7. ▪ Since engaging in conversation is also bound by
implicit rules, Cohen (1990) states that strategies
must be used to start and maintain a conversation.
▪ Knowing and applying grammar appropriately is
one of the most basic strategies to maintain a
conversation. The following are some strategies
that people use when communicating.
8. 1.NOMINATION
A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and
productively establish a topic.
Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to open a
topic to people you are talking to.
When beginning a topic in a conversation especially if it does
not arise from a previous topic, you may start off with news
inquiries and news announcement as they promise extended
talk. Most importantly, keep the conversational environment
open for opinions until the prior topic shuts down easily and
initiates a smooth end.
9. Example
▪ “Do you have anything to say?”
▪ “Have you heard the news about the most pretty girl in
school?”
▪ “Now, its your turn to ask questions.”
▪ “Does that make sense to you?”
10. 2. RESTRICTION
▪ Restriction in communication refers to any
limitation you may have as a speaker.
▪ Restricts a response of other person involved
in a communicative situation.
11. Example
▪When you were asked to deliver a speech
in a specific language.
▪The arrest move was a
disaster waiting to happen.
Do you agree? (Yes/No.)
12. 3. TURN-TAKING
Turn-taking pertains to the process by which
people decide who takes the conversational floor.
There is a code of behavior behind establishing
and sustaining a productive conversation, but the
primary idea is to give all communicators a
chance to speak.
13. EXAMPLE
▪ Can we all listen to the one
who talks in front of us
▪ “Go on with your ideas. I’ll
let you finish first before I
say something.”
▪ May I have the floor, Sir?
14. 4. TOPIC CONTROL
▪ Topic control covers how procedural
formality or informality affect the
development of the topic in conversations.
▪ Focuses on one topic without straying to
other conversation
15. ▪ Remember that regardless of the formality
of the context, topic controls achieved
cooperatively.
▪ Contrast this with a casual conversation
with friends over lunch or coffee where you
may take the conversational floor anytime.
17. 5. TOPIC SHIFTING
▪Topic shifting, as the name suggests,
involves moving from one topic to
another. In other words, it is where one
part of a conversation ends and where
another begins.
18. When shifting from one topic to another, you
have to be very intuitive. Make sure that the
previous topic was nurtured enough to generate
adequate views.
You may also use effective conversational
transition to indicate a shift like “By the way”
”In addition to what you said”,
”Which reminds me of”, and the like.
19. EXAMPLE:
• “By the way there’s a new shop opening at
the mall”
• “In the addition to what you said about the
beautiful girl is that she is smart
20. 6. REPAIR
•Repair refers to how speaker address the
problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a
conversation.
21. For example, if every body in the conversation
seems to talk at the same time, give way and
appreciate other’s initiative to set the
conversation back to its topic.
Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any
social interaction (Scheloff al, 1977). If there is a
problem in understanding the conversation,
speaker will always try to address and correct it.
22. EXAMPLE
• “Excuse me, but there are 5
Functions of Communication
not 4.”
• I’m sorry, the word should
be pronounced as Pretty not
priti.”
24. 7. TERMINATION
• Termination refers to the conversation
participant’s close-initiating expression that
end a topic in a conversation.
• Most of the time, the topic
initiator takes responsibility
to signal the end of the
discussion as well.
25. EXAMPLE
• “Best regards to your parents! See you
around!
• “It was nice meeting you.”
• “That is all for today class, goodbye!”
