The document discusses various communicative strategies used in conversation. It defines nomination as establishing a topic collaboratively, and restriction as limitations placed on a speaker. Turn-taking refers to deciding who speaks, ensuring one person speaks at a time without silence. Topic control and shifting govern moving between topics. Repair addresses problems in speaking and understanding. Termination signals ending a discussion topic. The document also discusses turn-taking principles and strategies for smooth conversation flow.

1. S U C C E S S F U L C O M M U N I C AT I O N R E Q U I R E S U N D E R S TAN D I N G
Types of
Communicative
Strategy

2. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY:
Nomination
- A speaker carries out nomination to
collaboratively and productively
establish a topic. Basically, when you
employ this strategy, you try to open a
topic with the people you are talking
with.

3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY:
Restriction
- It refers to any limitation you may
have as a speaker. When
communicating, you typically given
specific instructions that you must
follow. Those instructions confine you as
a speaker and limit what you can say.

4. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY:
Turn-taking
- The process by which people decide
who takes the conversational floor. There
are code of behavior behind establishing
a productive conversation. But the
primary purpose of this idea is to give
chance to all communicators to speak.

5. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY:
Topic Control
- It covers how procedural formality or
informality affect the development of
topic in conversations.

6. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY:
Topic Shifting
- It involves moving from one topic to
another. In other words, it is where one
part of a conversation ends and where
another begins.

7. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY:
Repair
- It refers to how speakers address the
problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter
in a conversation.

8. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY:
Termination
- It refers to the conversation
participants’ close-initiating expressions
that end a topic in a conversation. Most
of the time, the topic initiator takes
responsibility to signal the end of the
discussion as well.

9. According to Bahman, Gorjian and Parviz Habibi
(2015)
“The effect of conversation on the
classroom interaction: The case of Turn-
Taking” contends that a conversation is a
form of interactive, spontaneous
communication between two or more
people who are following rules of
politeness or ceremonies.

10. They stressed that turn-taking covers a
wide range of concern, not just a
theoretical construction in the linguistic
field of discourse analysis, but an
essential pattern in communicative
events, governing speech-acts and
defining social roles as it establishes and
maintain social relationships.

11. It plays an essential role in
structuring people’s social
interactions concerning control and
regulations of conversations. it is the
process by which people in
conversation decide who is to speak
next .

12. What is turn?
 it is the essential factor within
conversation strategies, which is
attached to a speaker.
 Edelsky (1981) defines turn as an
instance of on-record speaking ,
with the intention of conveying a
message.

13. Turn-taking is the process of establishing who
is going to speak and the next speaker. It is
usually done to be more organized.
There are two guiding principles in
conversations:
1. Only one person should talk at a time.
2. Interlocutors should not have silence.
The transition between one speaker and the
next must be as smooth as possible and
without a break.

14. We have different ways of indicating that a turn
will be changed:
 Formal methods: for example, selecting
the next speaker by name or raising a
hand.
 Adjacency pairs: for instance, a
question requires an answer.
 Intonation: for instance, a drop in pitch
or in loudness.

15. We have different ways of indicating that a turn
will be changed:
Gesture: for instance, a change in
sitting position or an expression of
inquiry.
the most important device for
indicating turn-taking is through a
change in gaze direction.

16. The rules of turn-taking are designed to help conversation take
place smoothly. Interruptions in a conversation are violations of
the turn-taking rule.
 Interruption: where a new speaker
interrupts and gains the floor.
 Butting in: where a new speaker tries to
gain the floor but does not succeed.
 Overlaps: where two speakers are
talking at the same time.

17. Responses such as mmmm and yeah
are known as minimal responses.
These are not interruptions but
rather are devices to show the
listener is listening, and they assist
the speaker to continue.

18. Story-telling within a
conversation is indicated by some
preface. It is a signal to the
listener that for the duration of
the story, there will be no turn-
taking.

19. Here are seven turn-taking strategies to boost
student speaking time by Claudia Pesce

21. 1. Pertains to the process by which people decides
who take the conversational floor. Primarily, the
idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
2. Involves moving from one topic to another. It is
where one part ends and where another begins
3. Refers to how speaker address the problems in
speaking , listening and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation.
4. Refers to the conversation participants’ close
initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation.

23. Answer
1. turn-taking
2. Topic shifting
3. Repair
4. termination