Communicative strategies refer to how speakers address potential problems in conversations. This includes requesting clarification, topic shifting, repetition, and adding information. Some key strategies discussed are nomination to introduce new topics, restriction which limits what can be discussed, turn-taking to ensure all have a chance to speak, and topic control which influences how formality affects topic development. Effective topic shifting, repairing any issues, and signaling termination help conversations flow smoothly.

2. Communicative Strategy
-refers to how speakers address the problems
in speaking, listening and comprehending that
they may encounter in a conversation. This
strategy includes requesting clarification, not
acknowledging, topic shifting, not responding,
repeating, recasting and adding.

3. 1. Nomination
A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and
productively establish a topic. Basically, when you employ
this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you
are talking to.
When beginning a topic in a conversation, especially if it
does not arise from a previous topic, you may start off with
news inquiries and news announcement as they promise
extended talk. Most importantly, keep the conversational
environment open for opinions until the prior topic shuts
down easily and initiates a smooth end. This could
efficiently signal the beginning of a new topic in the
conversation.

4. 2. Restriction
Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you
may have as a speaker. When communicating in the
classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your
friends, you are typically given specific instructions that you
must follow. These instructions confine you as a speaker
and limit what you can say.
For example, in your class, you might be asked by your
teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver a speech
digital natives. In these cases, you cannot decide to talk
about something else. On the other hand, conversing with
your friends during ordinary days can be far more casual
than these examples. Just the same, remember to always be
on point and avoid sideswiping from the topic during the
conversation to avoid communication breakdown.

5. 3. Turn-talking
Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to talk
because others take much time during the conversation. Turn-
talking pertains to the process by which people decide who
takes the conversational floor. There is a code of behavior
behind establishing and sustaining a productive conversation,
but the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to
speak.
Remember to keep your words relevant and reasonably short
enough to express your views or feelings. Try to be polite even
if you are trying to take the floor from another speaker. Do not
hog the conversation and talk incessantly without letting the
other party air out their own ideas. To acknowledge others, you
may employ visual signals like a nod, a look, or a step back,
and you could accompany these signals with spoken cues such
as “What do you think?” or “You were wanting to say
something?”

6. 4. Topic Control
Topic control covers how procedural formality or informality affects
the development of topic in conversations. For example, in meetings,
you may only have a turn to speak after the chairperson directs you
to do so. Contrast this with a casual conversation with friends over
lunch or coffee where you may take the conversational floor anytime.
Remember that regardless of the formality of the context, topic
control is achieved cooperatively. This only means that when a topic
is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding
unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. You can make yourself
actively involved in the conversation without overly dominating it by
using minimal responses like “Yes,” “Okay,” “Go on”: asking tag
questions to clarify information briefly like “You are excited, aren’t
you?”, “It was unexpected, wasn’t it?”, and even by laughing!

7. 5. Topic Shifting
Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving
from one topic to another. In other words, it is where one
part of a conversation ends and where another begins.
When shifting from one topic to another, you have to be
very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was
nurtured enough to generate adequate views. You may
also use effective conversational transition to indicate a
shift like “By the way,” “In addition to what you said,”
“Which reminds me of,” and the like.

8. 6. Repair
Repair refers to how speaker address the problem in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody
in the conversation seems to talk at the same time, give
way and appreciate other’s initiative to set the
conversation back to its topic.
Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social
interaction (Schegloff et al. 1997). If there is a problem
in understanding the conversation, speakers will always
try to address and correct it. Although this is the case,
always seek to initiate the repair.

9. 7. Termination
Termination refers to the conversation participants’
close-initiating expression that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes
responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as well.
Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to
signal the end of the topic through concluding cues. You
can do this by sharing what you learned from the
conversation. Aside from this, soliciting agreement from
the other participants usually completes the discussion
of the topic meaningfully.