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2. ▪ Since engaging in conversation is also
bound by implicit rules,Cohen (1990) states
that strategies must be used to start and
maintain a conversation.Knowing and
applying grammar appropriately is one of
the most basic strategies to maintain a
conversation.The following are some
strategies that people use when
communicating.
3. 1.NOMINATION
A speaker carries out nomination to
collaboratively and productively establish a
topic.Basically,when you employ this
strategy,you try to open a topic to people you
are talking to.When beginning a topic in a
conversation,especially if it does not arise from
a previous topic,you may start off with news
inquiries and news announcement as they
promise extended talk.Most importantly,keep
the conversational environment open for
opinions until the prior topic shuts down easily
and initiates a smooth end.
4. Example
▪ “Do you have anything to say?”
▪ “Have you heard the news
about the most pretty girl in
school?”
▪ “Now,its your turn to ask
questions.”
▪ “Does that make sense to you?”
5. 2. RESTRICTION
▪ Restriction in communication refers to any
limitation you may have as a speaker. When
communicating in the classroom,in the
meeting,or while hanging out with your
friends,you are typically given specific
instruction that you must follow.This
instruction confine you as a speaker and
limit what you can say.
6. Example
▪In your class,you might be asked by your
teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure.
▪When you were asked to deliver a speech
in a specific language.
7. 3. TURN-TAKING
EXAMPLE
▪ Can we all listen to
the one who talk in
front of us
▪ “Go on with your
ideas.I’ll let you finish
first before I say
something.”
Sometimes people are given
unequal opportunities to talk
because others take much time
during the conversation.Turn-
taking pertains to the process by
which people decide who takes
the conversational floor. There
is a code of behavior behind
establishing and sustaining a
productive conversation,but the
primary idea is to give all
communicators a chance to
speak.
9. ▪ Topic control covers how procedural formality or
informality affect the development of the topic in
conversations.For example ,in the meeting,you may
only have a turn to speak after the chairperson
directs you to do so.Contrast this with a casual
conversation with friends over lunch or coffee
where you may take the conversational floor
anytime.
▪ Remember that regardless of the formality of the
context,topic controls achieved cooperatively.
10. EXAMPLE
▪ “One of the essential lesson I gained
from the discussion is the
importance of sports and wellness to
a healthy lifestyle.”
12. ▪ Topic shifting,as the name suggest,involves
moving from one topic to another.In other
words,it is where one part of a conversation
ends and where another begins.
▪ When shifting from one topic to another,you
have to be very intuitive.Make sure that the
previous topic was nurtured enough to
generate adequate views.You may also use
effective conversational transition to indicate
a shift like “By the way”,”In addition to what
you said”,”Which reminds me of”, and the like.
13. EXAMPLE:
• “By the way there’s a new shop opening at
the mall”
• “In the addition to what you said about
the beautiful girl is that she is smart
14. 6. REPAIR
•Repair refers to how speaker address the problems in
speaking,listening,and comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation.For example,if every body in
the conversation seems to talk at the same time,give way
and appreciate other’s initiative to set the conversation
back to its topic.
•Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social
interaction (Scheloff al, 1977).If there is a problem in
understanding the conversation ,speaker will always try to
address and correct it.
15. EXAMPLE
• “Excuse me,but there
are 5 Fuctions of
Communication not
4.”
• I’m sorry, the word
should be pronounced
as Pretty not priti.”
16. 7. TERMINATION
• Termination refers to the conversation participant’s
close-initiating expression that end a topic in a
conversation.Most of the time,the topic initiator
takes responsibility to signal the end of the discussion
as well.
• Although not all topics may have clear ends,try to
signal the end of the topic through concluding
cues.You can do this by sharing what you learned from
the conversation.Aside from this soliciting agreement
from the other participants usually completes the
discussion of the topic.
17. EXAMPLE
• “Best regards to your parents!See you around!
• “It was nice meeting you.”
• “That is all of today class,goodbye!”
