommon to say that, typically, engineering in today's soceity is associated with
the male persona due to the historical tradition of the male domination of the field (Orr).
Engineering is perceived as a male occupation. This faction of stereotypes takes much root in the
twentieth century, for the United States at least. A group of engineers concluded that these
stereotypes formed when the "discouragement of girls from mathematics and science classes in
American high schools was the rule...reinforcing the popular belief that girls cannot do and are not
interested in science" (Senger). Due to this notion, women have most normally been viewed as
relating to the arts more so than the sciences (Jones). With women being more associated with the
arts rather than the sciences, girls tend to feel as if they are stepping outside of some kind of comfort
zone when branching out into the mathematic or science classes while in school. This comfort zone
is created by the stereotype that girls should leave the sciences up to the boys because they will not
be any good at those subjects and therefore, they rule those career options and interests out (Jones).
So, for the girls that do branch out, they have a fear of not doing as well in those subjects and
confirming the

The Gender Pay Gap
One cannot begin the discussion of gender pay gap without defining it. Simply put, gender pay gap
is the inequality between men and women wages. Gender pay gap is a constant international
problem, in which women are paid, on average, less than that of their male counterpart. As to if
gender pay gap still exist, its exactness fluctuates depending on numerous factors such as
professional status, country and regional location, gender, and age. In regards to gender, in some
cases, both men and women have stated that the gap does not exist. Due to various countries
initiatives to shrink the wage inequality between men and women wages in the work force, the gap
has narrowed, respectively, which may have helped form such opinion. However, stating that the
gender pay gap does not exist in today's society, anywhere, is completely unlikely. Seeing that the
gap has loosened its grasp in the working world, in other countries, the gap between pay has widen
or remained stagnant. One cannot help but wonder why the gap remains consistent even with such
substantial progress made in countries where the gap has decreased.
Reasons as to why gender wage gap exist so heavily, slightly differs from country to country but the
overall effect from the wage disparity is wholly evident. Few agreeable reasons as to why the gap
continues, expressed by the European Commission, are either by traditions and stereotypes, "glass
ceiling" direct discrimination, and the undervaluing of women's work ("What Are

Gender Wage Gap Australia
Introduction
Since the late 19th century, women have been struggling with the issue of not receiving the same
amount of pay as men. The gender wage gap was not seen as a major issue until the 1960s, however,
and unfortunately, it is still a major issue in our world today. (cite source). In the early 1900's, World
War I caused many men to leave their families behind to fight for their country. As a result of this,
women had to take the responsibility of the male roles in the workforce. Women were expected to
do the same jobs as men did before they were deployed, but were paid less to do so (cite source).
This problem still exists in our world today. In 2011, it was proven that the weekly earnings for a
female full–time worker is $684, compared ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kennedy. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the purpose of this
act was to abolish discrimination based on gender in the workforce. It required men and women to
receive equal pay for equal work. It states that employers may not pay unequal wages to men and
women who perform the same job that require equal skill, effort, responsibility, and similar work
conditions (cite source). Based on people's opinions and what they believe in, they may assume the
gender wage gap doesn't matter or that it even exists. These people tend to believe that women, and
their choices, are the reason they are earning less than men. According to an article published by
Time, there are six reasons why women are not making the same amount of money as men. One of
the reasons stated was that men work harder than women (cite source). According to the United
States Department of Labor, women made up 46.4% of the civilian labor force in 2005. Also over
the past decade (1995–2005), there have been roughly 17 million jobs created and women acquired
48.8% of these jobs (cite source). This disproves that women do not work as hard as men, because
they make up almost half of the workforce. Another reason stated by the Time article was that men
pursue higher–paying, more prestigious careers (cite

The Gender Pay Gap
For centuries, women were told they had to stay at home and tend to the cooking, the cleaning, and
raise the children, while the men provided for the family. Before the 1920's, women could not work.
They were expected to be housewives and that only. Once legislation allowed women to start
working, they were seamstresses, or nurses. Today, women are working in the same careers as men.
Women, however, are seen as being less valuable than the man. The man is in charge; he holds all
the power, and women must obey to their commands. And the men are the ones making a larger
income than the women today. Even though women are working at the same workplace, they are
being paid less than that of a white man. The gender pay gap is real. It is not a myth like some
people say. Women are working just as hard as men. Why should they be paid less? The gender pay
gap needs to come to a close, providing equal pay to not both sexes, but all race sexes as well. So
how much does a woman make compared to a man? In 2016, it was calculated that a white woman
makes about 82 cents for every dollar that the white man earns. However, for women of different
races, the amount varies compared to the white man. A writer, Danielle Paquette, states in an article
of hers, "Wages for Hispanic women flatlined, and pay for African American women declined. Men,
meanwhile, have dealt with more wage stagnation" (Paquette, 2017). For the African–American
women, it is about 63 cents to every dollar, and Hispanic

Gender Gap In Pay
Introduction
Gender Pay Gap also referred to as Gender wage gap, gender income difference or male–female
income difference refers to the difference between the earning of men and women (Victoria, 2006).
The European Union defines the Gender Pay gap as the difference between men and women's
hourly earnings (OECD, 2012). The difference may be measured on hourly, weekly, monthly, or
yearly earning. The difference is expressed as a percentage of the men's earning. However, the
difference varies from one industry to another, from one country to another and from one age group
to another. On average, men earn higher than women do across different sectors and nations.
Gender Gap Pay per country
i. United States of America
The United States has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be attributed by disruptions that women have later in life especially relating to family life
as well as older women who cannot access benefits that did not exist when they started working. For
instance, in the 25 and below age group segment, the gender pay gap was relatively lower than the
other age groups. However, Cyprus, Portugal, and the United Kingdom show a different trend to
that pattern, where employees between 25–34 Years registered a lower gender pay gap than the 25
years and lower group. Cyprus with –0.5% recorded the lowest gap for the 25–34 year age group
but had the highest for the 45–54 age bracket at 28.5% and 27.1% for the 55–64 years and 28.7%
for the 64 years and above. Czech Republic had 28.5%, which was the second highest gender pay
gap in the area. Bulgaria at –14.6% and Slovenia at –11.1% had the lowest pay gaps in European
Union in the category by age (OECD, 2012)
By economic sector, in the financial and insurance activities, the gender pay gap was higher than all
other business sectors. For instance, in Estonia and Czech Republic, the gender pay gap stood at
44.9% and 44.8% respectively, which represented the highest gap in the European Union. The
lowest gap was in Slovenia at 20.6%, which was still higher that then the overall EU average. In the
Business economy, the highest gender pay gap was in Estonia at 28.9% and lowest in

Gender And Gender Leadership Gap
Gender Leadership Gap
Catalyst (2012) indicated that corporate world data showed that women represented only 4% of
chief executive officer positions within Fortune 500 companies; similarly, DeFrank–Cole et al.
(2013) advised that the lack of progress for women is dumbfounding considering that for the last 25
years; women's entrance into professional and managerial careers has been on par with their male
colleagues. Relatedly, Barsh (2012) identified a disparity of gender representation in senior
leadership within the corporate pipeline from 2012 to 2015. Hannum et al. (2015), added that
fundamental changes are underway in the higher education segment; noting that female leaders are
needed who are familiar with navigating growth and diversity with a focus upon diminishing gender
discrimination and bias. Moreover, DeFrank–Cole et al. (2014) acknowledged that mentoring and
leadership development programs geared toward women are needed; yet, difficulties in locating a
mentor persist (Haley & Jaeger, 2015), within what is recognized as a male dominated culture.
Contrastingly, within a recent gender neutrality study, a significant disparity in female viewpoints
were found related to their organizations voice and if the organization had an active approach to
gender diversity (Jones, 2016). Unfortunately, inequity persists in the collective perception of
women, as male dominated academic organizations were perceived as failing to maintain gender
neutrality in the workplace

Gender Gap
Gender Wage Gap Awareness
Tell a story here for context and interest
We have all heard about the gender wage gap on the news or in the current debates, but why is it any
concern to you? I understand that this issue might not apply to a college student; however, you need
to be aware of this issue since it could affect your major and future profession. Surprisingly, this
issue even applies to males. Some argue that women are facing a wage gap because they choose
more flexible professions, lack negotiation skills, and produce less as many hours as men mostly
because they are assumed to devote more time to children. I disagree, because women should have
the right to earn same amount of money as a man regardless of their personality, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Childfree women are also being offered more career promotions than women with children. The pay
gap might also increase with age because women hit the infamous "glass ceiling" at the top of their
professions. The "glass ceiling" is the highest level they can obtain in their careers'. In supporting
my statement, many women hit the "maternal wall" of discrimination before they ever reach the
"glass ceiling." Sarah Glazer provides a perfect example, "A civil engineer in Pennsylvania was
awarded $3 million in a lawsuit because she was passed over a promotion after the birth of her son.
She testified that the president of the company asked her if she wanted a career here of if she wanted
to have babies" (Glazer 36). The president of this particular company obviously came to the
assumption that her level of production in her chosen profession would decrease due to raising her
child.
The woman in Pennsylvania is just one example of discrimination that is happening currently nation
wide. My argument is that women should not be put into the situation to choose between
advancements in their careers' or children. Women constitute natural personal choices, which causes
them to earn less in comparison to men with the same skill and experience. This lower salary wage
is not only affecting this now, but it is also affecting their future finances. The

The Gender Pay Gap
Lips, H. M. (2003). The Gender Pay Gap: Concrete Indicator of Women's Progress Toward Equality.
Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), 87–109. Retrieved September 19, 2017, from
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530–2415.2003.00016.x/full
Lips (2003) Lips noticed the attempts to explain the the gender wage gap disparity in the workforce
attributing to the gender differences in work patterns revealing the unexamined assumption that
male work patterns should form the basis of comparison. The effect of the wage gap is influential to
full– and part–time workers and appears within racial/ethnic groups, educational levels, and
occupations. Data based on women's lower pay within educational levels and occupations are
dramatically lower in domains where their talents and achievements are at least equal to their male
competition. This highlights the undervaluing of women's work, their talents, and skills. Hilary Lips
mentions her role and other psychologists roles in addressing the gender wage gap "because our
expertise bears directly on the issues and because our discipline is increasingly populated by
women."
Alksnis, C., Desmarais, S., & Curtis, J. (2008). Workforce Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap:
Is "Women's" Work Valued as Highly as "Men's"?1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 38(6),
1416–1441. Retrieved September 19, 2017, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559–
1816.2008.00354.x/full Alksnis, Curtis, and Desmarais (2008) This study focuses on gender
segregation and the implications of male and female jobs with an emphasis on both genders salaries.
The team used a between–subjects design where they examined whether the participants would
assign different pay to 3 types of jobs. The actual responsibilities and duties of these jobs would be
carried out by men and women were handled the same. However, the job assigned would be situated
in either a traditionally masculine or feminine domain. The research found pay differences between
jobs labelled as "male" and "female". This suggests that gender–based discrimination is arising from
occupational stereotyping. This leads to the devaluation of the work typically done by women which
will influence salary allocation.

Gender Pay Gap
Intro Males and females both exist as alike humans while containing biological differences that set
them apart from each other in many ways – both mentally and physically. These differences in
ancestral genetics – along with today's cultural judgements – have caused a chain reaction in which
the end result is an internal brawl between the two sexes for superiority in society. Still to this day,
men are still considered the more superior sex due to passé societal beliefs as well as the traits that
they naturally acquired from birth, leaving women to continuously fight for equality. A recurring
and unresolved predicament since the mid–1990's commonly discussed in America is the Gender
Pay Gap between men and women in the workplace. Statistics from both the Pew Research Center
and 2016 AAUW research show that in the United States, a woman on average earns a salary of
only eighty percent what a man makes. That is, for every two dollars earned by a man, a woman
acquires only $1.60. What differences in the male anatomy are preferred over that of a female,
causing this capital void in the career division?
Motherly Responsibility Females, since the dawn of creation, have possessed the ability to carry and
bear a child. In the occupation economy, having a child is considered a burden rather than a
blessing. "The Gender Pay Gap" by Michele Compton refers to Psychology professor Hilary M.
Lips to broaden the knowledge regarding the gender pay gap. Lips references a topic known as

The Gender Wage Gap
The Gender Wage Gap
In 1920, women were given the right to vote. In 1948, women were permitted to serve in the Armed
Forces. In 1963, the Equal Pay Act was put into place. Women have come such a long way, fighting
for their rights, but there are still inequalities they face today. One of these well–known inequalities
is the gender wage gap. The gender wage gap is an issue due to the margin of pay between men and
women, stereotypes that surround working women, and motherhood, among many others.
Although the Equal Pay Act was put into place, women still are not paid as much as men. On
average, women are paid 79 cents for every dollar men are paid. This is even worse for women of
minorities. Black women are paid 63 cents for every dollar men are paid, and Hispanic women are
paid 54 cents for every dollar men are paid (Hoover). This is surprising, especially because research
says women affect roughly 80% of customers' purchases positively (Reich and McCulloch). Women
are doing the same work and the same amount of work as men, but are not getting paid as much. For
example, "Female financial specialists make 66% of what males do. Doctors make 71%, and
lawyers and judges make 87%," (Hardwick). Females working the same job as males are being paid
fractions of what the men are paid. Instead of society bettering itself, it has taken steps back because
of this discrimination.
The average pay gap between genders may have to with the many stereotypes that surround women.
When someone

The Gender Pay Gap
A perceived considerable issue in modern society is inequality outcome among different groups of
people. If a society seeks to have equal outcome for all individuals then all inequalities must be
corrected. Many strides have been made in the equal rights for women over the years but one factor
that remains unequal and a topic of huge concern to modern feminists and or egalitarians is the
gender pay gap. The gender pay gap is simply the comparison of average median income of men
compared to women. According to the US Department of Commerce in 2012, women on average
make 77% of money compared to what men earn (DeNavas–Walt, Proctor, & Smith, 2013). A more
recent study done by the AAUW (American Association of University Women) state the percentage
is closer to 80 (Miller, 2017). While many different sources vary the exact percentage of the
disparity, there is an undeniable disparity between the average income for men and women. There
are different beliefs as to the reasons for this disparity. The most commonly held belief as to the
disparity of pay between men and women is due to sexism or discrimination against women. An
article by the Washington Post also notes the 80% disparity and looks to examine some reasons for
it (G.V., 2017). The main argument against the belief of the gender pay gap is that many of the
factors that contribute to average income are not properly accounted for. This article acknowledges
that these factors such as occupation, working hours, experience,

Gender Wage Gap
Understanding the Gender Wage Gap and How to Decrease It For every dollar men make, women
make around 80 cents. This ratio is also called the gender wage gap. Women in countries around the
world continue to earn less than men for the same job. Looking at the gap optimistically, there has
been a decline as of fairly recently. There are many ideas as to why this gap exists, and why it is on
a decline. Moreover, there are multiple proposals as to how to further decrease the gap and eliminate
the reasons for it. Overall, different perspectives and representations of the gender wage gap are
portrayed in numerous popular sources and academic articles.
So what exactly is the gender wage gap? The gender wage gap (also referred to as the gender pay
gap) is, "a measure of the difference between the earnings of men and women." (Leaker, 2008). The
wage gap estimates that women could make $10,000 less than men a year (Vasel, 2017). The gap is
typically described as a percentage of women's average pay to men's. The average pay of women is
found through surveys executed in multiple countries and regions. Two examples of a survey
distributed in the United Kingdom are the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) and the
Labour Force Survey (LFS); employers are asked for specific details on earnings and hours of their
employees (Leaker, 2008). This data has also shown that the gap does not appear until a certain age,
"...data sources show that earnings are similar when entering the job

The Gender Wage Gap
In every industrialized society in the world, there is a gender wage gap. In other words, there lacks a
single country in which women and men earn the same amount of money in the same position. In
the United States, regardless of education or capability, there is a wage gap that exists in "all levels
of education" (Henslin, 2017, p. 317). This gender gap begins in the first job that an individual
takes, and continues throughout his/her life. The gender gap significantly favors males, while
discriminating against women. In fact, even full–time working women end up earning around "only
73 percent of what men are paid" (Henslin, 2017, p. 317). Although there is a growing awareness of
the issue, and an increase of women in the workforce, this gender wage gap is an unfortunate reality
that has yet to be solved. There is something called the "Testosterone Bonus", that describes the way
that men generally have a higher starting salary than women. In fact, regardless of the fact that
women have a higher enrollment and graduation rate for college, this testosterone bonus still holds
true. Women with higher degrees often earn the same or even less than men that have less education.
This fundamental discrimination comes from the idea that women are less valuable as workers in
comparison to men. In addition, part of the issue of the wage gap is because of the types of jobs that
women tend to go for. While men are more likely to choose an education and job route that will

The Gender Pay Gap
The average woman in the United States makes approximately $82.90 for every dollar their male
counterparts make. (Elsesser). While those 20 cents may seem inconsequential to you, they add up.
Losing that much money all year can be the difference between someone living in poverty, and
someone living a nice life. The gender pay gap is the cause of this problem. Around the world,
women are losing money just because of what gender they are. The gender wage gap is a huge
problem, that can only be solved by going to extreme measures, such as requiring people to release
their employees wage gap and passing new laws. First of all, the gender pay is a real problem in the
world, despite what many think. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the gender pay gap is "the
difference between the amounts of money paid to women and men, often for doing the same work".
This is important because many people think that the gender wage gap does not exist, even though it
clearly does. Another reason why this is important is because many people argue that the gender
wage gap exists because women have lesser–paying jobs, when a lot of the time it happens between
men and women working the same job. Many people do not realize what the gender pay gap
actually is, and they form an opinion of it before they know what it really is. Secondly, this issue
affects everyone. It affects women around the world and their families. When women are paid less
then they should, so their families are living with

Gender And Gender Pay Gap
Gender pay gaps have been a hot topic over the last several years. In my findings, I found three
articles that stood out the most to me, as well as some statistical information. Gender pay gap is an
interesting subject because it happens all across the United States, as well as in other countries
worldwide. This pay gap can affect women of all ages, race, religion and educational levels.
What is gender pay gap? The gender pay gap is defined as the difference between women and men's
full time average yearly wages. The following equation will provide your with the pay gap
expressed as a percentage: Men's earnings minus women's earning divided by men's earning.
(Example: 36000–12000= 24000/36000=.67 or 67%). Sadly, women earn 78 to 79 cents on every
dollar that men earn in the same exact positions. This is known as the uncontrolled pay gap. The
uncontrolled pay gap can be calculated by comparing the average earnings of all working men to all
working women. The controlled pay gap is calculated by comparing same type of position with both
men and women.
A person might ask what plays a role in how the pay gap works? The following five factors are said
to affect the gender pay gap; job type, job level, compensable factors such as education, experience,
hours worked and location, marriage and family, and unconscious bias. The next few paragraphs
will outline the three articles I found on gender pay gaps as well as ways we can narrow these pay
gaps.
Article One: What's the real

The Gender Wage Gap
Imagine working just as hard, or maybe even harder, than a coworker who has the same amount of
experience and education, but you make less money than them. This is what many women in the
work force experience every day. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2009, women
earned 80 cents for every dollar men earned (Perry and Gundersen 154). Defining the gender wage
gap more simply, it is the average difference between men and women's average pay. The history of
the gap brings a greater understanding of its significance. Addressing the geography of the gap is
also vital in understanding it. Additionally, there are different causes of the gap that help explain its
existence. The ways in which the gap affects women's personal health and well–being are also
important to learn. Looking at the other side of the wage gap, in politics, it is debated whether or not
this gap exists, or whether it is a myth created by the government. By looking at economic data, the
history, the geography, the causes, and the effects of the gender wage gap, we can see that it exists
and there must be steps taken for it to be abolished. This is important because women are
undervalued in the workforce, and mentally as well as physically affected by the wage gap.
In order to completely abolish the gender wage gap, it must be thoroughly analyzed and interpreted.
The gender wage gap, also referred to as the gender pay gap, is the wage discrepancy between men
and women for similar jobs or

The Importance Of The Gender Gap
The gender gap is a commonly debated issue, is it real, is it fake? In the STEM fields, it is all too
real. As women in the science, technology, engineering, and math fields are fewer than their male
counterparts. The gender gap can be broken down into rhetorical analysis concepts such as ethos
and logos. Ethos (ethics) is easily exhibited through unequal opportunities while logos (logic) can
be demonstrated by data presented in studies. Gender bias is not as talked about as it should be, but
rather we focus on race and ethnicity bias more. As a result, gender is often overlooked as a
minority classification; however, it is included in the civil rights amendment making it a possibility
of discrimination. Thus, bias stems from institutional discrimination, which is when the customary
way of doing things, prevailing attitudes and expectations, and expected structural arrangements
work to the disadvantage of some groups (Eitzen 195). This, as a result, has discouraged many
women from challenging these discriminatory ideas, especially in the STEM fields. More often than
not women in these fields do not hold the same prestige positions as their male counterparts, as well
as experiencing a lower pay for the same amount of work.
In the article, "Blue Blazar Club: Masculine Hegemony in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Math Fields," written by Melanie Page and her peers, it discusses that even though more women are
increasingly becoming equal to men in educational attainment, the field of STEM still has a long
way to go. The writers' credibility is important to note when in reference to rhetorical appeal and to
support their knowledge on this topic it is important to investigate their credentials. In this case, the
study was conducted by faculty of Oklahoma University, leading the reader to trust their opinions,
as they are expected to be up to date on their knowledge as well as high degree holding individuals.
In particular, the article examines the skewed ideals feminism in the workplace. Hochschild noted
that when reevaluating an essay, she had written thirty years prior, that not much had changed in the
fundamental structure and expectations that govern academia (Page 6). "She reflected 'American
culture

Gender Pay Gap
Go to Main Section of Page | Home | View PDF | Email | Print | Save to Favorite Documents |
CiteNow! | Find Keyword | * FULL REPORT * Introduction * Overview * Background * Current
Situation * Outlook * Pro/Con * Chronology * Short Features * Maps/Graphs * Bibliography * The
Next Step * Contacts * Footnotes * About the Author * * Comments | Gender Pay Gap | Are women
paid fairly in the workplace? | March 14, 2008 Volume 18, Issue 11 |
By Thomas J. Billitteri Introduction
Former Goodyear manager Lilly Ledbetter won more than $3 million in a pay–discrimination suit
against the tire firm, but the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the verdict in 2007 for filing her
complaint too ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bush administration. The wrangle over wages is playing out not just in Washington but in cities and
towns across America. In the biggest sex–discrimination lawsuit in U.S. history, a group of female
Wal–Mart employees has charged the retail giant with bias in pay and promotions. The case could
affect perhaps 1.6 million women employees of Wal–Mart and result in billions of dollars in back
pay and damages.The enormously complex gender–pay debate encompasses economics,
demographics, law, social justice, culture, history and sometimes raw emotion. Few dispute that a
wage gap exists between men and women. In 2006 full–time female workers earned 81 percent of
men 's weekly earnings, according to the latest U.S. Labor Department data, with the wage gap
broader for older workers and narrower for younger ones. Separate U.S. Census Bureau data put the
gap at about 77 percent of men 's median full–time, year–round earnings. The fundamental issues
are why the gap exists, how much of it stems from discrimination and what should be done about
it.Some contend the disparity can largely be explained by occupational differences between women
and men, variations in work experience, number of hours worked each year and other such
things.June O 'Neill, an economics professor at the City University of New York 's Baruch College
and

The Gap Of Gender Income Gap
Although many people are now bringing up a pay gap between genders, there is something being
over looked that proves there isn't a pay gap, but something else. The Gender Income Gap is a
supposed payment gap between men and women, stating that to every man's dollar a woman only
gets payed seventy cents. Statements like theses can grab people's attention and get them to believe
this without much proof of it actually existing. Most people get there information about the gap
from surveys over all women and men average pay, this is not a good representation of the topic
because it doesn't go into any detail of actual jobs and difference of pay. There are many other
factors that going into the pay gap that would make it into something else not necessarily a pay gap.
There are several solutions for this problem most of them aren't necessarily for equality but for the
gain of one sex at the cost of the rights of another. The one I will be talking about later doesn't need
government intervention and doesn't need for one sex to do more. This solution will come from
"changes in the labor market, especially how jobs are structured and remunerated to enhance
temporal flexibility."1 Since the 1970's there have been surveys showing there is a pay gap between
men and women. This gap seems to have been decreasing since then but it is still there. There have
been social movements over the pay gap issue stating that "in the 1970s was 59 cents on the dollar
and a more recent crusade for pay

Gender Gap
English 1200
31 October 2013
The Gender Gap in the Business World
Throughout history, gender inequality has shown to be an issue across the globe, especially in the
workplace. Men have always had a greater and more powerful presence in careers of all kinds.
Today, in the sports marketing industry, this proves to be true as women constantly battle to make
advances within their companies and outshine their male colleagues. The purpose of this paper is to
explore the issue of the "gender gap" in the business world, specifically sports marketing for the
National Football League and how this issue may be solved: by presenting a sense of self–
confidence in professional women.
Employers constantly hold women to different standards than ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is not expected that women be marketed to in the exact fashion that men are, it is
understandable that a woman would like to be treated as more of an equal. When asked about her
opinion on marketing to different genders, Shelley Rider stated, "although a talented professional
should be capable of successfully marketing to both sexes, it is vital to a company that both sexes
are represented in a board room where decisions are made. From my experience in marketing
athletic apparel for Champion, I have found that the most successful and effective marketing
strategies come from groups with both men and women present."
For women hoping to enter a career like sports marketing, it can be a very intimidating process.
From childhood, women learn that men are leaders and women stay at home to care for their
families. Every female student will experience gender inequality at some point in her academic
career as well, especially during undergraduate studies. First, men are much more likely to choose
business as a major during college which means more men than women are enrolled in
undergraduate business programs (Ball). Being a minority of any kind in the classroom can be
discouraging for students, thus leaving them with less motivation and confidence. "The gender
stereotypes introduced in childhood are reinforced throughout our lives and become self–fulfilling
prophecies. Most leadership positions are held by men, so women don 't expect to

Gender Gap In Science
Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than
men, and by some estimates represent the largest single economic force in the world. Yet the gender
gap in science persists, to a greater degree than in other professions, particularly in high–end, math–
intensive fields such as computer science and engineering. In a 2016 analysis of 500 U.S.
companies, the National Center for Women & Information Technology found that organizations
with more diverse teams in terms of race and gender had higher sales revenue, more customers,
greater market share and greater productivity than their less diverse counterparts. According to the
article titled, "Rewrite the Rules on Women in Tech," only 24 percent of computer

The Gender Pay Gap
In 1920, Congress passed the 19th amendment that granted women the right to vote. according to
the article Timeline:The Women's rights movement in the US states that," In 1964, the Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act was passed, which prohibits sex discrimination in employment and created the
Equal Opportunity Commission. In 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments prohibited sex
discrimination in all aspects of education programs that receive federal support. In 2016, Hillary
Clinton became the first US woman to secure a Democratic presidential nomination. Achieving
these milestones a difficult struggle for women throughout history. Women have been fighting for
their rights since 1848 in New York, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who started the
first women's suffrage. Even though we have these beliefs and laws, there is still so much to be done
for women's equality. " Although women are claimed to have equal rights, there are still issues of
inequality as seen through the wage gap, violence, and education.
An issue that women face is the pay gap between men and women. Stated in "The Simple Truth
about the Gender Pay Gap","Women get paid about 80% of what men earn. The gap of 20% has
been increasing since 2014. The gender pay act not only affect women in general, but it affects on
their background, age and education. The paycheck act would improve the scope of the equal pay."
Meaning with this act men and women would get an equal pay in all jobs. This harm

The Gender Gap in Education
Discuss the concept of 'the gender gap' and its adequacy in representing gendered differences in
school level attainment.
The gender gap is "the discrepancy in opportunities, status, attitudes, etc., between men and women"
(Oxford dictionary, 2012) which still exists in the ever equalizing world in which we live in today.
The gender gap appears in several areas in society such as in politics, employment and education
although gender inequalities have the biggest impact on education policies (Marsh, 2009). Though
in the anti–sexist or girl centered approach has the education of the boys been neglected.
It can be seen that these sexist scars are the attitudes from the past where men would make the
money to support the family and women ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fathers will push their sons to be more 'laddish' and to focus on sports and outdoor activities and
mothers to inspire arts and crafts and reading. Indeed from these activities a different mindset
evolves which is then taken into the classroom and takes effect in further education as"a depressing
40 per cent of boys will begin secondary school unable to write fluently and correctly, compared
with 25 per cent of girls" (Robinson, 2009) .
The 1988 Education Reform Act helped to create a broad national curriculum which balanced the
subject choices of boys and girls in order to progress in making education more equal. As languages
had been a preferred subject choice for girls and science for boys now both genders had to
participate in both and had equal opportunities for success and access. English, maths and science
were all made compulsory until 16 years of age, the time of GCSEs. This way it was expected boys
would have matured and would have a more equal representation in their results as well as
broadening the subject knowledge to boys and girls.
The fact that girls perform better than boys is statistically proven. In 2006 at GCSE level "exam
results for both sexes had continued to improve, yet boys' success rates had only this year reached
that of girls in 1999" (Smithers, 2006). According to Miller (n.d) the educational gender gap in
Britain in bigger than any other developed country especially

The Gender Wage Gap
Identity and Definition of the Social Problem The author identifies the social problem as the gender
wage gap, which is the difference of women's wages compared to men's for performing the same
work or job. The gender wage gap is recognized on a federal level and by the National Association
of Social Workers (NASW) (The Wage Gap, State by State, 2017). There are many potential causes
of the gender wage gap (Stevenson, 2014). Some causes may include the fact that policies have been
enacted to encourage women to remain in the workforce, but paid sick and family leave often result
in a woman's lifelong earnings to suffer. Additionally, because women tend to negotiate less, they
are less likely than men to receive promotions and/or raises but are more likely to be penalized for
taking that initiative. Some skeptics of the gender wage gap claim that the gap mainly exists because
factors other than gender, such as education and work experience affect a woman's wages (Schieder
& Gould, 2016). While education and work experience do rightfully affect a person's wages, men
are still being paid more than women despite women obtaining more education. Many critics shift
the blame to women for not earning more, but women are usually victims of gender bias in the
workplace.
The History of the Social Problem The gender wage gap is not a new issue. The gap traces back at
least to the 1960's when women earned 60.7% of every dollar of a man's earnings for the same work
(The Wage Gap Over

The Gender Payage Gap
President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act in 1963, the gap between men and women's earnings
has narrowed by less than a half–cent per year. At this rate, American women will have to wait until
2062 to bring home the same salary as their male counterparts" (Speire). Throughout the world
history and current day, discrimination is a constant battle for many people: Whether it's gender,
race, religion, appearances, or anything else that makes people unique in their own way, it happens
everyday. One issue that occurs daily revolves around the women in America – the gender pay wage
gap. Equally educated and trained, women who have had the same experiences as men are not
earning equal pay. Women make up almost half of the work force. "In 2015, female full–time, year–
round workers made only 80 cents for every dollar earned by men, a gender wage gap of 20
percent" (Pay Equality). Many actresses and female athletes have been affected and gone public
about this; it is important that people know why equal pay is crucial for all women, the causes of the
wage gap, and how equal pay helps everyone in society. There is no myth following the gender pay
wage gap – and here's why. Equal pay is crucial for all women. Currently, no woman, no matter
what race, marital status, or family status is making the same equivalency as a man. The statistics
support this: women of color are paid less than white, non–hispanic men. Black women that work
full time, year round typically only make 63 cents to every dollar a white man makes according to
IWPR. This wage gap translates to a loss of about $21,000; black women are more likely to be in
poverty than white women who have a loss of about only $7,000. On the other hand, in the most
recent survey done in 2015, mothers are paid $15,000 less than fathers, implicating women get paid
71 cents to every dollar. In addition, single, never–married women in the workforce without
children typically earn 76 cents for every dollar a male counterpart makes. No matter what category
a women falls into, it is almost impossible to escape the gender pay gap. In spite of women making
huge gains in educational attainment and labor force involvement in the past decades – gains that
have helped

The Gender Gap Theory And The Theory Of The Gender Wage Gap
The gender wage gap theory is often dismissed as a result of women's career preferences, and critics
say that women tend to prioritize family over higher–paying positions (Venable 1). However,
women do not have the opportunity to make these choices free from outside influences such as
gender stereotypes and sexist thinking that can also affect their decisions. A woman's career
selection defines her earning potential, so limiting her professional opportunities also limits her
income.
It is possible that the wage gap could narrow if a more substantial proportion of women held
higher–paying careers. Currently, some of the best–paid job opportunities available are in science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, but women are vastly underrepresented in these
roles (Beede et al. 1). This gender gap is caused by a multitude of factors related to sexism in
STEM, which starts as early as childhood and lasts through college and into a woman's career. The
common factor in all of these issues is education – how women are treated by parents, teachers, and
peers regarding science and math courses is key to the career that they choose and opportunities
they receive (Dasgupta and Stout 21). Sexism in STEM education creates a gender gap, which in
turn contributes to the gender wage gap by pushing women out of lucrative employment.
One of the most common statistics about the gender gap cited by feminists is that women make 77
cents for every male dollar (Venable 2). Critics of

The Gender Gap
Men and women have countless differences that affect their political behavior as well as their
thoughts on various issues. In political elections men and women tend to distinctly vote differently
from one another, which has been called the gender gap. The gender gap refers to the different
voting patterns of men and women in all modern elections. Although, the gap can reduce or expand
at each election in response to the different candidates and the issues that they represent. In
elections, the Republican Party receives the majority of votes from men, and the Democratic Party
receives the majority of votes from women, and more women than men turn out to vote . This
exemplifies the idea that the ideologies and policies of both parties are more ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The narrow margin that Bush won by triggered a recounting of votes. In many counties in Florida
both the state and federal courts presided over the results of the election, and the case eventually
reached the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court's litigious decision awarded Florida's electoral
votes to George W Bush which enabled him to take the victory against Al Gore. The results of the
election showed that "men favored Republican candidate George W. Bush over the Democrat, Al
Gore, by 58% to 37% – a 21–point margin. By contrast, women in the same survey favor Gore over
Bush by 50% to 42% – an 8–point margin. That swing in support represents a 29–point "gender
gap" separating men and women in their vote preference" . As shown in the graph the below, this
gap between the genders was the largest difference in the history of elections prior. This could be
because Al Gore advocated for a more feminist agenda. He focused on questions that were more
likely to appeal to women because of their socioeconomic conditions. Women endure a greater onus
for children's education and for their family's health care. This was reflected on how they aligned
because they supported education, health care, and and policy that addressed social concerns in this
election. While men are more likely to be head of the household and the main source of income;

Gender Pay Gap
1. INTRODUCTION
Women are underrepresented at every tier of corporations today, especially in senior positions. Even
though there is growing unanimity among top managers believing that gender diversity is a social
and a business imperative yet progress is painfully slow. A mere 51 of the Fortune 1000 companies
were run by women in 2014. It is estimated that gender pay gap is so big that at the present rate it
will take 75 years to bridge this gap. To top it off, research shows that women CEOs have a greater
possibility to fired than their male counterpart with women being forced out of their positions a third
of the time and men only a quarter of the time.
In the past 30 years the number of women pursuing technology and engineering related ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Performance based layoffs were unheard off. When faced with disaster she did not form a
committee or layout a 10–point plan, she instead decided to lead by example and make decisions in
a different fashion than in the history of GM. Barra fired 15 executives who were responsible for the
fault, restructured GM's dispute practice and created a program "Speaking Up for Safety" that
allowed employees to act as internal whistle blowers. She never shied from accepting and
apologizing for the misdeeds that she was discharged from. Barra was praised for her remorseful
and transparent answers during her Congressional hearings. Senator Barbara Boxer was quoted
"God bless you, and you're doing a good

Gender And Gender Equality In The Gender Gap
It is 2017, and gender inequality is still very prominent, but in most cases, masked. Many people
believe gender equality is a female issue, but gender inequality impacts both men and women, so as
long as people have this misconception, gender equality can never be achieved.
There are many forms of gender discrimination, but one of them is the lack of representation of
women in certain jobs, specifically in leadership and technological positions. Back in 2016, Apple
was publicly scrutinized for their treatment of their female employees. Complaints were filed by
female staff of sexist comments made by their male coworkers and the loss of opportunity for
leadership positions in favor of their male colleagues. While Apple has claimed to work towards
closing their gender gap, much have remain the same. Apple's global workforce was 68 percent
male and 32 percent female in 2016, but after a year, their workforce still comprises of 68 percent
male and 32 percent female, with only a two percent increase in the number of women employees
over the past three years. While women are far under–represented in Apple, Apple's workforce fares
better than other tech giants such as Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Twitter. Microsoft has the
lowest composition of female employees with a workforce comprised of only 25.8% women, but the
highest, Facebook, only beats Apple by 1% with a women workforce of 33%. When broken down
further by position, the gender discrimination becomes more evident.

Gender Gap In Sport
Should there be a gender gap in sport? Gender inequality is becoming a worldwide problem as
sports is now becoming a career. Women don't get the same amount of opportunities, media
attention, or pay as men causing the community, specifically feminists, to get aggravated about the
unfairness. But is this gender gap reasonable due to the differences between male and female? In
this report, women and men's different treatment, physical abilities and reason behind the gender
gap will be discussed. This situation is important because it will influence gender imbalance and
chances in sport, and we are living in a world that is beginning to advertise gender equity. There is
an obvious gender inequality that's shown to the public. For example, most basketball camps in
China are participated by boys. This immediately makes it seem like girls aren't supposed to play or
join basketball camp because the majority of players are boys. Therefore, boys are overall privileged
in sports when it comes to simply signing up. Why aren't girls taking part of a basketball camp? Is it
because they're simply not interested, or does the world think they're not good enough? Statistics
say that 1/3 of women play sport, but only 1/5 manage sport at national level in New Zealand. Most
people who coach sport teams are men. Men believe that their way of thinking and management are
better than women's. Women do coach differently and their logic is often unrecognized or not
popular because the way men

Is The Gender Pay Gap?
Seventy–seven cents to the dollar. A simple phrase used to describe the gender pay gap. Most people
who use this phrase in casual conversation do not really know what this entails. It is much more
than men earning more than women. The significance of this pay discrepancy becomes much more
apparent when looking at the bigger picture. Over an entire lifetime of working, a woman making
only 77 cents to the male dollar loses a total of $1.2 million dollars over the course of her working
life (Murphy & Graff, 2005). A risk of poverty for women living with a pay gap is high. According
to the European Commission, the at–risk–of–poverty rate is around 22 percent for women,
compared to the 16 percent of men. So why is the gender pay ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The National Bureau of Economic Research points to labor market discrimination and overall trends
in wage structure to explain why the wage gap exists. Discrimination in the labor market may lower
women's incentives to invest in their qualifications. The second factor of trends in wage structure
refers to the terms the market sets for various skills or for employment in particular occupations or
industries (Blau & Kahn, 2001). Other factors contributing to the wage gap have since been
considerably ameliorated, factors including gender gaps in education, skills, experience, as well as
occupational segregation and career breaks (Kulow, 2013). According to Adam Smith's The Wealth
of Nations from the stimulus material, "The wages of labor in different employments vary according
to the probability or improbability of success in them." He then brings up an example of how
mechanic jobs, such as carpentry and masonry, have almost certain success, meanwhile, success is
very uncertain in the liberal professions. In a study done by the United States Department of Labor,
the most common jobs for women consist of education administrators, teacher assistants, social
workers, and secretaries– all the "liberal" professions. For men, their most common jobs include
managers, carpenters, and laborers. The data, supported by Smith's findings, prove that men do earn
more than women, creating a gap in wages. Although the Equal Pay Act in 1963

Gender Wage Gaps

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